Radio Frequency Identification

RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) systems are one of the most pervasive computing technologies with technical potential and profitable opportunities in a diverse area of applications. Among their advantages is included their low cost and their broad applicability. However, they also present a number of inherent vulnerabilities. This paper develops a structural methodology for risks that RFID networks face by developing a classification of RFID attacks, presenting their important features, and discussing possible countermeasures. The goal of the paper is to categorize the existing weaknesses of RFID communication so that a better understanding of RFID attacks can be achieved and subsequently more efficient and effective algorithms, techniques and procedures to combat these attacks may be developed.

Growing convergence among mobile computing devices and embedded technology sparks the development and deployment of "context-aware" applications, where location is the most essential context. In this paper we present LANDMARC, a location sensing prototype system that uses Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology for locating objects inside buildings. The major advantage of LANDMARC is that it improves the overall accuracy of locating objects by utilizing the concept of reference tags. Based on experimental analysis, we demonstrate that active RFID is a viable and cost-effective candidate for indoor location sensing. Although RFID is not designed for indoor location sensing, we point out three major features that should be added to make RFID technologies competitive in this new and growing market.

This paper deals with a system of integration of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and communication technologies for solid waste bin and truck monitoring system. RFID, GPS, GPRS and GIS along with camera technologies have been integrated and developed the bin and truck intelligent monitoring system. A new kind of integrated theoretical framework, hardware architecture and interface algorithm has been introduced between the technologies for the successful implementation of the proposed system. In this system, bin and truck database have been developed such a way that the information of bin and truck ID, date and time of waste collection, bin status, amount of waste and bin and truck GPS coordinates etc. are complied and stored for monitoring and management activities. The results showed that the realtime image processing, histogram analysis, waste estimation and other bin information have been displayed in the GUI of the monitoring system. The real-time test and experimental results showed that the performance of the developed system was stable and satisfied the monitoring system with high practicability and validity.

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) has the potential to revolutionize the retail industry, yet the linking of this automatic identification (auto-ID) technology to consumer goods has resulted in widespread concern over the potential privacy threats, primarily due to the aspect of traceability it could impose on consumers. As a consequence, privacy has come to be perceived as a barrier stopping RFID adoption in retail in its tracks. When investigating other complex information and communication technologies (ICT), it becomes apparent that consumers often sacrifice privacy in order to take advantage of some form of value afforded by the technology. This interplay between value and privacy is seen as a balance which must be favorable to the consumer to encourage acceptance. This study is focused on exploring this balance, with the addition of control as another important factor. The paper presents a review of literature, commencing with RFID technology itself and subsequently the value proposition that RFID offers retailers and consumers. It will investigate the privacy debate, looking at commonly expressed privacy concerns and the meaning of privacy. This will provide a basis for discussion of potential solutions that have been proposed.

I n recent years, radio frequency identification technology has moved from obscurity into mainstream applications that help speed the handling of manufactured goods and materials. RFID enables identification from a distance, and unlike earlier bar-code technology (see the sidebar), it does so without requiring a line of sight. 1 RFID tags (see ) support a larger set of unique IDs than bar codes and can incorporate additional data such as manufacturer, product type, and even measure environmental factors such as temperature. Furthermore, RFID systems can discern many different tags located in the same general area without human assistance. In contrast, consider a supermarket checkout counter, where you must orient each bar-coded item toward a reader before scanning it.

The tremendous advances in wireless networks, mobile computing, and sensor networks, along with the rapid growth of small, portable and powerful computing devices, offers more and more opportunities for pervasive computing and communications. This topic deals with cutting-edge research in various aspects related to the theory and practice of mobile computing or wireless and mobile networking. These aspects include architectures, algorithms, networks, protocols, modeling and performance issues, data management, ...

