Tourism and Law

La diffusione del virus SARS-CoV-2 (Coronavirus, COVID-2019) ha comportato l’emanazione di drastiche misure di contenimento del contagio.
In seguito alla dichiarazione dello «stato di emergenza in conseguenza del rischio sanitario connesso all’insorgenza di patologie derivanti da agenti virali trasmissibili» proclamato con la Delibera del Consiglio dei Ministri del 31 gennaio 2020 si sono, infatti, susseguiti numerosi provvedimenti volti alla gestione dell’emergenza sanitaria in atto, a partire dal decreto legge 23 febbraio 2020 n. 6, convertito con modificazioni, dalla legge 5 marzo 2020 n. 13, in forza del quale sono stati emanati ulteriori decreti legge, decreti del Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri, ordinanze e decreti di diversi Ministeri, delle Regioni e dei Comuni. Tali misure hanno causato non poche conseguenze sul settore turistico. I provvedimenti emanati hanno, infatti, progressivamente limitato la possibilità di spostamento dei cittadini e, conseguentemente, la possibilità di godere vacanze programmate tempo prima.
Il contributo analizza i riflessi delle misure di contenimento del contagio da Covid-19 sui contratti del turismo e i provvedimenti emanati dal Governo in materia.

Ekološki turizam u zaštićenim prirodnim područjima zahteva odgovorniji način ponašanja turista nego na drugim turističkim destinacijama, zatim visok stepen svesti o važnosti zaštite I održivog korišćenja životne sredine i znanje o osnovnim ekološkim procesima i prirodnim vrednostima posećenog mesta. Iskustvo je pokazalo da je blagovremena implementacija adekvatnih preventivnih mera najefikasnije sredstvo za sprečavanje ugrožavanja i uništavanja prirodnih staništa. Međutim, pojedini oblici nemarnog ponašanja zahtevaju primenu represivnih mera - sankcija propisanih odredbama krivičnog i prekršajnog prava, kao i uvođenje inovativnih zakonskih i praktičnih rešenja. U nastojanju da doprinesu smanjenju negativnog antropološkog pritiska na zaštićena prirodna područja, autori razmatraju mogućnost uvođenja novog, proširenog i redefinisanog pojma ekoturiste - "ekoturista zaštićenih prirodnih područja", koji bi, kao subject specifičnih prava i obaveza, posedovao posebnu dozvolu nadležnih organa za obavljanje pojedinih aktivnosti na ovim područjima.
Ključne reči: ekoturizam, ekoturista zaštićenih prirodnih područja, zaštićena prirodna dobra, propisi, dozvola

The delinquency in hotels is well known both to the professionals of the sector as well as to the clients. The specificity of hotel accommodation as an area of “hospitality” and discretion, providing distinctive tranquility and security prevents disclosure of delinquency cases that occur in them. Despite the discretion which the handling of these cases entails, their existence is undeniable. This survey, conducted for the first time in Greece, aims at exploring the extent and forms of delinquency in the Greek hotel industry, by recording and classifying phenomena of delinquent behavior and how hotel managers are dealing with them. The survey was conducted on the basis of a structured questionnaire that was distributed to directors and managers of hotel businesses. Due to the expected reserves to make public these incidents, the sample was a “convenience sample” and was combined with personal interviews with hotel directors. The questions posed were related to the manifestation of de...

El Gobierno de Colombia sancionó la Ley 2069, por medio de la cual se impulsa el emprendimiento, cuyo objeto es establecer un marco regulatorio que propicie el crecimiento, consolidación y sostenibilidad de las empresas. Dicho marco delineará un enfoque de acuerdo a las realidades socioeconómicas de cada región. Se dispone que el Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores expedirá un régimen especial para el ingreso, permanencia y trabajo en el país de los denominados "nómadas digitales", con el fin de promover a Colombia como un centro de trabajo remoto, en el marco de la cuarta revolución industrial. Teniendo en cuenta las nuevas tecnologías e importancia de la digitalización, señala también que será reglamentado el uso de la firma electrónica y digital. Se establece el seguro de Mipyme, para incentivar y proteger el emprendimiento, consolidación y sostenibilidad de las micro, pequeñas y medianas empresas. En materia tributaria indica que, una vez terminadas las emergencias declaradas por el Ministerio de Salud con ocasión de la pandemia del covid-19, los saldos a favor en el impuesto sobre las ventas que no hayan sido solicitados en devolución y/o compensación solo podrán ser imputados en las declaraciones de los periodos siguientes. Por último, con el fin de impulsar la demanda y reactivación del tejido empresarial a través del consumo, a partir de la promulgación de la ley, por única vez y hasta el 30 de junio del 2021, todas las personas naturales infractoras de las normas del Código Nacional de Seguridad y Convivencia Ciudadana, decretos del orden nacional, departamental, municipal o distrital, dictados a fin de contener la pandemia de la covid-19, que tengan pendiente el pago de las multas, estén pagando o hayan incumplido acuerdos de pago por contravenciones impuestas hasta el 31 de agosto del 2020, fecha en que finalizó el aislamiento preventivo obligatorio, podrán acogerse a un descuento de hasta el 60 % del total de su deuda y del total de los intereses, conforme lo reglamente cada entidad departamental, municipal o distrital.

