Urban Birds Ecology

Доместикация и урбанизация часто отождествляются, так как равно считаются "приспособлением к человеку и созданной им искусственной среде обитания" (т.е. развитием синантропности). Проведённый анализ показывает ошибочность этого отождествления. Нами исследованы существенные отличия  урбанизации «диких» видов от доместикации домашних, вместе с различием стрессоров, к которым приспосабливаются. В первом случае это самые общие характеристики урбосреды — экстремальный уровень гетерогенности, нестабильности и изменчивости городского ландшафта cравнительно с любыми внегородскими (в том числе прочими «рукотворными», а тем более природными). Он требует от «городских» птиц быстро менять места гнездования, биотопы кормления, кормовые методы и другие черты биологии вслед за изменением среды обитания, местными и общегородскими, с развитием способности их прогнозировать, жить, постоянно «прыгая с льдины на льдину» в противоположность устойчивости существования в «сельских» или «лесных» популяциях. Во втором — просто смена реакции на людей, технику, уход за животным с тревожно-оборонительной на дружелюбно-интересующую, восприятие их как части окружения и партнёра по взаимодействию, а не опасности.

Урбанизация «диких» видов птиц/млекопитающих как доместикация домашних socialcompas.com /2014/02/04/urbanizatsiya-dikih-vidov-ptits-mlekopitayushhih-kakdomestikatsiya-domashnih/ Читаю сейчас всякие работы по гормональным изменениям у «диких» видов птиц, осваивающих города. Судя по всему, сформированные урбанизированные популяции отличаются от «диких» ровно тем же, чем доместицированные лисицы, норки, крысы и пр. от соответствующих диких форм: резко ослабленной стресс-реакцией, особенно на новизну, повышенным «любопытством» с готовностью исследовать объекты, обычно пугающие -людей, технику, постоянные перестройки урболандшафта в пределах участка обитания. Опосредуется это гормональными изменениями, в виде общего ослабления стресс-реакции при «лучшем дозировании» её по реальной опасности. Так, «отбор лисиц на доместикацию замедляет темпы развития реакции страха и существенно отодвигает сроки ее первых проявлений. Действительно, у неселекционируемых лисиц уровень исследовательского поведения резко падает в возрасте 45 дней -именно тогда впервые проявляется реакция страха.

Penelitian kerja praktek yang berjudul “Identifikasi Jenis Burung Pada Kawasan Balai
Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam Sumatera Selatan Di Taman Wisata Alam Punti Kayu”
ini bertujuan Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi jenis-jenis burung yang
terdapat di dalam kawasan (TWA) Punti Kayu Sumatera Selatan. Kerja praktek ini
dilaksanakan ± selama 1 bulan, pukul 08.00 sampai dengan 16.00 WIB. Bertempat di
BKSDA Sumatera Selatan dan TWA Punti Kayu. Alat yang digunakan dalam kerja
praktek ini adalah alat tulis, buku panduan identifikasi Burung (Holmes & Nash, 1999
& Mackinnon et al., 2010), GPS (Global Positioning System), kamera DSLR Cannon
D1100, kompas, teropong binokuler Russian army 10 x 50 WP, dan peta lokasi. Metode
dalam penelitian ini menggunakan metode pengamatan langsung. Hasil yang didapat
dari penelitian kerja praktek ini adalah 15 jenis burung dari 9 suku (famili) dan yang
paling banyak ditemui burung merbah cerucuk (Pycnonotus goiavier) dari famili
Pycnonotidae, dan burung gereja erasia (Passer montanus) yang termasuk ke dalam
famili Ploceidae. Sedangkan kesimpulan yang bisa diambil dari penelitian kerja praktek
ini, bahwa taman wisata alam merupakan salah satu habitat beberapa satwa khususnya burung yang harus terus dijaga kelestariannya.
Kata Kunci : Identifikasi, Taman Wisata Alam, TWA Punti Kayu, 15 jenis burung.

Birds have co-inhabited American cities since the colonial era, and as people have noticed and appreciated them, they have taken steps to make cities even more hospitable for them. This dissertation documents the history of birds in cities and efforts to create more bird-friendly urban areas. The examination starts with the commercial core of modern cities, moving outwards through the residential and industrial zones, taking note of parks and other urban oases as well as the transportation and communications networks that help shape and define American cities. Bird conservation activities in scattered cities across the country make each of these urban zones better for birds. The future of birds in American cities depends on how these zones are managed, and the ability of local governments, nonprofits, corporations, and bird enthusiasts working together to protect birds from hazards and provide additional habitat opportunities within the city.

