Tourism planning and Development

The critically endangered mountain gorilla, Gorilla beringei beringei, found in only three countries, Uganda, Democratic of Congo (DRC) and Rwanda is inextricably linked to tourism. Governments in these countries work tirelessly ensuring protection of these great apes so that future generations would also get a chance to benefit from their conservation. The study investigated how local residents living close to Bwindi Impenetrable National Park (BINP) perceives the impact of mountain gorilla tourism in order to establish the overall value of the attraction. To achieve this, a quantitative research approach was adopted. Data was collected through a survey instrument (n=394) with mostly close-ended questions. The results show that gorilla tourism has contributed positively to their area through the creation of job opportunities as well as unlocking several entrepreneurial opportunities. The study also revealed that residents of the Butogota Town Council have gained from this niche tou...

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of infrastructure and tourism development at Lake Bosomtwe in the Ashanti region of Ghana. Using a descriptive survey design, 90 respondents of Bosomtwe were selected using the purposive sampling procedure. These respondents comprised the residents of Abono community and personnel from the Bosomtwe District Assembly. Questionnaire and semi-structured interview guide were used to collect data from participants and their responses were analysed using SPSS and thematic analysis. The study revealed that the main cause of poor infrastructure was as a result of limited private investment and low participation in the study area. The findings further revealed that major challenges facing the tourism development in the area are accommodation, poor road network and health facility. The study therefore recommended that the government through the District Assembly should embark on infrastructural development through private-public partnership to support tourism activities in the area.

Leta 1964 je pričela obratovati druga jugoslovanska (za opatijsko leta 1963) in prva slovenska igralnica v Portorožu (Mihelič, 1993). Kmalu po nastanku portoroške igralnice je postalo jasno, da ima igralniški turizem izjemen potencial, predvsem zaradi umestitve igralnic v bližino italijansko-slovenske meje in za igralništvo zainteresiranih italijanskih gostov. Ker je igralništvo predstavljalo izjemno donosno dejavnost in beležilo izjemne poslovne rezultate, so v petdesetletnem obdobju do današnjega dne nastale številne igralnice in kasneje še več igralnih salonov. Večina igralnic in igralnih salonov je tako nastala v zahodnem delu države, v bližini italijanske meje. Ponudba igralniškega turizma se je širila in se z novonastalimi igralnimi saloni, hotelsko, enogastronomsko in wellness-ponudbo tudi dopolnjevala. Slovenija je kmalu po nastanku prvih igralnic postala igralniška destinacija. V svetovnem merilu igralništvo velja za eno od najhitreje rastočih in najprivlačnejših dejavnosti v zadnjih desetletjih 20. stoletja (Eadington, 1997).

This article presents the theoretical concept of the possible development of scientific tourism as a new direction in world tourism and as a sphere of international business. We have identified key participants and the main proposed thematic areas of scientific tourism, organizational problems in decision-making processes by the leadership of academic institutions. The author represents the concept of a new tourism product and destinations in St. Petersburg and Russia, and  represents St. Petersburg as a center of scientific tourism in Russia and as one of the centers of scientific tourism in Europe. This work has an interdisciplinary approach, which examines the role and development potential of scientific tourism as a business, its impact on the economy, as scientific tourism will change the perception of not only a scientist as a traveler, but also the tourist business community, the processes of interaction between science and the tourism industry, and their role in the development of tourist routes and destinations. At the end, we present prospects for sustainable economic development and the image of countries and cities.

Waste management is a serious issue in metropolitan cities of India. Bangalore is one of the fastest growing industrial cities where waste management has become a major concern. As like other destinations, most of the tourist sites of Bangalore are the centre of waste generation. Overlapped carrying capacity, lack of awareness among the tourists and negligence of the administrative system are the major reasons for waste generation. Tourism is a recreational activity where tourists would like to visit a site of hygiene. Particularly the foreign visitors have a negative impression on the tourist attraction of India because of ill management of wastes generated in tourist sites. With this perspective the main objective of the study is to identify the possibility of converting the wastes into income mechanism. The scope of the study is confined to various tourist attractions of Bangalore. The study is based on observation method. The study emphasises on waste management in tourism attractions of Bangalore with an idea of possible economic sustainability which would generate employment and economic inclusion in a tourist site. The study also suggests a sustainable waste management model which can be implemented by a BBMP in association with the Department of Tourism.

