Tourism and Politics

Tal como outras motivações para se viajar ou deslocar para fora da sua área habitual de residência, as questões políticas e cívicas, para participação em reuniões ou comícios políticos, embaixadas, protestos ou mesmo revoluções, ou eventos como funerais de líderes políticos ou a coroação de um monarca, também são incentivos à viagem e ao turismo.
Contudo, existem mais movimentos de pessoas do que estes casos pontuais, relacionados com motivações de ordem política ou ideológica. Pouco estudado este fenómeno do turismo político, alguns autores dividem-se quando à definição do conceito, embora de certa forma, enquanto participação ativa política tenha semelhanças com o turismo de negócios, enquanto na sua vertente meramente patrimonial tenha mais em comum com o turismo cultural, nomeadamente com os novos nichos do Darktourism e do Thanatourism.
Ainda pouco ou nada expressivo em Portugal, quando comparado com outros países nomeadamente com os casos mais próximos da europa de leste, poderiam ser muitos os exemplos deste tipo de turismo no nosso país. Um caso paradigmático e que servirá por comparação a outros casos internacionais, é o caso do 25 de Abril e do modo como este turismo político poderia acrescentar valor a este acontecimento extraordinário da nossa história.
Importará definir acima de tudo a questão da motivação dos visitantes e qual seria a narrativa que unificaria estes elementos e estes lugares emblemáticos.

Like other motivations for travel or move out of your usual area of residence, political and civic issues, like to participate in meetings or political rallies, embassies, protests or even revolutions, or events such as funerals of political leaders or the coronation a monarch, are also incentives for travel and tourism.
However, there are more movements of people than these individual cases, related with political or ideological motivtions. Not to much studied, this phenomenon of political tourism, divided some authors as to the definition, although in a way, some defined as political tourism like active participation in political events, like to the business tourism, while on the other side has more in common with cultural tourism, particularly with the new niches of Darktourism and Thanatourism.

Yet little or nothing significant in Portugal, when compared with other countries particularly those in Eastern Europe, were could be many examples of this type of tourism. A paradigmatic case and for comparison to other international cases, in the case of 25th of April revolution and how this political tourism could add value to this extraordinary event in our history.
Should be defined first and foremost the question of motivation of visitors and what would be the narrative that would unify these elements and these emblematic places.

Liberal ekonomi modelini benimseyen birçok ülke, gelişmiş G-20, G-10, G-5 vb. ülke sıralamasına girebilmek için kendi coğrafi bölgeleri arasındaki eşitsizliği gidererek bölgeler arası kalkınmayı dengeli bir şekilde sağlayabilme çabası içerisindedir. Bunun için pek çok ülke yatırımlarını öncelikle geri kalmış bölgelere yönlendirmekte, bunu yaparken de birtakım teşvik/özendirme araç ve/veya yöntemleri kullanmaktadırlar. Gerek özel sektörün gerekse devletin belirlenen bölgelerin gelişmişliklerinin hangi sektörler aracılığıyla sağlanacağı ise hazırlanan kalkınma planlarında belirlenmektedir. Bu bağlamda ülkemizde V. Menderes Hükümeti (25.11.1957-27.05.1960) ile birlikte hükümet programlarına alınan turizm sektörünün, bölgeler arası kalkınmışlık farkının asgariye indirilmesinde önemli bir rol oynadığı aşikârdır.
V. Menderes Hükümeti turizmle ilgili olarak; “Memleketimizin iktisadi inkişafına muvazi olarak turizm mevzuu da gittikçe artan bir ehemmiyet ve vüsat iktisab etmiştir. Tabii ve tarihizenginliklerimizi ve milli değerlerimizi içte ve dışta tanıtmak gibi mühim ve şümullü bir faaliyet mevzuunu da ihtiva eden bu işleri, matbuata müteallik vazifelerle birlikte bir umum müdürlüğün idaresi altında bırakmak artık mahzurlu görülmüş ve basın-yayın işlerini ayrı bir vekalete tevdi etmek lüzumu hasıl olmuştur” denilerek, turizmin basın-yayınla birlikte bir çatı altında genel müdürlük olarak yapılandırılması gerektiği belirtilmiştir (Esen, Emir ve Uyar, 2012: 26). Bu dönemden günümüze gelinceye kadar hazırlanan bölgesel kalkınma planlarında, turizm sektörüne mutlaka yer veriliyor olması, sektörün çarpan etkisinin farkındalığı açısından sektörel bağlamda ne kadar yol kat edildiğinin somut bir göstergesidir.
Bu çalışmada öncelikle kalkınma kavramı hakkında bilgi verilmiş, akabinde ülkemizde hazırlanan kalkınma planları, planlı dönem öncesi ve planlı dönem olmak üzere iki dönemde incelenmiştir. Çalışmanın son bölümünde ise Turizmde Politika ve Stratejiler bağlamında 10. Kalkınma Planı (2014-2018) Turizm Özel İhtisas Komisyon Raporu değerlendirilmiştir.