En este estudio presento datos de longevidad de 13 especies de aves (12 paseriformes y un falconiforme) que habitan en zonas urbanas de la ciudad de Lima, Perú. Estas aves son típicas del bioma Desierto Pacífico. La longevidad fue calculada a través de anillamiento y observaciones continuas durante 15 años (noviembre 1995-julio 2010) de monitoreo de las aves en un parque urbano. Los casos del Saltapalito Volatinia jacarina (diez años, seis meses, 27 días), Turtupilín Pyrocephalus rubinus (diez años, cuatro meses, 14 días), Mielero Coereba flaveola (nueve años, siete meses, 12 días) y Gorrión Americano Zonotrichia capensis (ocho años, un mes, 18 días) son récords de longevidad para estas especies. Los parques urbanos pueden ser centros de entrenamiento para monitoreo de aves, capacitando ornitólogos profesionales y amateur. Con los datos de este monitoreo, se ha producido información valiosa de la historia natural de las aves urbanas.

NIDIFICACIÓN EXITOSA DE UNA PAREJA DE LECHUCITA VIZCACHERA (Athene cunicularia) EN UNA CUEVA ARTIFICIAL EN LA CIUDAD AUTÓNOMA DE BUENOS AIRES, ARGENTINA RESUMEN. Este trabajo da cuenta de la nidificación exitosa de una pareja de Lechucita Vizcachera (Athene cunicularia) en un parque urbano de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Esta pareja utilizó para nidificar una cueva artificial instalada especialmente para ello, en un área con constante circulación de personas. Esta especie demuestra plasticidad en la elección del sitio de nidificación y buena tolerancia a la presencia humana.
ABSTRACT. NESTING SUCCESS OF A BURROWING OWL (Athene cunicularia) PAIR IN AN ARTIFICIAL BURROW IN AN URBAN PARK IN BUENOS AIRES CITY. We provide information about the sucessful nesting of a pair of Burrowing owls in an urban park in Buenos Aires City, Argentina. This pair nested in an artificial burrow, specifically installed for that purpose, in an area with constant circulation of people. This species show plasticity when selecting a nesting site and tolerance of human presence.

RESUMEN. En este trabajo se presentan nuevos aportes y se recopila la información existente, acerca de la nidificación de aves de presa diurnas (Falconiformes) en estructuras humanas en la Argentina. Al presente, son catorce especies las que utilizan sustratos artificiales en el mencionado país. Diez emplean postes de tendido eléctrico. Halcones Peregrinos (Falco peregrinus), Jotes Cabeza Negra (Coragyps atratus), Milanos Blancos (Elanus leucurus) y Águilas Coronadas (Buteogallus coronatus) no han sido descriptas nidificando en tendidos eléctricos pero si en otro tipo de construcciones. Caranchos (Caracara plancus), Chimangos (Milvago chimango) y Halconcitos Colorados (Falco sparverius) serían las únicas especies que además de postes de electricidad emplean otros sustratos. El conocimiento, aún muy limitado en Sudamérica, acerca de las estructuras construi-das por humanos utilizadas por las distintas especies para nidificar, se considera relevante para el manejo y conservación de las mimas. ABSTRACT. RAPTORS THAT NEST ON MAN-MADE STRUCTURES IN ARGENTINA. NEW RECORDS AND A REVIEW. In this paper we compile information (a review and new data) about the nesting of diurnal birds or prey (Falconiformes) on man-made structures in Argentina. At present, fourteen species use artificial substrates. Ten species use electricity pylons. Peregrine Falcons (Falco peregrinus), Black Vultures (Coragyps atratus), White-Tailed Kites (Elanus leu-curus) and Crowned Eagles (Buteogallus coronatus) have been described nesting on artificial substrates but not on electricity power lines. South American Caracaras (Caracara plancus), Chimango Caracaras (Milvago chimango) and American Kestrels (Falco sparverius) seem to be the only species capable of nesting on pylons and on other types of human made structures. The knowledge, by the way very limited in South America, about the artificial manmade structures used by the different species/ populations of birds of prey is considered an essential tool for their management and conservation.

1. The formation of large communal roosts is a conspicuous phenomenon associated with a wide range of bird species successfully exploiting urban environments. In many Australian cities, the abundance of the Rainbow Lorikeet (Trichoglossus haematodus), a native parrot, has increased markedly in recent decades, with the species roosting in very large numbers within suburban sites. These roosting locations are noisy and cause significant fouling of the land beneath, resulting in conflict with humans.