Information at the finger-tips is a common phrase in the society nowadays, thanks to the internet. Internet is one of most effective marketing tool, which every single thing is promoted and advertised using this technology, including the tourism sector.

This publication collects the outcomes of a research carried on by a group of students of the first year of University degree in Sustainability and Tourism Management (MaST) of the University of Trento during the remote teaching – due to the restrictions adopted to fight against the Covid-19 pandemics – of the course of Law of Tourism held by Umberto Izzo, associate professor of Private Law within Faculty of Law at the University of Trento. This research comes after a similar one carried out during the first year of pandemic emergency. It deals with many crucial issues related to the impact of Covid-19 on the Touristic field in the second year of pandemics, as professor Izzo proposed the students to investigate these topics. At the beginning of the second Summer of pandemics this publication deals with 8 main topics corresponding to the 8 chapters of this document: 1) Pandemic crisis, measures to tackle its effects and tourism: a diachronic analysis; 2) The impact of lockdown on the touristic field at the beginning of the second pandemic Summer; 3) Tourism and freedom of movement: evolution of the regulatory framework and measures to start traveling again; 4) Covid-19 and contractual relationships in the touristic field; 5) The reaction of digital touristic platforms to pandemics; 6) Touristic services in post-Covid: warranties offered to tourists and liability of the tourist service provider in terms of places sterility, safety measures and spacing rules; 7) Tourism in intensive care because of Covid-19: which welfare can be expected for workers and which support is offered to private companies in the period of PNRR? 8) Tourism resurgence during the vaccination campaign: range of offers, marketing strategies, product packages. / Questa pubblicazione raccoglie gli esiti di una ricerca svolta da un gruppo di studenti del primo anno della laurea specialistica in Management della Sostenibilità e del Turismo (MaST) dell’Università di Trento, durante la frequenza a distanza – dovuta alla persistenza delle misure  adottate per contrastare la pandemia da Covid-19 – del corso di Diritto del turismo impartito dal prof. Umberto Izzo, Associato di diritto privato nella Facoltà di Giurisprudenza dell’Università di Trento. Essa dà seguito ad un’analoga ricerca condotta nel primo anno dell’emergenza pandemica. In essa trovano trattazione e approfondimento vari aspetti problematici legati all’impatto del Covid-19 sul settore del turismo nel secondo anno di pandemia, che il curatore del lavoro ha proposto di indagare agli otto gruppi di studenti che si sono voluti impegnare nella ricerca. Alla vigilia della seconda estate pandemica la pubblicazione affronta otto temi di indagine, cui corrispondono gli otto capitoli del presente lavoro: 1) Crisi pandemiche, misure di contrasto e turismo: un’analisi diacronica; 2) L’impatto del lockdown sul settore turistico alla vigilia della seconda estate pandemica; 3) Turismo e libertà di movimento: evoluzione del quadro normativo e misure per riprendere la libertà di viaggiare; 4) Covid-19 e rapporti contrattuali nel settore del turismo; 5) La reazione delle piattaforme digitali turistiche alla pandemia; 6) I servizi turistici del post covid: garanzie da offrire al turista e responsabilità del prestatore fra asetticità dei luoghi, misure di sicurezza e rispetto delle regole di distanziamento; 7) Il turismo in terapia intensiva a causa del covid:  quale welfare per i lavoratori e quale sostegno per le imprese al tempo del PNRR?; 8) La ripartenza del turismo nella fase vaccinale: tipologia di offerte, scelte di marketing, costruzione del prodotto.