Abstract. This article discusses a potential application of radio frequency identification (RFID) and collaborative filtering for targeted advertising in grocery stores. Every day hundreds of items in grocery stores are marked down for promotional purposes. Whether these promotions are effective or not depends primarily on whether the customers are aware of them or not, and secondarily whether the customers are interested in the products or not. Currently, the companies are incapable of influencing the customers ’ decisionmaking process while they are shopping. However, the capabilities of RFID technology enable us to transfer the recommendation systems of e-commerce to grocery stores. In our model, using RFID technology, we get real time information about the products placed in the cart during the shopping process. Based on that information we inform the customer about those promotions in which the customer is likely to be interested in. The selection of the product advertised is a...

The analog front end (AFE) of a radio frequency identification transponder using the ISO 14443 type A standard with a 100% amplitude shift keying (ASK) modulation is proposed in this paper and verified by circuit simulations and measurements. This AFE circuit, using a 13.56 MHz carrier frequency, consists of a rectifier, a modulator, a demodulator, a regulator, a power on reset, and a dynamically enabled digital phase locked loop (DPLL). The DPLL, with a charge pump enable circuit, was used to recover the clock of a 100% modulated ASK signal during the pause period. A high voltage lateral double diffused metal-oxide semiconductor transistor was used to protect the rectifier and the clock recovery circuit from high voltages. The proposed AFE was fabricated using the 0.18 µm standard CMOS process, with an AFE core size of 350 µm × 230 µm. The measurement results show that the DPLL, using a demodulator output signal, generates a constant 1.695 MHz clock during the pause period of the 100% ASK signal.

Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) is going to be the preferred technology for the realization of Machine Readable Travel Documents (MRTDs), and has been deployed in the last generation of e-passports. The proposed technical specifications for e-passport systems have been analyzed and criticized by security experts showing various functional, security and privacy deficiencies. The next generation of e-passports will implement more advanced cryptographic mechanisms, collectively known as Extended Access Control, and in particular a protocol referred to as Chip Authentication that protects an e-passport against cloning and transferability attacks. The Extended Access Control suite of protocols has found minor attention in the literature until now. In this paper we point out possible attacks against Chip Authentication as proposed in the current specifications for Extended Access Control. In particular, we show that the possibility of transferability and reset attacks weaken the claimed security of the underlying Chip Authentication protocol. We also discuss the shortcomings of the existing literature on the security definitions for resettable identification protocols and propose a new definition that is more suited for real world scenarios. Based on known cryptographic techniques we finally propose an efficient protocol that is instead secure against such attacks.

Modern library must keep pace with the continuosly changing technological environment which often requires rethinking and reorganizing entire library facilities as a prerequisite condition for upgrading or changing traditional patterns of providing user service. The implementation and utilization of Automated Material Handling Systems (AMHS) facilities significantly increases the efficiency of library collection storing and handling while enhancing archives productivity and performance. This paper provides a presentation of the structure and operation of the AMH System along with a case study at the University Library and City Archives of Bergen, Norway.

The appearance of new technologies allows new data processing techniques. Thus, many new data processing techniques make difficult to user to find pertinent information in suitable time, unless knowing what accurately is in search of, where and how getting it. This paper proposes a pervasive network based information filtering system that integrates user profile such as identity, preference and other important data. User profile is embarked in a RFID-SIM card in order to guarantee its privacy, flexibility, mobility and confidentiality. The overall system objectives are privacy, security and providing pertinent information to the user according to his profile at anytime, anywhere, and in any form. The design and implementation of the system is also presented.

A simple, compact, rechargeable handheld radio-frequency identifi cation (RFID) reader was designed to detect the orientation of tagged objects. The system uses a linearly polarized reader antenna and the orientation sensor of the mobile device to identify the orientation of the tag. The system works in the ultra-high-frequency (UHF) RFID band. Detailed testing was done in different surroundings with various materials and tags. The system was able to correctly identify the orientation in several cases with an average angular error of less than 10°. This system can also be used to demonstrate the concept of polarization.