2. We investigated the selection of roosting sites in this species in Brisbane, Australia, by comparing characteristics of both the general sites of these roosts as well as individual trees used within roosting sites and trees that were avoided.

3. Lorikeets used a wide variety of tree types for roosting but demonstrated a clear preference for clumped trees within sparsely treed areas that received significantly more artificial light at night than otherwise suitable sites and trees nearby.

4. These features of roosting sites may enhance the detection of nocturnal predators by Rainbow Lorikeets, suggesting a potential positive impact of anthropogenic lighting. Our findings provide valuable insights into the management of roost-related conflicts in urban areas. We encourage further investigations into the possible benefits of artificial light.

A study on status and diversity of birds of Ramna Park, Dhaka, Bangladesh was conducted from July 2013 to March 2014. Data were collected through direct field observations where 6 days had been spent in every month in the field. A total of 50 species of birds belonging to 11 orders and 28 families were observed. Of the 50 species, 84% were residents and 16% migrants, 50% were passerines, 50% non-passerines. Passeriformes presented the highest number (25 species) of observed birds. Only Clamator jacobinus was recorded as summer migrant among the migratory birds. We found Psittacula eupatria considered as Near Threatened globally according to IUCN. Corvus splendens was the most common with the highest number of individuals in comparison to other bird species. We observed single individual of Clamator jacobinus followed by Psittacula eupatria and Apus pacificus throughout the study. Regarding the relative abundance, 18% species were very common, 30% common, 16% fairly common and 36% few. Calculating the Shannon-Wiener and Simpson's indices of diversity and species evenness, we found maximum number of species and individuals in the month of December while minimum in the month of July. Anthropogenic activities such as festivals, random assemblies and gatherings, dumping of plastics, polythene and papers, noise from the vehicles were common inside and around the park, which may be threats to birds.

Summary. Towards the analysis of atypical forms of competition:
“Noise” and “interference” as a means of struggle for existence.
The article provides analysis of “noise” as a means of competition in the interactions of individuals or populations, based on the idea of communication (intraspecific) as the most specialized form of competition for a social resource.
There are signs intermediaries and information exchange; hence, the winner is not the one who is stronger or more successful in “hitting” the opponent or otherwise influencing them, but who adequately rearranges the behavioral model based on the signal information and better predicts how to confront the partner in the next step of the process.
When transferring the idea of communication as a competitive communication, mediated by information exchange, in the area of competitive interactions of the species itself, it turns out that there are the same mediators in the form of specialized feeding methods and/or territorial exploitation strategies, the deployment of which “takes information into account” from the habitat structure on the signal features of the latter, etc.
That is, even ordinary operational competition may be to some extent information interaction. Naturally, the winner is the species, whose population better maintains the stability of relations in the presence of disturbances associated with “eating away” a part of resources
by competitors from other species moving along the same “lace” of habitats.
Often they consume a resource less efficiently than the above mentioned species, since less specialized, but create a “noise” disorienting it.  Predictable consumption of a resource in the territories of a specialist species forms a signal field that facilitates each of its individuals to “build” the tactics of collecting food “for tomorrow”, and the unpredictable consumption of a close species-generalist “confuses”.

Резюме. Произведен анализ «шума» как средства конкурентной борьбы во взаимодействиях, основанный на идее коммуникации (внутривидовой) как наиболее специализированной формы конкуренции за социальный ресурс. Там есть знаки-посредники и информационный обмен; соответственно, побеждает не тот,
кто сильнее/удачнее «бьет» оппонента или иначе воздействует на него, но кто адекватней перестраивает модель поведения на основании сигнальной информации и лучше прогнозирует, как противостоять партнеру на следующем шаге процесса.
При переносе идеи коммуникации как конкурентного общения, опосредованного информационным обменом, в область собственно конкурентных взаимодействий видов оказывается, что там есть точно такие же посредники в виде специализированных кормовых методов и/или стратегий эксплуатации территорий, развертывание которых «учитывает информацию» от структуры местообитания, ориентируется на сигнальные особенности последнего и пр. То есть
даже обычная эксплуатационная конкуренция может быть в какой-то степени информационным взаимодействием.
Закономерно в нем выигрывает вид, чья популяция лучше поддержит устойчивость отношений в присутствии возмущений, связанных с «выеданием» части ресурсов конкурентами из других видов, перемещающимися по тому же самому «кружеву» местообитаний.
Часто они потребляют ресурс менее эффективно, чем данный вид, т.к. менее специализированы, но создают дезориентирующий его «шум». Предсказуемое выедание ресурса на территориях вида-специалиста образует сигнальное поле, облегчающее каждой его особи «построение» тактики сбора корма «на завтра», а непредсказуемое выедание близким видом-генералистом «сбивает с толку».