Resumen: Esta ponencia, forma parte de un proyecto de investigación desarrollado en el marco de la Unidad de Docencia e Investigación en Desarrollo Turístico (UDIDET) de la Universidad Nacional de Lanús. La ponencia aborda la creación del turismo internacional como factor de desarrollo para los países subdesarrollados.

Trough a Greek Tragedy structure, the chapter tries to point out the learning assets related with the commoning process of the Park Güell and the cry for the right for the tourist city. In 2011 the local government set a plan for the enclosure and protection by restricting the access to the Park Güell due to the emergence of diverse voices claiming against the negative effects of the progressive overcrowding of the park and in favour of the heritage protection. However, such decision was contested by the Platform for the Defence of the Park Güell, who claimed for the right to the park and against the idea of setting an open-air museum, arguing that everyone should continue to have free access to it, including tourists. Assuming this paradox, the Platform had brake the commoning frame, by evidencing the translocal and emergence configuration of the city to be claimed. And on the other hand, they faced the limitations of the discursive governance setting ruled by the administration. Among others: the tyranny of the scale avoiding the "local trap", the efforts against the will of the administration to make the issue Public, or the claim to include all the things at stake in the controversy that were pulled out from the political discussion.

Глобальный экономический кризис, ставший последствием пандемии, требует поиска инновационных решений. В частности, пандемия поставила сферу туризма в целом и малый и средний бизнес во всех странах мира на грань выживания и одновременно показала, какой огромный вклад вносит предпринимательская активность и туризм в ВВП стран мира. В условиях нестабильности международных процессов, экономического кризиса, закрытия границ вследствие пандемии представители туристической отрасли, политики многих стран задумались, какие направления туризма необходимо развивать в условиях турбулентности, какой новый продукт может предложить бизнес. Бесспорно, туризм является важным экономическим фактором во всем мире, который способствует росту экономики и занятости. Данная работа представляет собой анализ туристического рынка России в целом и Санкт-Петербурга в частности. В статье рассматриваются роль туризма как бизнеса, его влияние на экономику страны и региона и перспективы развития научно-популярного туризма как нового направления в российском и международном туризме, которому до настоящего времени практически не уделялось достаточного внимания. Статья может быть интересна представителям университетов и академических учреждений, представителям туристической отрасли и руководителям ведомств, отвечающим за развитие туризма. The global economic crisis, which has become a consequence of the pandemic, requires the search for innovative solutions. In particular, the pandemic has put the tourism sector as a whole, and small and medium-sized businesses in all countries of the world on the brink of survival and at the same time showed what a huge contribution entrepreneurial activity and tourism make to the GDP of the countries of the world. In the conditions of instability of international processes, the economic crisis, the closure of borders as a result of the pandemic, representatives of the tourism industry, politicians of many countries have thought about which areas of tourism need to be developed, what new product business can offer. Undoubtedly, tourism is an important economic factor all over the world. It contributes to economic growth and employment. This research is an analysis of the tourist market of Russia in general, and St. Petersburg in particular. The article examines the role of tourism as a business, its impact on the economy of the country and the region and the prospects for the development of popular science tourism as a new direction in Russian and international tourism, which has not received sufficient attention until now. The article may be of interest to representatives of universities and academic institutions, representatives of the tourism industry and heads of departments responsible for the development of tourism.

