Zoology

Diurnal activity is characteristic of many toad species, including Bufo granulosus from the Brazilian semi-arid biome called the Caatinga. Because of their patterns of activity, juvenile toads are exposed to hot and dehydrating conditions. Our investigation focuses on temperature and water relationships, and is based on the prediction that anuran diurnal activity in a semi-arid environment must be associated with morphological, physiological and behavioral traits enhancing thermal tolerances, capacity for performance at high temperatures and water balance. To test specific hypothesis related with this prediction, we investigated postmetamorphic B. granulosus and collected data on thermal tolerances and preferences, thermal safety margins, thermal dependence of locomotor behavior, thermal and kinetic properties of citrate synthase (CS), and skin morphophysiology. This information was compared with additional data from adult conspecifics and adult toads from sympatric species or from species from more moderate environments. We found that juvenile B. granulosus exhibit the highest critical maximum temperature reported for toads (44.2°C) and are well suited to move at high temperatures. However, and in contrast with juveniles of other Bufo species, they do not show thermal preferences in a gradient and appear to hydroregulate more than thermoregulate. The CS of adult and juvenile toads shows typical patterns of thermal sensibility, but the thermal stability of this enzyme is much higher in juveniles than in adult Bufo of any other species studied. The inguinal skin exhibits a complex folding pattern and seems highly specialized for capillary water uptake. Diurnal activity in juvenile B. granulosus is possible given high thermal tolerances, keen ability to detect and uptake water, and avoidance behaviors. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part A 147 (2007) 647 -657 www.elsevier.com/locate/cbpa ☆ This paper is part of the 3rd special issue of CBP dedicated to The Face of Latin American Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology organized by Marcelo Hermes-Lima (Brazil) and co-edited by Carlos Navas (Brazil), Rene Beleboni (Brazil), Rodrigo Stabeli (Brazil), Tania Zenteno-Savín (Mexico) and the editors of CBP. This issue is dedicated to the memory of two exceptional men, Peter L. Lutz, one of the pioneers of comparative and integrative physiology, and Cicero Lima, journalist, science lover and Hermes-Lima's dad.

A b s t r a c t . Bechstein's bat, Myotis bechsteinii is a European tree-dwelling vespertilionid bat species, which has to be considered as index species for old growth broadleaved woodland. However factors affecting density and habitat selection are still poorly understood. Therefore 22 representative woodland areas in Luxembourg that are located in the central geographic range of the Bechstein`s bat, were analysed. During 76 nights, forest dwelling bats were registered by intensive mist netting, 47 Bechstein bats were radio-tracked to identify tree-roosts and 24 individuals were radio-tracked on 3-5 consecutive nights to determine their foraging areas. In total 14 reproduction areas and 12 nursery colonies were localized, with the number of females ranging between 20-70 individuals (mean 34 ± 18.1 ind.). The distribution of Bechstein's bat revealed to be uneven and to be significantly positively correlated to mean temperature and the presence of Melico-Fagetum forest with a marked amount of old oak trees. Nevertheless the height, the mean precipitation and the occurrence of Luzulo-Fagetum forest is negatively correlated to the occurrence of M. bechsteinii. Altogether, 78 tree-roosts from nursery colonies were identified. Colonies use a day-roost complex and show a significant preference for woodpecker holes. Female Bechstein's bats foraged on a mean area of 46 ha (MCP) with small core feeding areas (mean: 2.1 ha) which show no, or only a small overlap with each other. Roosting and feeding sites are characterised by canopy and understorey structures similar to native woodlands. The results of this study leads to a scientific data base for conservation and long time monitoring for this bat species.

Italy counts several sheep breeds, arisen over centuries as a consequence of ancient and recent genetic and demographic events. To finely reconstruct genetic structure and relationships between Italian sheep, 496 subjects from 19 breeds were typed at 50K single nucleotide polymorphism loci. A subset of foreign breeds from the Sheep HapMap dataset was also included in the analyses. Genetic distances (as visualized either in a network or in a multidimensional scaling analysis of identical by state distances) closely reflected geographic proximity between breeds, with a clear north-south gradient, likely because of high levels of past gene flow and admixture all along the peninsula. Sardinian breeds diverged more from other breeds, a probable consequence of the combined effect of ancient sporadic introgression of feral mouflon and long-lasting genetic isolation from continental sheep populations. The study allowed the detection of previously undocumented episodes of recent introgression (Delle Langhe into the endangered Altamurana breed) as well as signatures of known, or claimed, historical introgression (Merino into Sopravissana and Gentile di Puglia; Bergamasca into Fabrianese, Appenninica and, to a lesser extent, Leccese). Arguments that would question, from a genomic point of view, the current breed classification of Bergamasca and Biellese into two separate breeds are presented. Finally, a role for traditional transhumance practices in shaping the genetic makeup of Alpine sheep breeds is proposed. The study represents the first exhaustive analysis of Italian sheep diversity in an European context, and it bridges the gap in the previous HapMap panel between Western Mediterranean and Swiss breeds.

Pour la première fois, les planches lithographiques connues à ce jour que Jean-Jacques Rifaud (1786-1852) a consacrées à l’Égypte sont publiées dans leur intégralité. Au cours de son long séjour en Égypte (près de treize ans), sûr de lui, il ambitionne de faire, seul, une publication « Voyage en Égypte, en Nubie et lieux circonvoisins » qui complèterait la fameuse « Description de l’Égypte » réalisée par les nombreux savants de l’Expédition française. Projet démesuré qu’il ne pourra pas finaliser bien qu’il réussisse toutefois à imprimer quelque 222 planches. En revanche, le texte destiné à les accompagner ne verra jamais le jour. À l’instar de la « Description de l’Égypte », les planches concernent les antiquités égyptiennes, l’histoire naturelle (botanique et zoologie) et l’ethnographie.

Cet aventurier hors du commun, l’un des pionniers de l’égyptologie, fut l’un des premiers à fouiller à Karnak, au Fayoum, à Tanis et dans le Delta. Les égyptologues trouveront notamment ici de nombreuses œuvres qu’il a mises au jour et qui sont aujourd’hui à Turin, à Paris et à Munich, quand elles ne sont pas restées en Égypte. D’autres planches présentent les temples de Nubie (absents de la « Description de l’Égypte ») ainsi que des monuments aujourd’hui disparus dans les fours à chaux au cours du XIXe siècle.

Les planches de zoologie, en particulier celles consacrées aux poissons, intéresseront spécialement les naturalistes.

Les planches d’ethnographie quant à elles se démarquent singulièrement de celles de la « Description de l’Égypte », surtout celles qui traitent des usages et de la vie quotidienne en Haute-Égypte et en Basse-Nubie.

De nombreuses bibliothèques de livres anciens conservent quelques planches de l’œuvre de J.-J. Rifaud. Les bibliophiles et les conservateurs de Réserves précieuses trouveront dans cet ouvrage une référence scientifique grâce aux commentaires des planches écrits par des spécialistes des différents domaines concernés.