Con el objetivo de determinar si hubo un cambio en la abundancia
de las aves producto del uso de gases lacrimógenos en las
inmediaciones del Parque recreacional Generalísimo Francisco
de Miranda de la ciudad de Caracas, Venezuela, se realizaron
conteos de individuos de las especies presentes en dos períodos
de muestreo durante el año 2017: (1) enero-febrero (sin uso de
gases) y (2) junio-julio (uso de gases al menos tres veces por
semana). Los conteos fueron realizados, entre las 5:30 y 7:30
h, utilizando el método de observación directa en transecta (de
2,5 km de longitud). Los valores obtenidos para las abundancias
relativas de las aves para estos períodos fueron comparados
con los obtenidos en los censos realizados en el período juniojulio
de 2016. Se observaron un total de 878 individuos de 38
especies para el período enero-febrero 2017, mientras que para
el período posterior a la aplicación de los gases lacrimógenos
(junio-julio 2017) se cuantificaron un total de 1.255 individuos
pertenecientes a 28 especies. Los valores del Índice de Similitud
de Sørensen indicaron una composición de especies similar
(>80%) entre los períodos comparados. No obstante, se observó
que para el período enero-febrero 2017 las especies Phimosus
infuscatus, Pitangus sulphuratus y Troglodites aedon fueron reportadas
como las más comunes, mientras que durante el período
junio-julio 2017 Thraupis episcopus, Sicalis flaveola y Tyrannus
melancholicus se contabilizaron como las especies con mayor
abundancia. Las diferencias entre el número de individuos observados,
mayo-res para el grupo de especies referidas como
características de hábitats alterados, durante el período posterior
a la aplicación de los gases lacrimógenos sugiere la necesidad de
continuar desarrollando estudios que permitan comprender este fenómeno poco estudiado para la avifauna urbana.

In this fast-moving world, where everyone is just running in a mad circle. Birdwatching comes as a gentle breeze of relief. It is a hobby that can really transform your life for good. It would enhance the positive energy within you and make you appreciate the nature around you. You would be mesmerized with the life of the birds. You would feel one with mother nature and your heart would be filled with joy and delight. Nothing can be more ecstatic than watching the beautiful creation of the nature that is Birds.

This article explores a stylized version of "natural" birdsong as an element of the soundscape of a historical city, late-nineteenth-century St. Petersburg. From 1880 to 1900, canaries were brought to the city in great numbers from hatcheries located in the Russian countryside. Their song was the ovsîanka, a mix of melodies acquired from wild Russian birds. This song reflects "enhanced nature," linking human intentional-ity to the agency of a nonhuman animal, the canary, and both to the city. Breeders, merchants, keepers, and birds formed a super-urban assemblage spanning the city and the countryside. Canaries, like human migrants flooding to the city during this time, retained their strong village roots, and their urban role depended on them. In this super-urban assemblage, the canaries' urban performance was an expression of their modified and contextual agency, though their agency was assembled and authorized by human-nonhuman networks engendered by the city. Keywords urban soundscape-enhanced nature-natureculture-urban birdsong-canaries-late Imperial St. Petersburg-ecological history … Canary Brought to us from distant shores, A canary, here she stands, Her dress turned gold as she deplores, Her small, wrought-iron land.

Predator avoidance and reduced vigilance are main reasons attributed to flocking among birds. Flocking also improves the feeding efficiency of the members of the group. If these assumptions are true then in a habitat completely devoid of predators and while the birds are resting, there should be no need to flock in homogenous or heterogeneous groups. Reduced individual vigilance and more energy efficient time budgeting seems more plausible explanation for flocking. The study was conducted to confirm the assumptions of earlier studies on the subject. Flocking in homogeneous and heterogeneous groups and group behaviour, confidence limit of individuals and groups and their flight initiation distance was studies for two months on an undisturbed beach. The disturbance caused by an individual walker was observed and distances at which the birds showed signs of disturbance and actually flew away was measured. Undisturbed environment of the Tubli beach increased the confidence limit of the birds in comparison to other similar studies. Close proximity of the beach to highway, frequent arrival and departure of fishing boats did not disturb the birds unless they were feeding on the tidal mudflats during low tide.