Bali Province is a province that relies on regional revenue in the tourism sector. Equitable development between North Bali South Bali require assistance through the form of government policy. One of the Bali provincial government policy is to break the waves of tourists is to build the port infrastructure development of tourism. Theory authority and policy concepts used to solve the problems concerning the form of government policy in the Bali Provincial Tourism Port infrastructure development as the carrying capacity of tourist distribution in promoting tourism in Bali. Normative research used in analyzing problems of government authority between state-owned enterprises and local goverment in accordance with regulations Indonesian republic. Explores the principle of decentralization adopted by the government system in Indonesia with a delegation of authority from the central government to local governments. Tourism ports is essential to be realized as one of the factors of sustainable tourism in Bali.

Las normas técnicas sectoriales son de propiedad exclusiva de las Unidades Sectoriales de Normalización por lo tanto está prohibida su reproducción y cualquier uso que se haga de ellas debe contar con la aprobación de la correspondiente Unidad Sectorial de Normalización.

Στη μελέτη αυτή αναλύεται το θεσμικό πλαίσιο άσκησης του επαγγέλματος του ξεναγού στην Ελλάδα, όπως αυτό διαμορφώνεται μέσα στο πλαίσιο της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης (υπό την επήρεια των αποφάσεων θεσμικών οργάνων) σε συνδυασμό με την αναγκαιότητα της προστασίας της πολιτισμικής ταυτότητας της χώρας.

Como respuesta a las grandes afectaciones que la pandemia ha generado al sector Turismo, el Gobierno de Colombia ha expedido esta nueva Ley.
La cual tiene por objeto fomentar la sostenibilidad y la implementación de mecanismos de conservación, protección y aprovechamiento de los destinos y atractivos turísticos, así como fortalecer la formalización y la competitividad del sector y promover la recuperación de la industria turística, a través de la creación de incentivos, el fortalecimiento de la calidad y la adopción de medidas para impulsar la transformación y las oportunidades del sector.

The States develop various policies aiming at tourism sustainable development. These policies approach tourism development as ecologically acceptable, economically viable and socially and morally fair for the host communities. In this way tourism becomes a part of the natural, cultural and human environment with respect to the particular features of the host destinations. As the tourism sector contributes dramatically to the national economy, sustainable tourism development can be achieved through alternative tourism which is based on the rational valorization and protection of the natural and cultural environment.
The concept of sustainable development goes back to a series of international conferences. In the World Conference on Sustainable Tourism in Lanzarote in 1995 were laid the principles of sustainable tourism development. According to the Charter for Sustainable Tourism, the undertaking of actions by NGOs’ is judged as the basic condition for ensuring the attainment of these goals and indispensable to the integrated planning of tourism development.
The NGOs’ contribution to sustainable tourism development ranges from supplying aid to tourism industry bodies so that they can develop tourism management plans to the formulation of guidelines with regard to the visitibility of the destinations, tool development, identification of resources and supply of education, etc. so that the impact of tourism on host communities can be measured. The more special role assumed by each NGO depends on the conditions under which it operates, its mission, its objectives and the tourism environment in which it functions.
This paper seeks to assess and highlight the NGOs’ contribution to sustainable tourism development in Greece as this is dictated by the necessity for the protection of the environment and social progress and more generally by the moral obligation to comply with the Manila Declaration on World Tourism (1980) and the Global Code of Ethics on Tourism (2001).

KEY WORDS: Tourism development, sustainability, non-governmental Organizations

Teoría del Estado. La teoría del Estado es una disciplina que se desarrolla dentro de una eclosión del derecho público en Alemania a principios del siglo XIX, y que tiene como objeto de estudio el fenómeno llamado Estado, término de la lengua italiana Stato, que evolucionó de la palabra Status del idioma latín.

Con la creación de la Ley 300 de 1996 asistimos a la generación de un estatuto sobre el derecho turístico en Colombia, que extrañamente ha sido objeto de escasos estudios académicos y jurídicos, lo que evidencia poco interés de los académicos en este importante tema para el desarrollo económico de Colombia.