Tirumala Hindu Temple Complex is located in the Seshachalam Hill Range of the Eastern Ghats in South India,  where on an average more than 50,000 pilgrims converge daily to have darshan of Lord Venkateswara or Balaji. This Master Plan grapples with the problems and issues of such a mammoth planning and civic management challenge and suggest doable 'Projectisation' of the suggested Master Plan for Tirumala and its surroundings in a planned manner, with a view to implement it in a time.bound manner .

Sri Lanka has an ability to become one of the best tourism countries (TCs) in Asia. However, it missed opportunities on a number of occasions due to inappropriate economic policies, continuous political violence and wars. Since 1983 the Sri Lankan tourism sector was seriously affected by the nearly three decades of separatist war which ended in May 2009. Immediately after the end of war tourism in Sri Lanka bounced back and it now has become the engine of economic growth in post war Sri Lanka. In this paper, a historical analysis has been undertaken to demonstrate how Sri Lanka miss matched their development strategies in terms of tourism, although the country had potential to attract record number of tourists. The postwar tourism boom has given Sri Lankans and the Sri Lankan tourism sector new hopes and optimism. This paper demonstrates that the Sri Lankan tourism sector has potential and opportunities to play a vital role in the postwar inclusive development strategy in terms of generating much needed foreign exchange, poverty alleviation via employment generation, accelerating economic growth and uplifting living standards of all Sri Lankans.

This article highlights the understudied role of local knowledge in contributing to the resilience of small-scale entrepreneurial tourism businesses in touristically-unpredictable times. Drawing on a micro-case study of a South Sulawesi (Indonesia) tourist-oriented restaurant-hotel that has thrived despite tourism's ebbs and flows of tourism, we suggest that greater attention to the ways in which successful small-scale tourism entrepreneurs draw on local wisdom can help identify additional foundations for building resilience strategies. In spotlighting local knowledge as an under-recognized resource, this article also speaks to recent calls for the decolonization of tourism studies.

El presente ejercicio de evaluación de un plan provincial de turismo surge como respuesta a dos interrogantes disparadores. Por una parte, la falta de material bibliográfico satisfactorio y específico sobre el tema para el dictado de la cátedra de Planificación Turística II (Universidad Champagnat, Mendoza), sea teórico, metodológico o antecedentes de ejemplos reales. Por otra parte, el fin del quinquenio que marcaba el horizonte temporal del primer Plan de Desarrollo Turístico de Mendoza “TurPlan 2000-2005” invitaba a su evaluación como insumo para futuras planificaciones. Ambas demandas son consideradas desde el área de investigaciones turísticas y la cátedra referida de la Universidad Champagnat y se asume el desafío con el aval del ente provincial de turismo. Cabe indicar que este trabajo es un producto académico que no solicitó ni recibió financiación de ente alguno, público o privado, ni la labor misma ni los evaluadores.

El objetivo sustantivo de valoración del TurPlan devino en el objetivo metodológico de formular un diseño de evaluación ad hoc. En efecto, la ausencia de antecedentes conocidos obligó a la revisión de: a. propuestas metodológicas de evaluación de planes, programas y proyectos (generales y turísticos): la envergadura de estas unidades propositivas resultó inversamente proporcional a la
disponibilidad de bibliografía, situación que se agrava para el caso del turismo; y b. casos aplicados de metodologías de evaluación: no se encontraron, aún entre los archivos de los entes financiadores  tradicionales de planes turísticos en la Argentina (ej.: Consejo Federal de Inversiones). A esta dificultad, se suman los inconvenientes derivados del diseño e implementación del plan: falta de detalle de metas (objetivos cuantificados a medir), responsables (referentes a consultar) y presupuesto (montos a comparar), insuficiencia de datos que conformen las líneas de base para las hipótesis propuestas, irregularidad en la práctica de evaluaciones anuales, etc. En consecuencia, se elaboró una estrategia metodológica de evaluación que observara el plan y la gestión de la forma más integral posible: no sólo en términos cuantitativos, sino también cualitativos; y desde diversos lugares para suplir las dificultades de cada óptica. Es así que se propone la valoración de acciones-programas-global, de escenarios, de impactos, de diseño y de productos.

En la práctica, el ejercicio se extendió durante el primer semestre del 2006, implicó la entrevista a más de setenta informantes y la revisión de una treintena de documentos que más adelante se detallan.

This study examines multiple local stakeholders’ perceptions of film tourism impacts to shed light on the complexities of film tourism planning and development, using a longitudinal exploratory research approach. The Japanese TV series Mare (2015) was chosen as the case study. Qualitative interviews with various local stakeholders were conducted over a 21-month-long period of a film tourism development project in Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan. The study found that this film tourism project was initiated with high expectations. However, due to several incidents, such as the controversial rebuilding of a local highway road for promotional purposes, the audience’s mixed reception of the series’ storyline, and a sexual harassment scandal involving one of the main actors, the film tourism development did not progress as planned. The study also revealed that consultation which included a diverse range of local stakeholders and long-term planning embedded into a larger regional development st...

