Alternative Forms of Tourism

Performance evaluations are a critical tool in evaluating tourism development of countries where the tourism industry provides a significant share of the GDP. One of the measures used in performance evaluation of the financial decision-making units is economic efficiency. This study aims at measuring tourism-related technical efficiency performance of six European countries: Spain, Greece, Turkey, France, Italy, and Portugal. Tourism revenue and visitor numbers are referenced as output variables. Within the model, the natural and sociocultural index and substructure index were formed. Data envelopment analysis was applied for these datasets. Considering tourism revenues, Spain, Italy and Greece managed to use their natural and cultural resources efficiently. In contrast to these countries, inefficiency level scores were measured for Turkey, Portugal and France. In the model based upon the number of visitors, all other countries apart from Turkey and Portugal achieved the most efficient score. As for substructure index, the score of decreasing returns to scale for the countries of Italy and Spain in terms of tourist numbers is noteworthy. The implementation of efficient tourism policies and strategies hold great importance in terms of tourism efficiency. Even though Portugal and Turkey are rich in both natural and cultural assets, low scores seem to stem from failure to realize their potentials. Strategies should be developed to diversify tourist products. This study differs from other studies in the literature with regard to the composition of the wide input components.

In the years of transition they were admitted a lot of mistakes in tourism development led to spontaneous and non methodical overdevelopment, loss of traditional markets and partners, reducing the competitiveness of the Bulgarian tourist product, destruction of national tourism resources, natural, cultural and historical values. For a limitation of the negative trends and increase the quality of the tourism product, a group of public tourist and environmental organizations united around the cause of preservation of natural resources and cultural heritage of the base on which to develop the tourism. As a result of dialogues and workshops related to the preparation of positions they are set common goals and similar legal and institutional issues in the field of nature conservation, cultural heritage and tourism. This requires the preparation of a Memorandum of sustainable development of Bulgarian tourism, nature conservation and cultural heritage respecting the fundamental principles of the Global Code of Ethics in Tourism. It is established an expert concil from representatives of the organizations that signed the Memorandum to implement its objectives and principles. This union proves to be workable and begins to function as a tool for implementing ethical principles and policies in the three sectors.

Τα τελευταία χρόνια, σύμφωνα με τα στοιχεία της Διεθνούς Ένωσης Κρουαζιέρας (CLIA), καταγράφεται μια συνεχής ανάπτυξη του κλάδου της κρουαζιέρας. Εκτιμάται ότι οι επιβάτες στα κρουαζιερόπλοια θα ξεπεράσουν τα 30.000.000 εκατομμύρια παγκοσμίως. Επίσης, εκτιμάται ότι η παγκόσμια οικονομική συμβολή της κρουαζιέρας θα ανέλθει στα 135 δις δολάρια και θα δημιουργήσει 1,1 εκατομμύρια θέσεις εργασίας.
Η ανάπτυξη της κρουαζιέρας απαιτεί γνώσεις από διάφορα επιστημονικά πεδία π.χ. την κοινωνιολογία, τη νομική επιστήμη, την οικονομική επιστήμη, τη γεωγραφία, τις φυσικές επιστήμες κ.λπ. Η διαχείριση της κρουαζιέρας απαιτεί γνώσεις τόσο του τομέα της ναυτιλίας, όσο και του τομέα του τουρισμού. Μάλιστα, η γνώση αυτή πρέπει να υπερβαίνει τα όρια ενός κράτους καθώς η κρουαζιεροπλοΐα διακρίνεται για τον έντονο διεθνή χαρακτήρα της. Οι επιδράσεις της κρουαζιέρας, θετικές και αρνητικές, διαχέονται σε διάφορες χώρες, καθώς το κρουαζιερόπλοιο δραστηριοποιείται σε λιμένες ευρύτερων θαλάσσιων περιοχών. Η διεπιστημονική προσέγγιση της κρουαζιέρας απαιτεί από τον απασχολούμενο στον κλάδο αυτό να έχει γνώσεις πέραν των τομέων της ναυτιλίας και του τουρισμού και σε διάφορα θέματα όπως της προστασίας του περιβάλλοντος, των εργασιακών σχέσεων, θεμάτων προστασίας υγείας και ασφάλειας, του ενωσιακού δικαίου, κ.λπ.
Με το σύγγραμμα αυτό επιδιώκεται μια βασική προσέγγιση του πολυσχιδούς κλάδου της κρουαζιέρας. Απευθύνεται στους φοιτητές των ναυτιλιακών και τουριστικών τμημάτων της ανώτατης εκπαίδευσης, στους επαγγελματίες του κλάδου της κρουαζιέρας, αλλά και σε όποιον επιθυμεί να γνωρίσει τον ιδιαίτερο χώρο της κρουαζιεροπλοΐας. Παράλληλα φιλοδοξεί να συμβάλλει στον επιστημονικό διάλογο που σκοπεύει στη διαμόρφωση της κατάλληλης πολιτικής για την ανάπτυξη της κρουαζιέρας στη χώρα μας.