LAW IN TOURISM PROGRAM PASCA SARJANA KAJIAN PARIWISATA (DDIP) UNIVERSITAS UDAYANA 2011 Putu Ratih Pertiwi KESESUAIAN DEFINISI YANG TERKANDUNG DALAM KEBIJAKAN PEMERINTAH DI INDONESIA TERHADAP PARIWISATA SEBAGAI PERDAGANGAN DAN JASA BAB I PENDAHULUAN 1. 1 Latar Belakang Negara-negara di dunia cenderung menyelenggarakan pariwisata karena industri pariwisata merupakan industri terbesar di dunia. Seperti yang telah diakui oleh beberapa organisasi internasional antara lain PBB, Bank Dunia, World Tourism Organization (WTO), dan World Tourism and Trade Center (WTTC). Pariwisata merupakan bagian yang tidak terpisahkan dari kehidupan manusia terutama menyangkut kegiatan sosial dan ekonomi. Sektor ini telah menjadi salah satu penggerak utama perekonomian abad 21 bersama dengan industri telekomunikasi dan teknologi informasi. Perkembangan industri pariwisata yang sangat dinamis dan terus diperkuat oleh kemajuan tingkat kesejahteraan ekonomi bangsa-bangsa di dunia, mengambil peran penting dalam pembangunan perekonomian bangsa-bangsa di dunia. Dengan penjelasan diatas dapat dilihat bahwa kegiatan pariwisata tidak dapat dipisahkan dengan kegiatan ekonomi. Hal ini juga tampak di Indonesia dimana pariwisata mempunyai peran yang sangat penting dalam pembangunan yaitu untuk memperluas dan memeratakan kesempatan berusaha dan lapangan kerja, mendorong pembangunan daerah, memperbesar pendapatan nasional dalam rangka meningkatkan kesejahteraan dan kemakmuran rakyat serta memupuk rasa cinta tanah air, memperkaya kebudayaan nasional dan memantapkan pembinaannya dalam rangka memperkukuh jati diri bangsa dan mempererat persahabatan antarbangsa. Sebenarnya hal tersebut dapat diprediksi melalui sejarah perjalanan pariwisata pertama di dunia pada abad ke 17 yang lebih dikenal dengan Grand Tour dimana dengan

Con la creación de la Ley 300 de 1996 asistimos a la generación de un estatuto sobre el derecho turístico en Colombia, este fue actualizado en 2012 con la perspectiva de convertir este sector en el mayor generador de divisas para el país debido a la debilidad estructural de la economía y su dependencia de los ingresos del sector minero.

En primer término es de resaltar que esta ley amplió significativamente la lista de aportantes de la contribución parafiscal para la promoción del turismo.  Los nuevos aportantes son: centros vacacionales, oficinas de representaciones turísticas; viviendas turísticas y otros tipos de hospedaje no permanente con ventas anuales superiores a los 50 salarios mínimos mensuales legales vigentes (smmlv), las empresas de seguros de viaje y de asistencia médica en viaje; las sociedades portuarias orientadas al turismo o puertos turísticos por concepto de la operación de muelles turísticos; los establecimientos del comercio relacionado con el turismo entre otros.

"This study examines the notion of administrative sanctions in Greece’s tourism sector. It reviews and analyses the sanctions imposed by the administrative bodies on the main types of
enterprises comprising the sector in hand. Those enterprises are the following: accommodation providers (hotels, camping’s, apartments and studios, forest villages, time sharing accommodation, accommodation for foreigners, nudist accommodation), youth hostels, infrastructure for special interests’ tourism, travel agencies, Rent A Car and Rent A Moto enterprises, tourist shops, tourist guides and, lastly, tourist buses and tourist trains.
Key - words: Administrative sanctions, tourism enterprises, Appeals’ Committee"

Comprender el termino Política Publica implica entender en el imaginario Hispano tres términos como son "Policy" "Politics" y "Polity" por tanto este concepto se entiende como el arte de saber qué se hace con el poder una vez este es adquirido.