General background is provided on the potential of tourism growth to contribute to economic development, paying particular attention to the experience of Sri Lanka.  An overview of trends in inbound tourism to Sri Lanka is presented with particular consideration being given to its number of inbound tourist arrivals.  Sri Lanka’s comparative position in international tourism markets, the composition of its tourist arrivals by area of origin, the extent of foreign earnings by the Sri Lankan tourism industry and variations in the amount of these earnings, and the extent of employment generation by this industry are examined.  Regional aspects of the tourism industry in Sri Lanka are given special consideration, and this is followed by a report on the regional economic impact of tourism of Pinnawala Elephant Orphanage.  This major tourist attraction near the edge of the Western Highlands of Sri Lanka is shown to make a significant contribution to economic decentralisation.  A general discussion follows of tourism development in the Sri Lankan context.  The main factors that have hindered tourism growth in Sri Lanka and its decentralisation are considered.  Indications are that major impediment posed by civil disturbance and terrorism is at an end in Sri Lanka.

— Kerala emerged with an open heart to the outside world projecting tourism as an industry only in 1980's but the few decades which followed saw noteworthy & progressive growth in terms of international & national tourist arrivals to diverse attractive destinations, branding of state (Gods Own Country) and development of numerous tourism products (eco-tourism & medical tourism etc.) by the successive governments. Consequently, the World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC) accorded the status of 'Partner State' to Kerala in recognition of its potential in the tourism sector. It is widely accepted that tourism industry is a multi-billion, multi–sectoral and multi-dimensional global phenomenon which is steadily increasing and arguably tourism has serious socio – economic – political and cultural implications. This consciousness led to the development of Responsible Tourism (RT) concept, which is mainly conceived with three kinds of responsibilities which are termed as the 'triple bottom-line' economic responsibility, social responsibility and environmental responsibility which pertains to all forms tourism and it tries to minimize negative economic, environment and social impacts and supposed to generate greater economic and overall welfare of local communities. The question now arises how responsible is responsible/ sustainable tourism in the Kerala Model? or is there a Kerala tourism development model worth replication at all? What are the features of the Kerala tourism policy and does that have any bearing on the communities who are at the receiving end? The State government's policies on tourism are plainly perceived to have a homogenous effect on the destination communities and this makes the case more precarious as given the context as laid above. This paper will reflect upon the broad understanding of tourism development situation in Kerala using secondary sources and review of literature available to argue that there are more contentions, contradictions and challenges from/to the tourism industry to the local economy rather than its contributions to the economy in the context of RT.

The aim of the article is an assessment of the attractiveness of Poland as a medical tourism destination (MTD). Research Design & Methods: Survey data were collected from 282 German and British tourists, using a self-administered questionnaire. The Computer-Assisted Web Interviewing method was used to conduct the survey. Subsequently, the responses were analysed using advanced statistical tools (McNemar's exact test, Cochran's Q test snd Chi-square test). Findings: The results indicated that tourists from Western Europe are currently more interested in using medical services in Central and Eastern Europe countries (CEEC) than in the past. Out of CEEC, Poland was the most frequently chosen MTD. Associations with Poland as a MTD were affected by such socio-demographic factors as age and nationality. Implications & Recommendations: Identification of the growing importance of Po-land as a MTD, as well as socio-demographic factors affecting the choice of Poland as a MTD have impo...

In recent years, there has been considerable discussion of sustainable tourism development, both in theory and practice. However, less attention has been paid to the discourses, ideologies and power relations which help to shape 'sustainable' tourism policies and planning instruments. This paper analyses recent initiatives introduced by the regional government of the Canary Islands, designed to bring about a more sustainable model of regional tourism, including a temporary moratorium on tourism development, and subsequently, the drafting of a strategic and normative set of guidelines for sustainable tourism. Rather than present a comprehensive review of the planning process, the paper considers the contested nature of the public debate which accompanied these new initiatives, within the wider context of the regionally-distinct pattern of tourism and capitalist development. It is argued that the legacy of uneven development and the entrenched power of regional economic and political élites, is likely to undermine the prospects for a just model of sustainable tourism, and in particular, consolidate the continuing privatisation of space and increase socio-spatial inequalities across the region.