The aim of this study was to conduct a study of the bird assemblage present in the Arboretum Experimental Station (IBE-UCV), consisting of a 2 ha patch of montane semideciduous forest located in Caracas city. The area was sampled twice a month, from april 2012 to march 2013, using mist nets (12 x 1.8 meters). Were caught 132 birds, belonging to 40 species and 17 families. The predominant species were Atalotriccus pilaris, Galbula ruficauda, Coereba flaveola and Formicivora grisea. The most abundant and richest families were Tyrannidae and Thraupidae. There were eight feeding guilds, being the insectivores the most abundants. Although this study was for only one year, the richness and abundance encountered are indicative of the conservation value of the E. E. Arboretum as a refuge for birds of Caracas.

Фридман В.С., Ерёмкин Г.С., Захарова Н.Ю., Процесс антропогенной фрагментации коренных сообществ в староосвоенных регионах Европы и Европейской России во многом определяет обеднение фауны, увеличивает уязвимость популяций отдельных видов животных. Последние из непрерывных популяций со свободно формирующейся видоспецифической структурой под воздействием фрагментации превращаются в метапопуляции, в которых естественные связи между видовыми поселениями оборваны, а сами локальные популяционные группировки «заперты» на отдельных «островах» местообитаний .

Когда в руках у тебя молоток, любая проблема кажется гвоздём. Так произошло с концепцией доместикации Д.К. Беляева (1983). Сегодня её прилагают ко всем более-менее сходным случаям. Непригодность её приложения к урбанизации "диких" видов показана ранее, здесь рассмотрена "самодоместикация" домовых мышей, бонобо в сравнении с обыкновенным шимпанзе, городские лисы в сравнении с лисами исходной популяции. Показано, что во втором случае эта модель вовсе неприложима, в первом - годится, но с оговорками, и вполне соответствует сути дела в третьем.

This paper reports on the educational program "Something's flying around us" that took place in the Zoological Museum of the University of Patras, based on constructivism, under the citizen science project "Ornithopolis". The aim of the program was to support primary school pupils in identification of bird species and to enhance their awareness about urban bird diversity using exhibits and dioramas of the museum. Overall, 112 pupils were involved in the program. Pre-and post-program children's knowledge and ideas about eleven selected bird species that are common in the Mediterranean urban areas were tested. After the implementation of the educational program bird identification skills of the pupils increased significantly. Besides, most participants seemed to be enthusiastic about birds and acknowledged their value for the ecosystem, while they also stated that they enjoyed the program. Our study indicates that educational programs in zoological museums can efficiently increase biological and ecological knowledge of pupils and have a positive impact on the attitude towards biodiversity.

La urbanización es probablemente la fuerza de extinción más importante de este siglo. En los últimos años el desarrollo urbano sostenible se considera una estrategia que puede contribuir de manera fundamental con la sostenibilidad del planeta. Para ello se ha hace necesario generar indicadores de desarrollo urbano sostenible y la elaboración de estos índices implican la integración de la ecología, la sociología y la economía. Con relación a la dimensión ecológica las aves reúnen condiciones apropiadas para enfocar los esfuerzos de conservación urbana. Con relación a la dimensión socioeconómica, el método de valoración contingente ha sido uno de los más utilizados para este fin. Nuestro trabajo se inserta en esta temática y examina la importancia de la avifauna en la valoración contingente de diferentes sectores urbanos y la opinión del ciudadano común con relación a la conservación en las ciudades. Dentro de esta línea nos planteamos dos estudios en áreas urbanas con clima, especies y estructura urbana diferente: el primero, en la ciudad tropical de Valencia, Venezuela (Suramérica) y el segundo, a mayor escala, se está llevando a cabo en la ciudad mediterránea de Montpellier, Francia (Europa).
El caso Jardín Botánico de Valencia: El Jardín Botánico de Valencia (JBV) es un caso notable de la pérdida de áreas verdes debido al intenso urbanismo; originalmente contaba con 30 Ha que se han utilizado progresivamente para desarrollos urbanísticos quedando en la actualidad únicamente 10 Ha. En este estudio se utilizó el método de valoración contingente (MVC) con un diseño control y tratamiento para explorar como influye en el ciudadano común suministrarle información sobre la avifauna diurna. La encuesta se aplicó a 298 individuos pertenecientes a los cursos de Postgrado de la Universidad de Carabobo. El 75% prefirió el proyecto Silvestre, el 77% está dispuesto a colaborar monetariamente, con una cantidad promedio mensual de Bs. 2.427, oo por un lapso de seis meses (entre 0,3 y 0,7% del ingreso promedio mensual al hogar).