Pariwisata merupakan primadona untuk perekonomian Indonesia yang dapat menunjang pendapatan negara dalam hitungan cepat atau instan dan dinilai sangat efisien. Pasar global telah membuat negara-negara di dunia berlomba-lomba membuat produk wisata untuk ditawarkan kepada wisatawan. Persaingan dalam promosi pariwisata dan mampu bertahan dalam persaingan pasar global harus dibarengi dengan adanya pelayanan publik yang memadai. Trend pariwisata dunia saat ini adalah pengembangan pariwisata minat khusus dimana pariwisata minat khusus lebih mengarah kepada pemanfaatan sumber daya lokal. Perbedaan budaya dan bentang alam di setiap negara yang ada di belahan dunia adalah kekayaan yang tidak ternilai harganya dan menjadi potensi utama pariwisata. Para wisatawan lebih banyak mengunjungi daya tarik wisata yang berbasis alam dan budaya, hal ini disebabkan oleh adanya kejenuhan akan hiruk pikuk pariwisata seperti pariwisata yang berkembang di Bali Selatan. Perubahan orientasi wisatawan tersebut telah mendorong kebijakan pariwisata yang ditempuh pemerintah untuk mengembangkan daya tarik wisata alam dan budaya.

Artigo publicado como "Autor(es) Convidado(s)" no primeiro número da Nova Série da "SAPERE AUDE - Revista das áreas de Direito, Filosofia e Sociologia" (ISSN: 2316-6266), agora vinculada à Pós-Graduação 'Stricto Sensu' (Doutorado) da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo (PUC/SP), pp. 125-149.

Pariwisata merupakan primadona untuk perekonomian Indonesia yang dapat menunjang pendapatan negara dalam hitungan cepat atau instan dan dinilai sangat efisien. Pasar global telah membuat negara-negara di dunia berlomba-lomba membuat produk wisata untuk ditawarkan kepada wisatawan. Persaingan dalam promosi pariwisata dan mampu bertahan dalam persaingan pasar global harus dibarengi dengan adanya pelayanan publik yang memadai. Trend pariwisata dunia saat ini adalah pengembangan pariwisata minat khusus dimana pariwisata minat khusus lebih mengarah kepada pemanfaatan sumber daya lokal. Perbedaan budaya dan bentang alam di setiap negara yang ada di belahan dunia adalah kekayaan yang tidak ternilai harganya dan menjadi potensi utama pariwisata. Para wisatawan lebih banyak mengunjungi daya tarik wisata yang berbasis alam dan budaya, hal ini disebabkan oleh adanya kejenuhan akan hiruk pikuk pariwisata seperti pariwisata yang berkembang di Bali Selatan. Perubahan orientasi wisatawan tersebut telah mendorong kebijakan pariwisata yang ditempuh pemerintah untuk mengembangkan daya tarik wisata alam dan budaya.

The research titled " Legal Arrangements of the Privatization of Coastal Line by Entrepreneur Tourism in Bali Province ". This research is motivated by the practice of privatization of tourism entrepreneurs on the coastal line in the coastal area of the Bali island. Coastal line is a public space and regulated in the legislation, coastal line should not be owned privately. Local communities are the most disadvantaged on the privatization practices. Local communities lose public space, lose the right and freedom to enjoy public facilities, loss of access and place for carry out religious rituals, and children lost their playground. The issue that arises is how the legal arrangements regarding the privatization of coastal line by tourism entrepreneurs in the province of Bali? How the Bali Provincial Government policies in addressing the privatization of coastal line in the province of Bali? Method used in the writing of the journal of the rule of law against the privatization of the coastal line in the province of Bali tourism entrepreneurs are using normative legal research methods. Method used in the writing of the journal of the rule of law against the privatization of the coastal line in the province of Bali tourism entrepreneurs are using normative legal research methods. Writing this journal approach and conceptual legislation to be able to analyze the problems with the theory of law to analyze a problem with the applicable rules in accordance with the legislation in the hierarchy of the sort order for the legislation in force in Indonesia. Explores the concept of policy in assessing the direction of government policy in issuing policies towards the privatization of coastal line by tourism entrepreneurs. The results showed the regulation of coastal line is already regulated in legislation but there is vagueness that occurs in the utilization norms coastal line for the sake of tourism. The local government has the authority to crack down on the practice of privatization by tourism entrepreneurs. Need formation of the governing body of the local government consisting of local communities to restore the function and benefits of coastal line as a public space. Practice privatization should be subject to sanctions explicitly either civil penalties or criminal sanctions. Legal framework established to overcome this problem is in the form of regulations governing the use of coastal line to the area of tourism and rules of the governing body coastal border.