Most islands are developed as mass tourist destinations that aim to be competitive, sacrificing though their precious resources and balanced development. In this regard, many problems of island destinations are related to their limited resources and segregation. Hence, is prosperity that tourist development brings, spread harmonically in the whole society-environment of islands? The paper examines how Cyprus can increase its competitiveness and deal effectively with globalisation, maintaining its attractiveness but also sustaining its attributes and ensuring the well-being of its residents/stakeholders. Based on in-depth interviews with Cyprus tourism stakeholders’ representatives and officials, the study reveals that in order for islands’ tourist development to be successful in the long-term, emphasis needs to be placed upon indigenous people peculiarities,characteristics and perceptions. Therefore, strategies for the incorporation of community’s views to the tourist policy making ...

Abstract: Despite of so many unique and natural beauties the North-eastern region of India is still place of least visited in India. Though the Government of India has been providing the financial assistance for development of tourist Infrastructure and promotion and marketing, the performances and development of the tourism in states is totally different. In this context, the present paper examines the tourism in North-eastern states of India. Major findings are the inflows of tourists are higher in Assam state and lower in Nagaland. Tourism sectors share in Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) is high in Assam. As for the growth rate of tourists’ influx is concerned, the growth rate in Arunachal Pradesh is much higher with 55 percent compared to other states. Further, the Density of Tourist Population (DTP) and The Percapita Tourist arrival (PCT) is high in Sikkim with 101.57 and 1.19 respectively and lowest in Nagaland with 1.35 and 0.01. The major constraints of North-east touris...

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The focus of this paper is on identifying the barriers to successful implementation of sustainable tourism policy. The research used exploratory and descriptive approaches to identify barriers from the literature as well as field research to determine perceived barriers from key respondents in two specific locations in the Mediterranean-Malta and Calviá. The research found that although respondents were aware of sustainable tourism, the individual advantage from exploiting shared pooled or shared resources is often perceived as being greater than the potential long-term shared losses that result from the deterioration of such resources, which means that there is little motivation for individual actors (whether governments, elected officials, or individual operators), to invest or engage in protection or conservation for more sustainable tourism.

An understanding of the perceptions of residents about the impacts of tourism helps planners maximize positive benefits and minimize the negative impacts the industry inevitably has. This study investigates the perception of residents in a local community in a developing country Nigeria, trying to understand whether the predominant perceptions are positive or negative. Questionnaire-based primary research was used to measure the attitudes and opinions of residents to different statements of positive and negative impacts and general support for the industry. The results show that the predominant perceptions in the community are positive ones and that there were significant relationships between the demographics data obtained and some perceptions and also that resident's economic dependence affects how people felt either positively or negatively and their perceptions of the industry affect their support of the industry.

U radu se na temelju tadašnje i recentne (domaće i strane) literature te prostornih planova istražuje međuodnos turističkoga i prostornoga planiranja u Hrvatskoj i Jugoslaviji 1960-ih. Analitičko-interpretativnom metodom proučava se međuodnos tadašnjega društveno-političkog sustava, politika prema turizmu i prostoru, društvenoga planiranja, tijela uprave, institucija specijaliziranih za planiranje, turističkoga prometa, izrađenih prostornih planova, intenziteta izgradnje smještajnih kapaciteta i dr. Zaključuje se da su turističko i prostorno planiranje međusobno bili povezani društvenim planovima razvoja, a rezultati djelovanja u prostoru ovisili su o brojnim, često i nepredvidivim društveno-političkim čimbenicima. U praksi je provedba planova dodatno usložnjena jer su oni često djelovali apstraktno i kontradiktorno u političkom sustavu koji je imao ograničenu sposobnost za provedbu kvalitetnih, ali ponekad i utopijskih ideja.

In response to an increasingly competitive environment, a number of heritage visitor attractions (HVAs) have encouraged filming, as well as subsequent film-induced tourism, in order to raise their profile, generate revenue and differentiate themselves from other attractions. However, while film-induced tourism may bring benefits, it can also be problematic, especially at HVAs which have conservation at their core. This article identifies a variety of challenges that film-induced tourism has created at Rosslyn Chapel and Alnwick Castle, both UK-based HVAs popular among film-induced tourists. The findings show that film-induced tourism resulted in a number of challenges at both sites not solely related to an increase in visitor numbers but also changes in visitor profile and behavior. Film-induced tourism at both sites has not only influenced visitors’ expectations but also preferences for heritage interpretation resulting in management tensions. This article concludes with a discussi...