ABSTRACT

An under theorized area of Dark and War Tourism studies concerns the appropriation of tours for the perpetuation of political propaganda. Taking the case of the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) that separates North and South Korea this study demonstrates the extent to which heritage tours are used to present the political and military arguments of the South in order to persuade visitors of the justification of their actions in the ongoing conflict between North and South Korea.

KEYWORDS
DARK TOURISM, WAR TOURISM, HERITAGE, POLITICS, SOCIOLOGY, KOREAN WAR, NORTH KOREA, SOUTH KOREA, DMZ, PANMUNJEOM, MILITARY HISTORY, PROPAGANDA, PERSUASION, MANIPULATION, MILITARY HISTORY, CONFLICT STUDIES

Although tourism is increasingly viewed as an important issue for governments, analysis of the politics of tourism policy is less developed than in other areas of leisure policy. This article attempts to link developments in British tourism policy to wider policy contexts. The historic development of tourism policy from private interest group formation, through government subsidy to statutory status reflects patterns evident elsewhere in leisure. Similarly, the subsequent shift from pluralism through welfarism to economic realism in leisure is clearly reflected in the changing role of the national tourist boards in the last 25 years. Although private interest groups in tourism have benefited considerably from government intervention in the past, it seems that government has become progressively less inclined to treat tourism as a special case in recent years. It is argued that application of theoretical perspectives developed in the field of leisure policy can help to illuminate the processes driving the development of tourism policy as well.

The article describes the experience of numerical score of socio-economic recreation and tourism  resources  of  30  dependent  states  and  territories  in  the  world.  The  choice  of  this  specific category of countries as a spatial object of study – dependent and non-self-governing territories – is conditioned by modern trends of growth of consumer tourist services demand for the unique, specific, secure and high-standard destinations. Such areas often have significant recreational potential that is almost unknown to the Russian market of tour offers, and because of this – not in demand.
The study found that almost all of the analyzed dependent countries offer a wide range of tourist and entertainment  services,  where  Anguilla,  Aruba,  Bermuda,  Puerto  Rico,  French  Polynesia  have especially well-developed infrastructure. For comparative characteristic and numerical score of socio-economic  recreational  and  tourism  resources  of  these  countries  the  numerical  score  matrix  is developed. It includes seven indicators, each of which is rated on a five-point grade scale. Following the results of the integrated assessment of tourism and recreational resources all analyzed dependent states and territories are grouped into five groups: 1) having the lowest characteristics of recreation and tourism resources (Wallis and Futuna, Niue, American Samoa, Pitcairn, Tokelau, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Falkland Islands); 2) having a lower middle resource endowment (Cook Islands, Anguilla, Montserrat, Norfolk Island); 3) having an average resource endowment (Gibraltar, Ceuta and Melilla, Saint  Helena,  Turks  and  Caicos  Islands,  French  Guiana);  4)  having  a  medium-high  resource endowment (British and US Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Martinique, Reunion, French Polynesia, Guam,  New  Caledonia);  5)  having  a  high  recreation  and  tourist  resource  endowment  (Bermuda, former Netherlands Antilles, Aruba, Guadeloupe, Puerto Rico).
For a more objective assessment of endowment of recreational and tourism resources of dependent states and territories of the world it is also necessary to take into account the other types and categories of these resources. Nevertheless, the obtained results give overall representative characteristics of the tourism potential of main dependent states and territories worldwide, and the methodology itself is verifiable and for other similar entities of political map of the world.
Keywords:  dependent  states  and  territories  of  the  world,  recreational  and  tourism  resources, numerical score of development recourses of tourism.

Resumen: Esta ponencia, forma parte de un proyecto de investigación desarrollado en el marco de la Unidad de Docencia e Investigación en Desarrollo Turístico (UDIDET) de la Universidad Nacional de Lanús. La ponencia aborda la creación del turismo internacional como factor de desarrollo para los países subdesarrollados. El abordaje genealógico en sentido foucaultiano, significa analizar el saber-hacer en materia de desarrollo turístico en términos de estrategia y táctica de poder con el objetivo es situar dicho saber-hacer, ...