The Internet is smoothly migrating from an Internet of people towards an Internet of Things (IoT). By 2020, it is expected to have 50 billion things connected to the Internet. However, such a migration induces a strong level of complexity when handling interoperability between the heterogeneous Internet things, e.g., RFIDs (Radio Frequency Identification), mobile handheld devices, and wireless sensors. In this context, a couple of standards have been already set, e.g., IPv6, 6LoWPAN (IPv6 over Low power Wireless Personal Area Networks), and M2M (Machine to Machine communications). In this paper, we focus on the integration of wireless sensor networks into IoT, and shed further light on the subtleties of such integration. We present a real-world test bed deployment where wireless sensors are used to control electrical appliances in a smart building. Encountered problems are highlighted and suitable solutions are presented.

This paper presents a standalone closed loop wireless power transmission system that is built around a commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) radio frequency identification (RFID) transceiver (MLX90121) operating at 13.56 MHz. It can be used for inductively powering implantable biomedical devices in a closed loop fashion. Any changes in the distance and misalignment between transmitter and receiver coils in near-field wireless power transmission can cause a significant change in the received power, which can cause either malfunction or excessive heat dissipation. RFID transceivers are often used open loop. However, their back telemetry capability can be utilized to stabilize the received voltage on the implant. Our measurements showed that the delivered power to the transponder was maintained at 1.48 mW over a range of 6 to 12 cm, while the transmitter power consumption changed from 0.3 W to 1.21 W. The closed loop system can also oppose voltage variations as a result of sudden changes in load current.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is the logical further development of today's Internet. Technological advancements lead to smart objects being capable of identifying, locating, sensing and connecting and thus leading to new forms of communication between people and things and things themselves. Ambient Assisted Living (AAL) encompasses technical systems to support elderly people in their daily routine to allow an independent and safe lifestyle as long as possible. Keep In Touch (KIT) uses smart objects and technologies (Near Field Communication and Radio Frequency Identification) to facilitate telemonitoring processes. Closed Loop Healthcare Services take use of KIT technology and are capable of processing relevant data and establishing communication channels between elderly people and their environment and different groups of care-givers (physicians, relatives, mobile care providers). The combination of KIT technology (smart objects) and Closed Loop Healthcare Services results in an applied IoT infrastructure for AAL scenarios. Already applied IoT and AAL applications in telemonitoring and medication intake compliance projects show that these applications are useful and accepted by the elderly and that the developed infrastructure enables a new form of communication between people and people, people-topeople (P2P) communication. The personal communication between elderly people, their environment and relevant groups of care givers is an important aspect in AAL. Through the combination of KIT and Closed Loop Healthcare, a central AAL paradigm can be realized through the IoT, where the elderly live in their homes with smart objects, thus smart homes, communicating to the outside world in an intelligent and goal-orientated manner. (Abstract) eHealth; Pervasive Healthcare; Telemedicine; Near Field Communication (NFC); RFID (key words) I.

The integration of information and communication technology (ICT) in the healthcare sector has been one of the important areas of research since last two decades. The application of RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) technology is widely used in healthcare sector to provide better, reliable and secure services. RFID systems are integrated into hospital information systems and provide full automation and streamline the important modules of patient identification, staff allocation, doctors, medicines and treatments. In this paper, we propose RFID based

A broadband circularly polarized patch antenna is proposed for universal ultra-high-frequency (UHF) RF identification (RFID) applications. The antenna is composed of two cornertruncated patches and a suspended microstrip line with open-circuited termination. The main patch is fed by four probes which are sequentially connected to the suspended microstrip feed line. The measurement shows that the antenna achieves a return loss of 15 dB, gain of 8.3 dBic, axial ratio (AR) of 3 dB, and 3-dB AR beamwidth of 75 over the UHF band of 818-964 MHz or 16.4%. Therefore, the proposed antenna is universal for UHF RFID applications worldwide at the UHF band of 840-960 MHz. In addition, a parametric study is conducted to facilitate the design and optimization processes for engineers. Index Terms-Axial ratio (AR), broadband antenna, circularly polarized (CP), RF identification (RFID), sequential feed, ultra high frequency (UHF).