This Impulse paper on behalf of the European Commission - DG GROW for the Communication on the collaborative economy COM(2016) 365 final,
aims to assess the existing regulatory framework for the collaborative economy in the
accommodation/tourism sector in Paris (chapter 2), Rome/Milan (chapter 3) and London
(chapter 4), and to provide a view on its compatibility with EU law (chapter 5). In the closing
chapters, it also articulates some final recommendations on how to address the emerging
challenges of the collaborative economy (chapters 6-7).

Este es el ABC del proyecto de ley de modificación de la Ley General
de Turismo en Colombia, se destacan varios interrogantes:
¿Por qué es importante este proyecto de ley para el sector turismo?
¿Por qué es necesario incluir el tema de sostenibilidad en la propuesta de modificación de la Ley General de Turismo? ¿Cuáles son las propuestas que se presentan en el proyecto de ley en materia de sostenibilidad? ¿Por qué es necesario incluir temas de
formalización y competitividad en la Ley General de Turismo?
¿Cuáles son las propuestas que incluye el proyecto de ley para reforzar los temas de formalización y competitividad del sector? ¿Por qué es necesario incluir el tema de la reactivación del sector turístico en el proyecto de ley?

Dilatarbelakangi oleh fenomena erupsi Gunung Agung dengan Kawasan Rawan Bencana sejauh 6-8km meliputi 6 Kecamatan yaitu, Kecamatan Kubu, Abang, Karangasem, Bebandem, Selat dan Rendang. Pemulihan melalui pengembangan pariwisata pasca erupsi merupakan trend dan motor tercepat dalam penggerak ekonomi desa. Pengembangan daya tarik wisata buatan yaitu agrowisata merupakan salah satu cara unik untuk memadati Kawasan Rawan Bencana sebagai kawasan pertanian maupun perkebunan, bukan sebagai peruntukkan pemukiman masyarakat. Adapun permasalahan yang timbul di dalam penelitian ini adalah bagaimana bentuk agrowisata ideal di Kawasan Rawan Bencana (KRB) Kabupaten Karangasem? Bagaimana kebijakan pemerintah dalam pengembangan agrowisata di Kawasan Rawan Bencana (KRB) Kabupaten Karangasem? Penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian empiris dan menganalisis permasalahan yang terjadi di lapangan dengan teori kewenangan, teori fungsional, konsep kebijakan, konsep agrowisata dan asas desentralisasi. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan terdapat tiga model agrowisata di Kawasan Rawan Bencana yang dapat dikembangkan yaitu agrowisata berbasis masyarakat, agrowisata berbasis industri dan agrowisata berbasis kreatifitas. Setiap pengambilan kebijakan pemerintah memberikan dampak yang sangat luas untuk pengembangan pariwisata dan mampu membangun kembali Kabupaten Karangasem pasca Erupsi Gunung Agung.

Keyword : Agrowisata, Kebijakan pariwisata, Kawasan rawan bencana

Ecological tourism in protected areas requires the visitors to act in a more disciplined manner than at other tourist destinations. They have to be aware of the importance of protection and sustainable use of environment and to have the knowledge about essential ecological processes and natural values. The implementation of precautionary measures is the most efficient way to prevent the deterioration of protected habitats and their endangered wildlife from the risks caused by tourist visits. The authors of this paper critically analyse current legal framework of the Republic of Serbia pertinent to various aspects of ecological tourism, highlighting its advantages and disadvantages and suggesting potential steps for its improvement. Moreover, they suggest introduction of a new term "eco-tourist" i.e. the visitor of protected natural sites who, as the holder of specific rights and obligations, is expected to possess a special permission or approval to perform certain activities on these areas, issued by an authorized state body.

"ABSTRACT
An important position is held in tourist activities by the profession of a tour guide. The role of the tour guide is connected with various and diverse social roles. Therefore, the profession of a tour guide requires high levels of qualifications, so that quality of
services rendered can be safeguarded and public interest can be promoted. For this reason, pursuing the career of a tour guide in many countries requires special training.
The European Standardization Committee has determined that the profession of tour guide constitutes a “local specialization” profession. This point of view forms the reason justifying the reaction of the Mediterranean countries of the European Union (EU) towards free provision of services of a tour guide. They maintain that their cultural heritage is particularly significant and the diffusion of its cultural dimension by a tour guide calls for skills to be obtained by special training at the host country. Thus,
although freedom of movement of labour and provision of services constitute fundamental principles of the EU, they are both met with difficulties when applied to the profession of the tour guide. In the present survey, the institutional framework of
practicing the profession of a tour guide in Greece is registered; EU’s appeals against countries which regulate practicing the profession of a tour guide differently are analyzed and the efforts of the Greek state to comply with the EU directives while
simultaneously protecting public interest are explored.
KEYWORDS: tour guide, cultural heritage, legal protection, free provision of services."