This work addresses a critical analysis of the nature of cosmopolitan order encouraged by the World Tourism Organization. Given the growth of tourism activity and the challenges that it poses, this specialized agency of the United Nations has formally promoted equitable, responsible and sustainable development of tourism. However, the criticism of the principles from which the organization shapes tourism has put the focus on the objectives pursued. The conversion of these principles, included in the Global Code of Ethics for Tourism, adopted in 1999, into an international convention, approved in September 2017, presents a new scene that this work outlines from the cosmopolitanism perspective.

Resumen: El artículo analiza la controversia en torno a la regulación del acceso al Park Güell de Barcelona a través del dispositivo metodológico de la Teoría del Actor-Red. Esta aproximación facilita el análisis de escenarios inciertos donde se ponen en duda la representatividad de los portavoces tanto políticos como técnicos. La aproximación desde el giro relacional híbrido conlleva desbordar y multiplicar los marcos preestablecidos de la acción política, ampliar la ecología de las prácticas que componen la realidad en juego; y desplazar y descentrar el objeto político del turismo.
Abstract: The paper analyzes the controversy surrounding the regulation of access to the Park Guell in Barcelona through the methodological device of the Actor-Network Theory. This approach allows the analysis of uncertain scenarios where the representativeness of the spokesmen-both political and technical-are questioned or rejected. The approach from the hybrid relational turn leads us to overwhelm and multiply preset frames of political action, to expand the ecology of the practices that make up the reality at stake; and to displace and decenter the political object of tourism.

We take our cue from Edensor (2017, p. 599) who points out that “it seems profoundly evident that no single account of landscape can claim to be singularly truthful, since when we are in and with the landscape, the inevitable selectivity of our attention means that we can never attend to most things”. This is why we need to discuss both the landscapes of travelling and the travelling of landscapes, bringing together scholarship from tourism (management) studies, human geography, socio-cultural anthropology and ethnology. We investigate the tourist landscapes that occur through both representational and non-representational (Thrift, 2007; Prince, 2019) mobilities of people, vehicles and vessels, ideas and information (Cresswell, 2006; Urry, 2007). By examining the ways in which tourism and leisure are experienced, practiced and performed, but also constitute various landscapes, we will take a closer look at mobile and embodied practices such as running and travelling on various transport modes such as ferries, cruise ships and coaches. We also discuss the ways culture and politics affect and influence the formation of touristic landscapes.

One Billion Tourist, One Billion Opportunities". Demikianlah tema yang diangkat dalam press release UNWTO pada momen World Tourism Day (WTD) tahun ini. Perhelatan global tahun ini di Burkina Faso berbeda karena memiliki makna bahwa mobilisasi wisatawan dunia yang tercatat di pangkalan data UNWTO (The United Nations World Tourism Organization) adalah untuk mengoptimalkan peluang aktor-aktor pariwisata di level internasional, nasional, maupun lokal. Peluang itu merujuk akan kemampuan pariwisata pada pertumbuhan ekonomi, penciptaan lapangan pekerjaan, dan pembangunan disegala bidang yang terintegrasi dengan sektor

2 Tourism and the European Union Constantia Anastasiadou Introduction The EU is characterized by a complex web of institutional structures and multi-level relation-ships. Unlike other regional trading areas, eco-nomic and political integration has progressed in the EU far and wide ( ...

Tourists are one of the most numerous categories
of Russian visitors to Japan. However, the
number of Russian tourists visiting Japan
annually is not very high, amounting just two or
three dozens of thousands annually. Visa
requirements are among the most serious
barriers hindering the growth of this flow. The current memo
examines particular ways in which the visa regime influences
Russian tourism to Japan, informal practices employed by
visitors in response, and the current prospects for Russian-
Japanese talks on this issue. Apart from statistics and media
sources I employ texts of the relevant online discussions in the
Vinsky Forum (the largest and the best managed online travel
community in Russia) and transcripts of interviews with seven
managers of travel agencies from four selected Russian cities
(Moscow, St. Petersburg, Vladivostok, and Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk)
specializing in Japan as a tourist destination.