Dipole antennas in UHF RFID tags are driven by differential signals; it is difficult to measure the antenna input impedance accurately using single-ended probes. Furthermore, the testing fixture used in the antenna measurement process also induces additional parasitic effects; accurate measurement cannot be achieved without taking the fixture impact into consideration. In this paper, we propose to characterize the dipole antenna's input impedance using mixed mode S-parameters, the testing fixture impact can also be quantified with port extension and de-embedding techniques. Experiments demonstrate that the proposed measurement method achieves very consistent results over UHF frequency band with very high accuracy.

Abstract: - Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology is emerging as an important tool with applications in a variety of fields. The major concern regarding RFID is the ubiquitous nature of its deployment that extends far beyond the capabilities of any of the tools available ...

Abstract—Use of information technology has become com-monplace in healthcare. In an ideal world a patient always gets first class treatment and everything goes smoothly and as planned. Applications of information technology are created to help the hospital staff ...

Forced by operational inefficiencies in its own business model, CHEP, the market leader in the rental pallet business, became an early adopter of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology. Having proven the effectiveness of the technology for internal operations with a pilot test, CHEP now had to find clients who want to adopt the technology-enabled services in order to pay for a large scale roll out. The case traces CHEP's challenges associated with the development and deployment RFID in its own operation and raises questions of how to proceed with potential IT-enabled change at the enterprise and supply chain level, without spoiling relationships with current clients and maintaining its core business. PART B: In fall 2007, Brian Beattie and Puneet Sawhney looked back at CHEP's RFID initiative and the progress that has been made since the 2003 decision to further incorporate the technology into its assets. While the original intent of tagging all pallets did not materialize, considerable progress had been made into quantifying the benefits of RFID adoption. Industry-wide developments had changed the scope of the RFID initiative from simply tagging the asset pool to creating value added service for CHEP's clients. Overall, RFID had yet to revolutionize the supply chain, but the evolution of technology and the innovation of RFID related products and services had aided CHEP in maintaining its market leadership in the pallet business and enabled CHEP to created new lines of business.

Product authentication is needed to detect counterfeit products and to prevent them from entering the distribution channels of genuine products. Security is a critical property of product authentication systems. In this paper, we study trust and security in RFID-based product authentication systems. We first present a formal definition for product authentication process and then derive the general chain of trust as well as functional and nonfunctional security requirements for product authentication. Most of the scientific literature that covers the topic focuses on cryptographic tag authentication only. This paper, however, provides a broader view including also other known approaches, most notably location-based authentication. To derive the functional security requirements, we employ the concept of misuse cases that extends the use case paradigm well known in the field of requirements engineering. We argue that the level of security of any RFIDbased product authentication application is determined by how it fulfills the derived set of functional and nonfunctional requirements. The security of different RFID-based product authentication approaches is analyzed. To study how RFID supports secure product authentication in practice, we investigate how the current EPC standards conform to the functional security requirements of product authentication and show how the unaddressed requirements could be fulfilled. The benefits of implementing a service that detects the cloned tags in the level of the network's core services are identified.

Design and test approaches are described here for a novel antenna array deployed inside shelves of a smart cabinet that is used for real-time inventory of critical medical supplies using the HF RFID technology. In particular, a custom-built antenna array was designed to mitigate efficiently impact of multi-tag metal-content operational conditions caused by particular tagged product while providing nearly 100% tag reading rate. This objective was reached through a systematic study involving several subsequent steps, i.e. (1) full-wave numerical EM and circuit simulations, (2) quick prototyping using cardboard "substrates", (3) prototyping of FR-4 boards, and (4) component-level and system-level tests.