Inter-sectoral linkages have long been promoted as a viable means of economic development by World Bank affiliated economists (e.g., Konzinets, 1971; Rostow, 1971; Chenery & Syrquin, 1975; Linden & Mahmood, 2007). The belief is that the wider the inter-sector linkages, the greater their scope for spillover benefits in economies (Crespo and Fontoura 2007). It has been found that spillovers from a thriving sector can have positive impacts on others. For instance, research by Gemmell, Lloyd, and Mathew (2000) found that increases in manufacturing and services both impact positively on agriculture production in Malaysia. Inherently, the service sector has the capacity to forge strong inter-sectoral linkages because services are now a common thread through many other sectors (Grönroos 2007). Over the years, services have become prominent as a sector for economic development. Some of the world’s most advanced economies are driven by services with more than 70% of their gross domestic prod...

Nicosia, the last divided European city, is only able to skim a small portion of the tourist purchasing power compared to the other tourism strongholds of the island and, at the same time, does not utilize the existing cultural potential in an efficient way. Therefore, this paper aims to contribute to the valorisation of the existing potential in a customer oriented manner. Concerted international (UN Nicosia Master Plan) and national (Strategic Plan 2010) strategies reflect the intended revival endeavours. For this new orientation to be successful the paper hypothesizes an effective interplay between tourism and retailing to happen and, for this reason, analyses the motives and satisfaction levels of tourists to Nicosia with regards to both, tourism and retailing offers. The paper focuses on the tourist segment with higher educational levels (and implicitly higher financial potential) as the communication objectives foresee to position the island mainly in the mind of this segment....

Cycle tourism poses a number of problems both for academics analysing it as a
phenomenon and for those engaged in the management of it. Cycle tourism and cycling more broadly emerge at a nexus of contrasting and often competing agendas. These cross not only administrative policy boundaries, but frequently, as a mobile mode of tourism, geographical boundaries. Further, since the bicycle is also used for quotidian travel, policies designed to facilitate tourism may impact on more mundane activity. This article describes, compares and assesses a number of different strategies used to promote cycle tourism in Wallonia and Flanders. It notes the merits of different strategies employed not only in their capacity to facilitate Belgium as a cycle-tourism destination, but also, through this approach, to encourage and facilitate the specific use of the bicycle as a means of transport fitting with wider social and
environmental agendas. It draws on user perspectives and considers the impact of mapping, routing guides and global positioning system (GPS) facilitated travel on the user. The article concludes that both approaches examined have distinctive merits, and that the most important considerations in best provision are the consistency and integration.

Experience co-creation has been acknowledged as an important process to generate and sustain value. However, research in the arena of heritage visitor attractions remains limited. A qualitative cross-sectional design was used to assess UK heritage attractions providers' engagement with guided tour experiences' cocreation and the barriers faced in the adoption of this process. Findings from 11 interviews with visitor experience managers show most of the heritage attraction providers engage in processes of guided tour experience "co-production" rather than "co-creation". Barriers include limited knowledge, and "knowhow" of value co-creation processes; financial, time, and human resource constraints. Importantly, findings show visitors' satisfaction with current arrangements influence the type of tour offering. This study reveals the need to further investigate heritage audiences' variations in preferences and suggests better sector integration in terms of knowledge sharing and best practice to fully explore the benefits and worth of value cocreation in this tourism sector.

This paper is the result of the conducted research activities in the preparing of a Sub-strategy for Cultural Tourism in the Republic of N. Macedonia in 2019 in which the author was directly involved. The research involved determining the current state of cultural tourism through situation analysis and valorization of various cultural tourism potentials. This resulted in specifying concrete spatial units and values that have the most favorable opportunities for active inclusion in the current tourism offer. Two types of spatial units were defined - existing and new areas which were zoned and mapped. Existing areas have the aim to enrich the current tourism offer in order to make them more attractive. New areas have the purpose for creating new tourism products and services that will be competitive. This paper examines the South-west Planning Region as the most developed in the country with the aim to promote cultural tourism development.