The tour guiding profession was much abused in the past while illegal guiding took place, and remains much the same nowadays. With the use of official documents, this paper outlines issues concerning illegal tour guiding from the past to the present. Document analysis as a qualitative research method was applied in this study. Archival research was carried out, and unpublished documents were analysed to contribute to the literature and shed light on the roots of illegal tour guiding. Archival data was combined with travel guidebooks, official reports, and court files. Despite regulations, problems concerning tour guiding continue to exist to the present day. More than ever before, illegal tour guides employed by travel agencies have become a threat to the employment of licenced guides. The number of illegal tour guides proves that current measures remain incapable of prohibiting illegal guiding activities. Touting seems to be the longstanding main motivation for illegal guides. Unethical guiding practices affect the established image of the destination country. From a historical perspective and underlining issues such as touting through unpublished archived documents and official reports, this paper contributes a detailed understanding of the defective points concerning the travel industry.

Nusa Penida merupakan kepulauan tropis yang menjadi destinasi wisata dunia dengan keindahan alam yang masih alami. Peningkatan jumlah kunjungan wisatawan dan perkembangan pariwisata secara tidak langsung mendorong tumbuhnya pembangunan akomodasi wisata di Nusa Penida terutama di kawasan pesisir. Setiap peningkatan jumlah akomodasi, wisatawan dan pertumbuhan penduduk akan berpengaruh besar pada daya dukung lingkungan dan social maka itu diperlukan penataan ruang. Penataan ruang yang digagas oleh pemerintah, salah satunya adalah Peraturan Daerah Kabupaten Klungkung Nomor 1 Tahun 2013 tentang Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah (RTRW) dari tahun 2013-2033 menjadi dasar untuk mengatur pemanfaatan ruang secara tepat dengan memperhatikan berbagai aspek termasuk daya dukung. Perda ini mencakup empat hal utama yakni ketentuan umum peraturan zonasi, ketentuan perizinan; ketentuan pemberian insentif dan disinsentif; dan arahan pengenaan sanksi. Perlunya kajian untuk menganalisis perda nomor 1 tahun 2013 tentang RTRW klungkung dalam pembangunan akomodasi wisata di nusa penida untuk melihat bagaimana penegakan hukum, tindakan sanksi administratif maupun sanksi pidananya.

Penelitian ini berjudul "Kebijakan Pemerintah Provinsi Bali dalam Mengendalikan Arogansi Local Tour Guide di Pura Besakih“. Dilatarbelakangi oleh pengembangan Kawasan Suci Pura Besakih sebagai Dayat Tarik Wisata. Pengelola Kawasan Suci Pura Besakih pada awalnya dikelola oleh masyarakat setempat, terjadi pergesekan yang cukup kuat antara local tour guide dengan travel agent serta antara local tour guide dengan wisatawan. Keluhan demi keluhan dari wisatawan baik wisatawan mancanegara maupun wisatawan nusantara dan tour guide di Bali terhadap sikap local tour guide (pemandu wisata lokal) di Pura Besakih semakin meningkat. Tindak arogansi ini memberikan pencitraan buruk dan berdampak meluas pada daya tarik wisata serta usaha pariwisata lainnya yang berkembang di Kabupaten Karangasem pada umumnya serta pariwisata yang terletak di seputar wilayah Besakih pada khususnya. Adapun permasalahan yang timbul di dalam penelitian ini adalah bagaimana bentuk kebijakan pemerintah provinsi dalam mengatasi aksi pemboikotan yang dilakukan travel agent atas tindakan arogan local tour guide di kawasan suci Pura Besakih? Penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian empiris dan menganalisis permasalahan yang terjadi di lapangan dengan teori kewenanga, konsep kebijakan, dan asas desentralisasi. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan kebijakan pemerintah memberikan dampak yang sangat luas untuk pengembangan pariwisata dan mampu mengendalikan efek negatif yang sudah mengakar kuat di masyarakat untuk kelanggengan sebuah daya tarik wisata.