Within the next year, travelers from dozens of nations may be carrying a new form of passport in response to a mandate by the United States government. The e-passport, as it is sometimes called, represents a bold initiative in the deployment of two new technologies: Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) and biometrics. Important in their own right, e-passports are also the harbinger of a wave of next-generation ID cards: several national governments plan to deploy identity cards integrating RFID and biometrics for domestic use. We explore the privacy and security implications of this impending worldwide experiment in next-generation authentication technology. We describe privacy and security issues that apply to e-passports, then analyze these issues in the context of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) standard for e-passports. * RSA Laboratories, [email protected]

In the supply chain, a warehouse is an essential component for linking the chain partners. It is necessary to allocate warehouse resources efficiently and effectively to enhance the productivity and reduce the operation costs of the warehouse. Therefore, warehouse management systems (WMSs) have been developed for handling warehouse resources and monitoring warehouse operations. However, it is difficult to update daily operations of inventory level, locations of forklifts and stock keeping units (SKUs) in realtime by using the bar-code-based or manual-based warehouse management systems. In this paper, RFID technology is adopted to facilitate the collection and sharing of data in a warehouse. Tests are performed for evaluating the reading performance of both the active and passive RFID apparatus. With the help of the testing results, the efficient radio frequency cover ranges of the readers are examined for formulating a radio frequency identification case-based logistics resource management system (R-LRMS). The capabilities of R-LRMS are demonstrated in GSL Limited. Three objectives are achieved: (i) a simplification of RFID adoption procedure, (ii) an improvement in the visibility of warehouse operations and (iii) an enhancement of the productivity of the warehouse. The successful case example proved the feasibility of R-LRMS in real working practice.

We think of flip chip as a solution for better performance, high I/O or absolute size reduction. But a new and exciting technology is now emerging where the flip chip is the unique answer to extreme cost reduction in a very low I/O product, the RFID tag. RFIDs are Radio Frequency Identification systems - tiny two-way radios with immense commercial

This paper explores the concept of malware for Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) systems -including RFID exploits, RFID worms, and RFID viruses. We present RFID malware design principles together with concrete examples; the highlight is a fully illustrated example of a self-replicating RFID virus. The various RFID malware approaches are then analyzed for their effectiveness across a range of target platforms. This paper concludes by warning RFID middleware developers to build appropriate checks into their RFID middleware before it achieves wide-scale deployment in the real world.

Optimization of radio-frequency identification (RFID) tags often requires several iterations of antenna design/fabrication/testing to meet cost and performance targets. The use of a rapid prototyping approach for antenna development would allow the designer an inexpensive and fast route to the refinement process. In this study, the performance of a commercial-off-the-shelf ultrahigh frequency (UHF) etched copper antenna was compared to printed silver antennas prepared by the following three direct-write techniques: maskless mesoscale materials deposition; matrix-assisted pulsed laser evaporation direct-write; and, collimated aerosol beam direct-write. The morphologies of the antennas were analyzed using contact and optical profilers with sheet resistance also being measured. Operational characteristics were determined by mounting silicon integrated circuits (IC) to the four different types of antennas. The performance of tags that utilized direct-write silver antennas was comparable to the copper-based commercial tag. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration where some of the direct-write rapid prototyping attributes (e.g., slight overspray, overlap of written lines, overall thickness less than 500 nm) are shown to not seriously impede RFID tag performance. These results demonstrate the utility of direct-write for rapid prototyping studies for UHF RFID antennas.

The advancement of wireless and mobile technologies has enabled students to learn in an environment that combines learning resources from both the real world and the digital world. Although such an approach has been recognized as being innovative and important, several problems have been revealed in practical learning activities. One major problem is owing to the lack of proper learning strategies or tools for assisting the students to acquire knowledge in such a complex learning scenario. Students might feel excited or engaged when using the mobile devices to learn in the real context; nevertheless, their learning achievements could be disappointing. To deal with this problem, this study presents a mobile learning system that employs Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology to detect and examine real-world learning behaviors of students. This study also utilizes each student's responses from a twotier test (i.e., multiple-choice questions in a two-level format) to provide personalized learning guidance (called two-tier test guiding, T 3 G). The experimental results from a natural science course of an elementary school show that this innovative approach is able to improve the learning achievements of students as well as enhance their learning motivation.