While recently the coronavirus has put overtourism on hiatus—a clear reminder that tourism as a monoculture is dangerous—the need for systematic research and education with an eye toward rendering tourism more sustainable is clear. In this chapter we argue that the study of tourism has a Janus-faced character where one face views tourism as a road toward development (focusing on job creation and capital accumulation), while the other face highlights the ills of the tourism industry (focusing on problems wrought by the overreliance on tourism, the leakage of capital, and the many issues associated with overtourism). Even though sustainable tourism has entered the lexicon of both faces of tourism, in our assessment, tourism as a path toward development still tends to eclipse the face that advocates limits to tourism growth. Our recommendation is that we continue to expand research on sustainable tourism – and overtourism – so that we can more fully educate all stakeholders about the benefits and costs of tourism. In recent years, the literature on sustainable tourism has mushroomed, but most of the work on overtourism to date has tended to concentrate more heavily on European destinations. In order to more effectively train tourism students in strategies for addressing overtourism in the locales where they will work, we need more case studies from additional parts of the world that are currently underrepresented in the literature. We also stress that for a holistic sustainable tourism approach to succeed, educational and policy efforts must take place at the local, regional, national, and global levels. ----------------- FULL ABSTRACT (from book planning)------------ Purpose: The purpose of this article is (1) to highlight the dual, Janis-faced, nature of the study of tourism as an industry and as a field of study; (2) to discuss how education is used to promote sustainable tourism and prevent overtourism, both in the academic arena as well as where tourism occurs; and (3) to offer suggestions concerning the value of education as an avenue for harmonizing the Janus-faced character of tourism, in order to foster a tourism industry that can better achieve global sustainability. Design/methodology/approach: This paper combines literature review with assessment. The authors use existing literature on overtourism, tourism education, and critical tourism studies to provide insights into how education can help enhance sustainable tourism practices. Findings: The authors find that there are two “faces” of tourism education, one focusing on growth and capital accumulation, and the other on the critical analysis of tourism, highlighting problems with the industry. The authors propose that this Janus-faced approach to tourism education should be reconciled to enable the promotion of sustainability in the industry and in tourist destinations. Practical implications: This chapter outlines an educational path for tourism and hospitality programs, as well as for local publics, to foster more sustainable forms of tourism and avoid overtourism. Unsustainable tourism, however, is a global problem that requires a concerted international solution. Originality and value: The authors apply the concept of Janus-faced tourism to better understand the divergence between theoretically oriented tourism education in the academy and practically oriented tourism education in management and hospitality schools. This analysis offers suggested paths towards transforming education in both hospitality schools and in local destinations to foster scale-appropriate forms of sustainable tourism. Keywords: Overtourism, sustainable tourism, tourism education, critical tourism studies, Janus-faced tourism.

This thesis is an investigation of inter-sectorial linkages between the tourism and agriculture sectors. Tourism presents an innate opportunity to create dynamic service systems that promote sustainable development in both developed and developing countries. The alternative development paradigm promotes tourism inter-sectoral linkages to achieve a more sustainable form of development. Agriculture and Tourism Linkages are generally subscribed to as a means of distributing tourism benefits to host communities in tourism dependent developing countries. The supply of local food to hotels is one channel in which these linkages can be facilitated. For decades, research has found farmer-hotel supply chain relationships to be weak resulting in economic leakages due to high food importation to support the tourism sector (Telfer & Wall, 1996; Torres, 2003). A framework within which these linkages can be strengthened is proposed. Instead of the traditional cost-driven transactional management of hotel supply chains, a service-oriented farmers-hotel supply chain is considered. This approach places greater value on local food as it becomes part of the visitors' service experience. Investigations of two hotels' local food supply chains indicated that the service oriented approach contributes to strengthening agriculture and tourism linkages. Strengthened linkages using local food are expected to contribute to solving socioeconomic challenges such as; unemployment among the rural poor, low income of farmers, food insecurity and poverty. This research provides useful insights for development planners, policy makers, service sector managers, academics and futuristic thinkers in the tourism industry who are all in search of practical solutions to the tourism development challenge highlighted. iii Dedication This thesis is in honor of my mother Margaret Mary Joseph for her commitment to ensuring that my siblings and I were educated even though she did not have such privilege.

The tourist industry is one of the most important economic activities in Greece. The country receives over 32 million visitors per year. Greece has enjoyed increasing numbers of people and revenues from tourism, due to the unique environments that are both natural and man-made that make it a high-profile tourist destination; however, it is already clear that uncontrolled growth of the industry may bring serious environmental and social problems, leading to a decline in the quality of tourist product and services provided. According to the triple bottom line (TBL) philosophy developed by Elkington (1998), sustainable tourist development must be balanced at the same time with economic, social and environmental aims, from a microeconomic point of view, as tools to measure environmental impact. The Prokopiou-Tselentis model is an integrated assessment system for environmental management and impact estimation of a tourism destination. In this paper, we propose the implementation of the Prokopiou-Tselentis model as the economic, social and tourism situation demands data to estimate the development of tourism and its impact on the Greek islands of Cyclades.