Aprobada Política Pública de Turismo en el municipio de Suárez – Cauca

En aras de fortalecer la región en materia de oferta turística, el Concejo Municipal de Suárez, aprobó la política pública de turismo en el marco del proyecto “Desarrollo del Sector Turismo en los municipios de Guapi, Timbiquí, Piamonte, Argelia, Patía, Mercaderes, Balboa, Sucre, Bolívar, San Sebastián, Sotará, Timbío, El Tambo, Totoró, Cajibío, Silvia, Piendamó, Morales Y Suárez”.

Nos centramos en este trabajo en la hipótesis en la que un tercero publica un comentario o valoración sobre un establecimiento de alojamiento (los denominados reviews) en Internet. Teniendo cuenta que existe la posibilidad de que se publiquen no solo comentarios negativos sino también falsos, que pueden afectar a la denominada reputación corporativa digital. Analizamos las posibles actuaciones jurídicas frente a este tipo de comentarios. Por una parte, hemos hallado algunas actuaciones individuales del empresario sobre sus clientes, consistentes en la imposición de sanciones a aquellos clientes que publiquen comentarios negativos, al amparo de una previsión contractual. Estas iniciativas individuales presentan aspectos de legalidad dudosa.Más relevantes, y adecuadas, son iniciativas sectoriales como la aprobación por HOTREC del documento “Benchmarks of Fair Practices in Online Distribution”, que, en su versión de 2014, incluye un apartado dedicado a la valoración de servicios por parte de clientes y cuyos elementos clave son las exigencias relativas al anonimato, control editorial y clientes reales. Finalmente, analizamos la sanción impuesta en Italia a TripAdvisor por la Autorità Garante de la Concorrenza por considerar que no ha aplicado los controles necesarios para evitar críticas fraudulentas, sanción posteriormente revocada por los tribunales italianos.

Este trabajo tiene como objetivo el estudio de los regímenes locales especiales en materia de turismo: desde los tradicionales municipios turísticos a nuevas fi-guras incorporadas en la legislación turística y de comercio, con diferentes con-secuencias en unas y otras figuras. Se parte de su reconocimiento en la Constitución y su plasmación en la legislación básica estatal, en las legislacio-nes locales autonómicas así como en la sectorial de turismo y comercio.

This article identifes and analyzes the rules  on land use in Chile, concluding that they lack coherence, harmony and fullness needed to be called “territorial planning system”, generating a negative impact on tourism development. In this context, the new Tourism Law established the figure of Tourist Interest Zones (Zoit, in Spanish), associated with weak mechanisms through which the objective of territorial planning  would materialize.
Notwithstanding their advantages, such as prioritizing these territories to attract public investment, the article criticizes the primacy of other interest than tourism and not to solve the endemic problems of inconsistency and lack of coordination of the Chilean territorial planning.

Since ancient times and throughout history, religious sentiment has been one of the motives for people undertaking pilgrimages, seeking to communicate with the divine in sacred places. Travelling for religious reasons fulfilled a spiritual need and their undertaking was considered to be a redeeming action.
It is indeed difficult to identify any other human activity so widespread in space and so resilient in time as undertaking a pilgrimage to shrines. Since antiquity there has been a firm belief that praying or fulfilling one’s religious tasks is more efficient when it takes place in specific sites: in places where gods or saints were born, spent a part of their lives, died or performed miracles, in areas with statues, cathedrals, churches, relics of saints and miracle icons or in sites where the most important events of the history of each religion took place.
Many of the Christian pilgrimages are associated with the Holy Mother of God (Theotokos). In Greece, shrines monasteries and churches have been established in areas related with the miracles performed by the Virgin Mary (Panagia or the All Holy One in Greek). Apart from the basic Marian feast days, the life of the church and folk piety have added many more, which are associated with the Virgin Mary, the Miracle-Worker, or the foundation of churches dedicated to the Mother of God, or the finding of miracle-working icons portraying the Virgin Mary. Almost everywhere in Greece one can find a miraculous icon representing the Mother of God, each one with its own history and legends, which creates a mystical experience. Moreover, many of these pilgrimages are significant cultural monuments and attract tourists’ interest.
This paper describes some of the main Marian pilgrimages in Greece as well as their management agencies and techniques in order to enhance travellers’ experience.