Hitchhikers once queued up along Australian roadsides; now they are rarely seen. Increasing car ownership, cheap air travel, and a growing ‘culture of fear’, reinforced by widely publicised rape and murder cases, have all played their part in this decline. The figure of the hitchhiker continues to have strong cultural resonance nevertheless, and the practice may yet see a resurgence. This paper examines some of the recurring motifs and paradoxes in the memoirs and anecdotes of American, European and Australian hitchhikers past and present. It focuses in particular on the way their sense of risk is mitigated by following certain ‘rules’, either their own or those passed on by other hitchhikers.

At first glance, differentiating slow travel from slow
tourism might appear to be predominantly a question of
semantics, or at best an opinionated debate about minor
differences between the two qualitative conceptualizations.
We beg to differ, and hope to provide more substantive points
of note that will advance the theoretical discourse that
surrounds these two alternative, sustainable tourism genres.
Both ideas arise out of the Italy-born, Slow Food Movement's
emergence as an antithesis to the 'fast life' of modern society.
Beyond this commonality, the two are offered as alternatives
to mass tourism, though their rationales for doing so diverge
theoretically and practically. There is also a parallel concern
about how these alternative genres are ecologically sensitive
and how they fit, or do not fit, the tenets of sustainable
tourism, in which the best interests of human-environmental
relations in the near- and more distant- future are not
compromised.
The structure of our argument is as follows. First, we
compare and contrast slow travel and slow tourism, pointing
out their common conceptual roots, their similarities and
points of departure, and most significantly their decidedly
different contextual 'spaces'. Of particular salience are the
ecological and developmental conundrums the two genres
pose or do not address sufficiently, and in the case of slow
travel appear to avoid. We then proceed to a discussion that
brings the challenging objectives of sustainable tourism and
ecologically sustainable development into focus, with the
following questions helping guide the critique. Are slow
travel and slow tourism equally viable alternatives as new
tourism models? How much should sustainable tourism and
sustainable development goals enter into our assessments
of their future promise? How much do geographical and
developmental contexts matter when evaluating these slow
movement genres? Finally, in a concluding summary we
press the point that slow travel and slow tourism are
decidedly different genres with different ecological
rationales, despite their common conceptual roots.