Solid waste management is a big challenge in urban areas for most of the countries throughout the world. An efficient waste management is a pre requisition for maintain a safe and green environment as there are increasing all kinds of waste disposal. There are many technologies are used for waste collection as well as for well managed recycling. In this paper we have introduced an integrated system combined with an integrated system of

High temperature nuclear reactors are a technology, of which early versions were demonstrated in the 1960s-1980s in Germany (AVR, THTR) and the United States (Peach Bottom, Fort St. Vrain). HTRs were initially designed for high temperature, high efficiency electricity generation but the technology, the market and the targeted applications have evolved since then to address industrial cogeneration and new operational conditions (in particular new safety regulations). This paper intends to analyse the latest status of HTR today, as regards their intrinsic strengths and weaknesses and their external context, whether positive (opportunities) or negative (threats). Different dimensions are covered by the analysis: technology status, results from R&D programmes (especially in Europe), competences and skills, licensing aspects, experience feedback from demonstrator operation (in particular in Germany), economic conditions and other non-technical aspects. Europe has a comprehensive experience in the field of HTR with capabilities in both pebble bed and prismatic designs (R&D, engineering, manufacturing, operation, dismantling, and the full fuel cycle). Europe is also a promising market for HTR as the process heat market is large with good industrial and cogeneration infrastructures. The analysis of the European situation is to a good deal indicative for the global potential of this technology.

Logistics management is an important aspect in real-time applications. Some of the aspects like a delay in delivery, identification of freight vehicles in real time, cargo overload, misplacement is some of the issues facing logistics management. The Global Positioning System monitors the position of the cargo according to its latitude and longitude positions. The GSM/GPRS module makes the administrator's location easier. The RFID system enables cargo to be tracked and placed correctly. The Open Source hardware makes the processing and orderly management of goods in the webserver easier. If more goods are placed in the cargo, the cargo may not move or reach due to overload in the cargo at a specified time. The use of a weight sensor eliminates the overload of goods in the cargo. This system is also used for security purposes as a regular update of the location on the web server, and cargo data are updated using open source hardware in real time. Integrating IoT, RFID, GPS, GSM/GPRS as well as open source hardware results in good results. This system also eliminates dynamic updates of cargo data and delays in delivery of goods, ensures the positioning of freight vehicles and eliminates overload of cargo.

Support of voice services, whether via direct customer care agent, IVR, or deposit of voicemail, is done in real time. Real-time data support might be via Web access frequently asked questions, an avatar, or an online customer care agent using instant messaging. These require real-time interactive responses but low data volumes. The help desk function might also include nonreal time (IVR and data) support for both MFI personnel and MFI customers. Nonreal-time support can involve call back or use of chat, voicemail, or electronic mail to correspond with the person making the request. Basic connectivity and access to such services are all that is required.

Radio frequency identification (RFID) is getting popularity among identification technologies owing to its low cost, light weight, reduced size and inexpensive maintenance. Due to the recognition of RFID in the area of manufacturing, retail, pharmaceuticals and logistics, it is now in consideration for use in many different areas like ubiquitous computing, healthcare, agriculture, transport and security. Now a days security, power conservation and scalability are among the top issues that are in consideration for designing projects. In this paper, we contemplate the said issues and present how emerging technology of RFID can be used for building a smart university. Prototype is developed considering major use cases involved in a smart university. The system is taking care of maintaining attendance record, switching control of electrical items and security locks of rooms. Results show that consumption of energy and object tracking time is decreased while security of rooms and credibility of attendance record are increased.

The Radio Frequency Identification System (RFID) has become a popular system and its applications has reached in most of the fields like toll bridge, supply chain management and defense sector [8]. The RFID has also entered into the field of medical sciences [4, 7]. Everyday, RFID tags are becoming very small and their dimensions are also reducing to 0.002 inches (RFID powder tag) developed by Hitachi [10,11]. There are many different types of RFID tags available in the market for different types of applications. Due to reduction in the cost of production, RFID systems are being deployed everywhere in large number. Therefore, it becomes important to understand the tag technology and their applicability. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive survey of various RFID tag technologies reported in the literatures and classify them into different categories.