In northern Portugal and, particularly, in the city of Porto, in the period previous to the sanitary crisis COVID-19, tourism has shown to be a key activity for promoting economic development. The purpose of this study was to identify the factors that attract or condition the tourist attractiveness of this territory, thus contributing to identify some critical aspects to keep present in future tourism planning actions. In the treatment of the secondary data used in this research, several statistical methods were used, as multiple linear regressions, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and models for panel data treatment.The period of analysis was the one between 2003 and 2017 and the main sources of data were the Instituto National de Estatística (INE) and the Marktest Sales Index (2018). In the process of research, we started from a literature review on tourist attractiveness of the territories. The results indicate as factors
that attract tourism the supply of tourist accommodation, the existence of art galleries and museums, the income level of the municipalities and the circumstance of a municipality integrating certain tourist routes, such as Caminhos de Santiago or the Vinhos Verdes Route, while the crime rate against people had the eect of repelling visitors.

This paper is the result of the conducted research activities in the preparing of a Sub-strategy for Cultural Tourism in the Republic of N. Macedonia in 2019 in which the author was directly involved. The research involved determining the current state of cultural tourism through situation analysis and valorization of various cultural tourism potentials. This resulted in specifying concrete spatial units and values that have the most favorable opportunities for active inclusion in the current tourism offer. Two types of spatial units were defined - existing and new areas which were zoned and mapped. Existing areas have the aim to enrich the current tourism offer in order to make them more attractive. New areas have the purpose for creating new tourism products and services that will be competitive. This paper examines the South-west Planning Region as the most developed in the country with the aim to promote cultural tourism development.

Nachhaltigkeit und Tourismus
25 Jahre nach Rio – und jetzt?
Das International Year of Sustainable Tourism for Development
der Vereinten Nationen in 2017 und die 25 Jahrfeier der Konfe-
renz der Vereinten Nationen über Umwelt und Entwicklung von
Rio  boten  2017  eine  gute  Gelegenheit,  das  Themenfeld  Nach-
haltigkeit  und  Tourismus  an  der  48.  Jahrestagung  des  Arbeits-
kreises für Tourimusforschung in der Deutschen Gesellschaft für
Geographie (DGfG) e.V.  zu thematisieren und auf den Prüfstand
zu stellen.
Sowohl  die  Nachhaltigkeit  als  auch  der  Tourismus  umfassen 
unterschiedliche    Dimensionen    in    welchen    verschiedene   
Akteure  eine  Rolle  spielen:  Der  Staat  an  der  Schnittstelle 
zwischen  lokaler,  nationaler  und  internationaler  Politik  sowie 
zwischen Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft. Die Vielzahl tourismuspo-
litischer  Akteure  in  einer  vielschichtigen  institutionellen  Land-
schaft (supra-/national, regional und lokal). Daneben aber auch
halbstaatliche  Institutionen  und  Nichtregierungsorganisati-
onen,  öffentlich-private  Partnerschaften  und  einflussreiche 
Einzelpersonen.
Diese  unterschiedlichen  Dimensionen  werden  auch  in  den 
Beiträgen  dieses  Sammelbandes  zu  den  Themen  Corporate 
Social Responsiblity, Tourismus in Schutzgebieten sowie Klima-
wandel und Tourismus dargelegt.

The analysis of Spanish tourism policy and their relation to a series of facts is the aim of this paper. This research combines an extensive review of existing studies into aspects of tourism policy linked to government, geography and the economy with an examination of statistical sources.  Major issues and findings of this study are highlighted below. Firstly, Spanish tourism policy can be divided into two main phases: mass tourism and post-Fordist. During the period of mass tourism is developed the national tourism sector. In the post-Fordist stage, the tourism sector is restructured and tourism is spread to the whole of the country. Secondly, there is a strong relationship between tourism policy and national development, fact that is related with the Latin model of tourism development. Thirdly, we analyse the territorial changes related to the supply of hotel accommodation and GDP per capita. Finally, we will conclude by suggesting certain topics for future debate: tourism and imbalance and tourism and development.

Major focus of this book concentrates on the development of tourism in Central and Eastern European region investigating challenges which constrains the sustainable growth. What are the challenges impeding growth and sustainable development of tourism in this particular region? What main challenges do “transformation” process and European integration pose to tourism development? Do political factors impede the development of heritage in CEE? How does historical evolution of tourism affect the current development in the region? The overall aim of this book is to advance understanding of the challenges to tourism development in CEE region. Moreover, in order to understand the environment that ‘hosts’ barriers to development it is felt necessary to gain insight into the development trends of tourism throughout its evolution history. Political issues that affect tourism in the region from various aspects are also inside the focus of this study.