The Pale-eyed Pygmy-Tyrant Atalotriccus pilaris is a small tyrant flycatcher, characterized by greatly shortened and narrow outer four primaries. Many aspects of its biology and ecology remain poorly known. The general aim of this study was to quantify some aspects of morphology, diet, breeding and molt of the species. I examined museum specimens of the three Venezuelan sub-species: A. p. pilaris from southwestern Venezuela, A. p. venezuelensis from northern Venezuela, and A. p. griseiceps from Bolívar state (south of Venezuela). Additionally, 31 captured individuals of A. p. venezuelensis were examined and measured. Morphometric differences between subspecies, age and sex were determined (the 8 th and 7 th primaries were longer in females than males for both subspecies and the 10th primary was wider in males for A. p. venezuelensis. A. p. pilaris had a greater number of morphometric differences between sexes than A. p. venezuelensis. Eye coloration was related to age: most adults had a white iris (85%), whereas juveniles were dark. According to museum specimen labels, seven adult males (17%), and eight juveniles (57%) of A. p. venezuelensis had dark eyes; for A. p. pilaris, two adults (17%) males and two juveniles (25%).

Notes about the feeding behavior in a reproductive couple of the Roadside Hawk Rupornis magnirostris
observed in an urban area of Caracas, Venezuela.– The Roadside Hawk is a common bird of prey in Central and South America. Its general diet is relatively well known, but little is known about its diet and feeding behavior in urban areas. In this work, I describe the feeding routine, vocalizations, preys, and general behavior of a couple Roadside Hawks in El Valle, an urban area of Caracas, Venezuela, between March and May 2017. During eight weeks, 25 records were obtained. In most records, the Roadside Hawk was seen perched with a prey in its talons. At same time, it uttered a vocal sound. After 1–6 minutes, another Roadside Hawk individual, larger, took the prey and consumed it. Consumed items included rodents (probably Rattus norvergicus among them), reptiles (probably Cnemidophorus lemniscatus among them), and birds. In natural areas similar items have been recorded, but unlike them, I report an important proportion of rodents (40%). Several behavioral variables lead me to conclude that the events observed correspond to a Roadside Hawk male carrying preys to a female during the beginning of the breeding season. This note represents the fi rst description of the Roadside Hawk’s feeding behavior during breeding season in an urban area of Venezuela, an important contribution to the knowledge of the Roadside Hawk’s natural history.

Check-list of the birds of the Rupinaro creek. In an area corresponding to the course of the Rupinaro creek (GE), the surrounding hills and other adjacent areas, over four years, from June 2010 to June 2014, the bird community has been studied drafting a preliminary check-list. Globally 114 species were determined 20 of which included in Annex 1 of the Birds Directive (09/147/CE). Much of the study area is highly urbanized and compromised by human activities. The study has highlighted
the importance of the area for migratory birds but also for nesting; in fact, 30% of the species observed in the area are breeding.

Se realizo una evaluacion de las aves silvestres del Lima Golf Club de San Isidro, por el lapso de un anio, de Agosto de 1998 hasta Agosto de 1999. El objetivo fue estudiar el comportamiento temporal y espacial de la diversidad de aves terrestres. Para esto se establecio una metodologıa adecuada para el monitoreo de la diversidad de aves terrestres y se identificaron los factores que condicionan la diversidad
de aves dentro del club El Golf de San Isidro. Se probo el metodo de muestreo por puntos al azar y el metodo de transecto. La evaluacion de aves en el Lima Golf Club debe llevarse a cabo por el metodo del transecto, el cual es mas efectivo en detectar a las aves en un area mayor y en menos tiempo. La variedad de habitats en este Club (copas de los arboles, arbustos, cesped, lagunas y espacio aereo) permite albergar a una mayor cantidad y variedad de aves que en otros parques. Un total de 34 especies de aves fueron
detectadas durante las evaluaciones, la gran mayoria terrestres. Hubo 7 especies acuaticas, dependientes
de la laguna de oxidacion presente en el campus, la cual les ofrecio un refugio temporal en su migracion. La diversidad de aves no es muy alta debido a la predominancia de la paloma “cuculı” (Zenaida meloda), la cual casi todo el anio es mas del 50% de todas las aves presentes. La mayor diversidad de aves se concentra en los lugares que tienen mayor cobertura vegetal por los arboles y arbustos aledanos.