The circumstances of globalisation and ever-stricter environmental legislation over the past decade have led enterprises to work together to transform products into extended products, and to manage these throughout their life cycle. Innovative Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology can be introduced as an enabler of Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) business, by enhancing the traceability of the product throughout its value chain via automatic identification, enabling the collection of product usage information during its Middle-of-Life (MOL) phase, and facilitating the integration of product life cycle information and knowledge across the value chain, thus closing the product's information loop from Beginning-of-Life (BOL), through MOL, to End-of-Life (EOL) and back again. This paper will introduce a framework for product life cycle information management with the support of RFID technology. A case study of how the framework supports the decision-making involved in the different life cycle phases of the automotive industry will be described using UML models. International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing 2 1977 , RFID has seen increased usage from animal tracking and toll collection, to supply chain management in recent years.

The significance of tracking in operations management has been overshadowed, theoretically by the concept of supply chain visibility, and practically by the attention grabbing radio frequency identification (RFID) technology. This paper describes how uses of tracking for operations management, specifically, to improve the management of project and service supply chains, were explored and developed in a ten-year research program. Key results of the program are synthesized and linked to the relevant academic discourse in operations management using design science methodology.

Recent trends in Information and Communication Technology (ICT) embrace several smartphone applications in a variety of educational and industrial domains in the last several years. This research focuses to solve one of the promising problems of an educational domain to take attendance smartly using the Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) system. Current attendance system in King Abdul-Aziz University (KAU) Saudi Arabia is partly solving the attendance problem. There are several problems in the existing attendance systems such as time-consuming, the chance of mistakes, truancy issues, no contact with parent/guardian and not efficient because of roll call as taking manual attendance. The proposed RFID based attendance system will provide robust, secure and automatic attendance. The proposed system will use modern technology and support to institutions and parents to deal with most of the problems of existing attendance systems. There are several other benefits of RFID based system such as web-based and mobile interfaces, daily absent report, an automatic SMS alert to parent/guardian, reduce administrative work, improve the ratio of attendance, economical and highly efficient. The case study method will be used as a research design. The proposed system is developed and tested in KAU Saudi Arabia. The proposed system will have both web and mobile interfaces. The web interface will need the Internet to access the proposed system and the mobile interface will use the Android platform for the testing scenarios. The user will access the system to generate customized reports to review the status of students for a particular course. It is anticipated that the proposed system will significantly improve students' monitoring mechanisms hence enabling both parents and teachers in making appropriate decisions.

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags have been proposed for use in novel ways for hundreds of applications. RFIDs hold the promise of revolutionizing business processes. This paper focuses on how RFID Technology can be used to solve problems faced by public transport in metropolitan cities of the country. Automated tracking of buses can be used to provide useful estimates of arrival times and enhance commuter convenience. There are, however, formidable obstacles in the way of widespread RFID deployment. From a systems perspective, we highlight and explore the problem of data capturing, storage and retrieval and how Event, Condition and Action (ECA) rules developed for active databases can help us in managing the huge number of events generated each day. We also discuss how the collected data can be used to predict bus movement timings in order to provide better service.

In this paper, an overview of antenna design for passive radio frequency identification (RFID) tags is presented. We discuss various requirements of such designs, outline a generic design process including range measurement techniques and concentrate on one practical application: RFID tag for box tracking in warehouses. A loaded meander antenna design for this application is described and its various practical aspects such as sensitivity to fabrication process and box content are analyzed. Modeling and simulation results are also presented which are in good agreement with measurement data.

The air quality in metropolises is demeaning as a result of a complex commerce between natural and artificial environmental conditions. With the increase in urbanization and industrialization and lack of control on emigrations and use of catalytic transformers, a great quantum of particulate and poisonous feasts is produced. The ideal of this design is to cover air pollution on roads and track vehicles which beget pollution over a specified limit. Increased use of motorcars is a serious problem that has been around for a veritably long time. This paper gives check of different systems used to cover vehicular pollution and proposes use of Internet of Effects (IoT) to address this problem. Then, combination of Poisonous Gas Detectors and Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) trailing system is used to cover vehicular pollution records anytime anywhere.