The sustainable development is more and more actual. The principles of the sustainability must be at the foundation of the development of any region in order to be successful. Successful examples from other countries can be studied and, of course, adapted to the real conditions of the target area, taking into consideration the specific of the country and the region

2 Demand for Tourism 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Factors Influencing Tourism Demand 2.2.1 Demand for travel to a destination 2.2.2 Demand for a tourism product 2.3 Tourism Demand and Elasticity 2.3.1 Price elasticity of demand 2.3.2 Income elasticity of demand 2.3.3 Cross-price elasticity of demand 2.3.4 Marketing elasticity of demand CONTENTS 2.4 Modelling Tourism Demand 54 2.4.1 Model specification 55 2.4.2 Collecting data on the variables 55 2.4.3 Specifying the form of the demand function 56 2.4.4 Testing the econometric results 57 2.5 Measuring Demand for International Tourism Arrivals 59 2.5.1 Dependent variables 60 2.5.2 Independent (explanatory) variables 61 2.6 Conclusions and Policy 79 3 Forecasting Tourism Demand 6 Tourism's Economic Contribution, Economic Impacts and Net Benefits 213 6.1 Introduction 213 6.2 The Economic Contribution of Tourism 213 6.3 The Economic Impacts of Tourism 6.3.1 Direct effects 217 6.3.2 Indirect effects 6.3.3 Induced effects 218 6.3.4 Leakages vu CONTENTS 6.4 The Costs and Benefits of Tourism 6.4.1 Economic impacts are not benefits 6.4.2 Importance for policy 6.5 Sources of Costs and Benefits 6.5.1 Terms of trade effects 6.5.2 Taxation, government revenue and subsidies 6.5.3 Market power 6.5.4 Underemployment 6.5.5 Foreign exchange effect-6.5.6 Externalities 6.6 Economy-Wide Effects on Net Benefits 6.7 Conclusions and Policy Measuring Tourism's Economic Contribution, Impacts aid Net Benefits 237 8 Economic Impacts of Tourism Using Input-Output Models 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Purpose of Economic Impact Analysis 8.3 The Tourism 'Multiplier' 8.3.1 Keynesian multipliers 8.3.2 Multipliers based on economic modelling 8.4 Multipliers Based on I-O Models 8.4.1 Structure of an I-O table 8.4.2 The direct requirements matrix '•.._. ^ 8.4.3 Types of I-O multipliers 8.4.4 Disaggregating I-O multiplier effects 8.4.5 SAM multipliers 8.4.6 Static versus dynamic I-O models 8.4.7 Use of I-O multipliers in tourism economic impact studies 299 8.5 Limitations of Tourism I-O Multipliers 8.5.1 Restrictive assumptions 8.6 How Tourism Multipliers are Misused 8.6.1 Using 'inappropriate' multipliers 8.6.2 Failure to recognise expenditure diversion 8.6.3 'Induced income'multipliers 8.6.4 Misuse of'ratio' multipliers 8.6.5 Using an inappropriate model 8.7 Conclusions and Policy 9 Economic Impacts of Tourism: CGE Modelling 9.1 Introduction 9.2 The Structure of a CGE Model 9.2.1 The 'Nottingham' CGE model 9.2.2 Static versus dynamic general equilibrium models 9.3 Economic Impact Assessment Using CGE Models 9.3.1 Increased tourism to Australia 9.3.2 Increased tourism to Fiji 9.3.3 Reduced tourism to Hawaii 9.3.4 Effects of foot and mouth disease on UK tourism 9.3.5 CGE measures of tourism yield 342 9.3.6 Policy responses to the impact of 9/11 on US tourism 9.3.7 Tourism and poverty reduction in Brazil 9.3.8 Is an expansion of tourism good for the poor in Thailand? 9.4 Strengths and Limitations of CGE Modelling 9.5 Conclusions and Policy IX

The purpose of this study is to investigate the tourism policies of Turkey in the period of planned development which started in 1963. It is a descriptive study in terms of purpose and a qualitative study in terms of data. The data were obtained from secondary sources and analyzed using descriptive analysis technique. According to the five-year development plans and the Tourism Strategy of Turkey 2023 document, Turkey's tourism policies have been created economically. In particular, the first four plans have often emphasized the economic orientation of tourism and mass tourism. The fifth plan highlighted the diversification of tourism, while the sixth plan highlighted the participation of the local community in tourism. The seventh plan aims to meet the expectations of local people and tourists with a competitive and productive tourism economy. The eighth, ninth and tenth plans have emphasized that the investments paying attention to physical and cultural environment should be s...

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