In this essay, I work to understand a particular place in Provence, France. The unlikely source of inspiration is a busy motorway exit near the sprawling shopping center of Avignon Nord. The essay may challenge preconceptions about how nature might be experienced in a suburban setting and give a message of hope that wildness can be found in unlikely places. In recounting my journey, I address the following questions:
▪ How long does it take to get to know a place and its wildlife?
▪ What is the right attitude to have?
▪ Is it easy or difficult to maintain this attitude?
▪ Is getting to know a place a lonely task, or are other human beings helpfully involved?
▪ What are the different processes intertwining human being and place that allow this “getting to know” to be successful?

Breeding activity of the house sparrow (Passer domesticus) occurred between March and August; up to four successful clutches per pair were found in each breeding season. Timing of breeding activities and breeding patterns were compared for the

We evaluated damage to commercial crops caused by the monk parakeet, Myiopsitta monachus, in the Baix Llobregat agricultural area (1,024 ha) bordering the city of Barcelona, Spain. Average crop loss was 0.4% for tomatoes, 28% for corn, 9% for red plums, 36% for round plums, 37% for pears, 17% for persimmons, and 7% for quinces. Our data show that the potential damage to crops by monk parakeets in this invaded area is now a reality. As a wait–and–see approach is likely to be a more costly strategy in the long–term, policy makers should assess issues such as the extent of damage, feasibility/cost benefit analysis, and public opinion so as to avoid greater damage and loss in the future

Key words: Monk parakeet, Myiopsitta monachus, Damage to crops, Invasive species

Recently, there have been several reports from different parts of the World on the declining populations of the House Sparrow (Passer domesticus). In order to assess the population of this species in the National Capital Territory of Delhi-India, this study was conducted during June-August in 2007. Twenty-eight Fixed-Radius Point Count stations were established in five habitat types viz. High-density Urban Area, Mediumdensity Urban Area, Low-density Urban Area, Agriculture Area, and Forested Area, within the study area. The results show that the House Sparrow is still a dominant species in the agriculture area. However, its density is very low in the urban areas as compared to the other co-occurring common bird species viz. Rock Pigeon (Columba livia domestica), House Crow (Corvus splendens) and Common Myna (Acridotheres tristis). As, this study was conducted only over one season, the data is not sufficient to provide a clear picture of the population trend of the House Sparrow. Further studies are therefore required to investigate the relationship of the House Sparrow with other co-occurring common species, and to analyse the data on the type and quality of greenspaces and their relation with the House Sparrow in the study area. A long-term monitoring and conservation programme involving local people may be a good approach for maintaining the population of House Sparrow in the study area.

Informo sobre records de longevidad en cuatro especies de aves passeriformes en un parque urbano de la ciudad de Lima. Dichas especies fueron: Volatinia jacarina, Pyrocephalus rubinus, Coereba flaveola, y Zonotrichia capensis. Individuos anillados vivieron entre 8 a diez años.

Excavations during November 2013 in the Rising Star Cave, South Africa, yielded more than 1550 specimens of a new hominin, Homo naledi. Four bird bones were collected from the surface of the Dinaledi Chamber during the first phase of the initial excavations. Although mentioned in the initial geological and taphonomic reports, the bird remains have not been formally identified and described until now. Here we identify these remains as the extant barn owl (Tyto alba) which is today common in the region and which is considered to have been an important agent of accumulation of microfaunal remains at many local Plio-Pleistocene sites in the Cradle of Humankind. Based on the greatest length measurement and breadth of the proximal articulation of the tarsometatarsus specimen, it is suggested that a single (female) individual is represented, despite the small sample sizes available for comparison. Although it is unclear how the remains of this female owl came to be accumulated in the remote Dinaledi Chamber, we suggest several possible taphonomic scenarios and hypothesise that these remains are not directly associated with the Homo naledi remains. Significance: • Owl bones from the Dinaledi Chamber are the only other macro-vertebrate remains from this Chamber. • The other remains discovered are that of more than 15 individuals of the enigmatic Homo naledi. • The remains of the Dinaledi Chamber owl further our understanding of the contents of the important material contained within the Dinaledi system as they are the only more recent fossils to be recovered from this area of the Rising Star Cave system and are therefore important in and of themselves as an indicator that more proximal parts of the Rising Star Cave system have been suitable for use by barn owls at greater time depths than the present.

Increasing urbanization has led to natural ecosystems being constantly replaced by an urban landscape, a process that is very
noticeable in El Salvador, due to its small territorial extension (21.041 km²) and high population density (291 hab/km²). We performed
an inventory in 12 urban green areas, with different sizes, shape and distances from the largest forest area in the metropolitan
zone, based on the McArthur and Wilson’s (1967) island biogeography theory. We evaluated if the richness, diversity and
equitability of birds were related to the size and distance of the green areas and if their shape had any effect on the richness of
birds. We observed a total of 20 bird species and we classified them according to their diet (generalist and specialist). We observed
that the distance did not influence the bird richness and that there was no interaction between size and distance variables, but the
size of the green area did influence. The richness of birds with specialist diet increased in the more circular green areas than in the
irregular ones. We conclude that in the urban center of San Salvador, the presence of large and circular green areas contributes
more to the specialist diet birds’ richness, than areas of similar size but of irregular shape. However, small areas contribute more
to the specialist diet birds’ richness, if its shape is more circular.

We conducted bird surveys in Hermosillo, Sonora using distance sampling to characterize detection functions at point-transects for native and non-native urban birds in a desert environment. From March to August 2013 we sampled 240 plots in the city and its surroundings; each plot was visited three times. Our purpose was to provide information for a rapid assessment of bird density in this region by using point counts. We identified 72 species, including six non-native species. Sixteen species had sufficient detections to accurately estimate the parameters of the detection functions. To illustrate the estimation of density from bird count data using our inferred detection functions, we estimated the density of the Eurasian Collared-Dove (Streptopelia decaocto) under two different levels of urbanization: highly urbanized (90-100% of urban impact) and moderately urbanized zones (39-50% of urban impact). Density of S. decaocto in the highly-urbanized and moderately-urbanized zones was 3...

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Ravens (Corvus corax) and red kites (Milvus milvus) were commonly seen in London in the early modern period. The aim of this paper is to reconstruct the diversity of attitudes towards these birds. Previous historiography on the subject has failed to contextualize its sources. The excited accounts of travellers like Schaseck, the Venetian Ambassador’s amanuensis and Lupold von Wedel need to be counter-balanced by considering the bored antipathy common amongst the British naturalists; William Turner, Francis Willughby and John Ray and the descriptions of sanitation services provided by European naturalists and local poets. The final part of the paper reconstructs the patchwork of legislation and custom relating to the species from early modern London.

Показана контрпродуктивность использование доместикации (дестабилизирующего отбора по Д.К.Беляеву) для понимания урбанизации «диких» видов птиц и млекопитающих, поскольку основано на ложной аналогии. Отчасти сходный результат в том и другом случае достигнут изменениями противоположного характера в жизненной стратегии, поведении, когнитивных особенностях, отношении к человеку и пр. аспектах «естественной истории». «Гены индивидуальности» DRD4 иSERT, при урбанизации находящиеся под позитивным отбором, не участвуют в доместикационных изменениях генома. Урбанизация движется стабилизирующим отбором, закрепляющим изменения популяционной системы вида, складывающиеся на территории города (в сторону лабилизации отношений) под «давлением» средового стресса, рождённого нестабильностью и изменчивостью «кружева местообитаний», по мере успеха процесса расширяющегося на ещё меньшие, более изменённые и менее стабильные биотопы. Доместикация-движущим отбором, приспосабливающим не популяционную структуру, а непосредственно особей к совершенно иному стрессору (страх «диких» особей перед человеком и созданным им искусственным окружением).

In this essay, I continue my examination of plant and animal encounters in place. In a previous essay, I showed how my experiences of the lake at my workplace shifted from year to year (Wood 2022). I explained how, now alert to the natural rhythms of the place, I could perceive with greater depth and notice novel, surprising elements. Here, I explore the theme of noticing in more detail.

Phenomenological geographer David Seamon identified noticing as one mode of
place encounter. He located the modes of obliviousness, watching, noticing, and
heightened contact on a spectrum running from greater separateness to greater oneness between human experiencers and their surroundings (Seamon 2015, Part 4, figure below). My focus is the shift from obliviousness to noticing and the oneness with nature marked by moments of heightened contact.

En la entrega anterior iniciamos una entrevista con una pareja enamorada de las aves: Penélope Cora Alba y Tyto Furnarius Pusilla. Ellos nos adelantaron algunos detalles relacionados al Global Big Day (GBD) 2018, la competencia que se nos viene el 05 de mayo. Como comentábamos, este año, el Perú saldrá con toda su artillería a recuperar el primer puesto y el tricampeonato que le fue arrebatado el año pasado por su vecino, Colombia. No hay premio ni dinero por el primer puesto, pero ganar es una cuestión de honor. Todo sea por las aves.