Τα τελευταία χρόνια, συχνά, σε επιστημονικά και επαγγελματικά συνέδρια για το τουρισμό γίνονται αναφορές στα οικονομικά οφέλη που επιφυλάσσει η ανάπτυξη του παράκτιου και του θαλάσσιου τουρισμού για τη χώρα. Μάλιστα, για πολλά παράκτια και νησιωτικά κράτη ο θαλάσσιος τουρισμός αποτελεί τον κύριο κορμό της τουριστικής δραστηριότητας, ενώ σε πολλές περιπτώσεις συνιστά τη μοναδική μορφή τουρισμού. Ο θαλάσσιος τουρισμός είναι μια από τις δυναμικότερες μορφές του σύγχρονου τουρισμού. Ο θαλάσσιος τουρισμός περιλαμβάνει όλες τις δραστηριότητες αναψυχής που έχουν ως πεδίο αναφοράς και ανάπτυξης – δράσης το θαλάσσιο περιβάλλον.
Αρκετοί συγγραφείς ταυτίζουν, λανθασμένα, το θαλάσσιο τουρισμό με δύο μόνο δραστηριότητες, το γιώτινγκ και την κρουαζιέρα. Σήμερα όμως, ο θαλάσσιος τουρισμός δεν περιορίζεται μόνο στη θαλάσσια περιήγηση με την όποια εξελιγμένη μορφή του δηλαδή κρουαζιέρα, γιώτινγκ κ.λπ.. Στην έννοια του θαλάσσιου τουρισμού εντάσσεται κάθε είδους ανθρώπινη δραστηριότητα που έχει ως πεδίο δράσης το θαλάσσιο χώρο και ως σκοπό την αναψυχή και την πολιτισμική επικοινωνία. Με την ευρεία αυτή έννοια, ο θαλάσσιος τουρισμός περιλαμβάνει ένα πλήθος δραστηριοτήτων όπως είναι η χρήση σκαφών αναψυχής (ιστιοφόρα, γιωτ, μηχανοκίνητα σκάφη κ.λπ.), η διενέργεια κρουαζιέρων, η κολύμβηση, η χρήση ταχυπλόων σκαφών, τα θαλάσσια αθλήματα (θαλάσσιο σκι, jet ski, windsurfing, surfing κ.λπ.), η ερασιτεχνική αλιεία, η κατάδυση, η περιήγηση σε θαλάσσια πάρκα, η παρατήρηση φαλαινών και δελφινιών, η επίσκεψη σε ναυτικά μουσεία - λιμάνια μουσεία - ιστορικά πλοία, η αναπαράσταση ναυτικών γεγονότων κ.λπ.. Οι δραστηριότητες αυτές προσελκύουν εκατομμύρια επισκέπτες, αποφέροντας πολλαπλά οφέλη στους τόπους υποδοχής.
Όταν πρωτοεκδόθηκε, το 2005, το σύγγραμμα με τίτλο «Θαλάσσιος τουρισμός» θα λέγαμε ότι η προσέγγιση αυτή ήταν καινοτόμος και προκάλεσε ποικίλα σχόλια λόγω των προτεινόμενων ιδιαίτερων μορφών και δραστηριοτήτων του θαλάσσιου τουρισμού. Κατά την δεκαπενταετή περίοδο που διανύθηκε από την έκδοση της μονογραφίας διαπιστώθηκε ότι η συμβολή της στον επιστημονικό διάλογο για τη διαμόρφωση θαλάσσιας τουριστικής πολιτικής υπήρξε εμφανής. Μάλιστα, σε διάφορα νομοθετικά κείμενα της πολιτείας (Ν. 4276/2014, Ν. 4582/2018, ο Ν. 4688/2020) υιοθετήθηκαν διάφοροι όροι και διακρίσεις των δραστηριοτήτων του θαλάσσιου τουρισμού που διατυπώθηκαν στη συγκεκριμένη μονογραφία. Επίσης, καθιερώθηκε ως μάθημα ο «Θαλάσσιος Τουρισμός» σε πολλά προγράμματα σπουδών πανεπιστημιακών τμημάτων τουριστικών σπουδών, τόσο σε προπτυχιακό όσο και σε μεταπτυχιακό επίπεδο.
Ο θαλάσσιος τουρισμός θεωρείται ως ιδιαίτερος και εξειδικευμένος κλάδος του ευρύτερου τομέα του τουρισμού που απαιτεί τη γνώση και παράλληλα την προστασία του θαλάσσιου περιβάλλοντος. Η ορθολογική ανάπτυξη του θαλάσσιου τουρισμού επιβάλλει τη διαμόρφωση θαλάσσιας τουριστικής πολιτικής με τη συμμετοχή των αρμόδιων φορέων του δημόσιου και ιδιωτικού τομέα αλλά και με τη συμμετοχή της κοινωνίας των πολιτών. Παράλληλα, σε ενωσιακό και διεθνές επίπεδο, αναλαμβάνονται θεσμικές πρωτοβουλίες για την προστασία του θαλάσσιου περιβάλλοντος και την ανάπτυξη του θαλάσσιου τουρισμού στο πλαίσιο της αειφόρου τουριστικής ανάπτυξης. 

Το σύγγραμμα χωρίζεται σε τέσσερα μέρη. Το πρώτο, μετά από μια σύντομη αναδρομή στην ιστορία του θαλάσσιου τουρισμού, αναφέρεται στο φυσικό και στο κοινωνικό περιβάλλον του θαλάσσιου τουρισμού. Το δεύτερο προβαίνει σε ανάλυση της τυπολογίας του θαλάσσιου τουρισμού, παρουσιάζοντας τις διάφορες μορφές και δραστηριότητες του θαλάσσιου τουρισμού με αναφορά σε μελέτες περίπτωσης και καλές πρακτικές από όλο τον κόσμο. Στο τρίτο μέρος αναλύονται οι επιδράσεις του θαλάσσιου τουρισμού στην οικονομία, στην κοινωνία, στον πολιτισμό και στο περιβάλλον. Επίσης, γίνεται εκτενής αναφορά σε θέματα θαλάσσιας ρύπανσης  και στους κινδύνους, φυσικής και ανθρωπογενούς προέλευσης, που προκύπτουν στο θαλάσσιο τουρισμό και στους τρόπους αντιμετώπισής τους. Τέλος, στο τέταρτο μέρος γίνεται αναφορά στους δημόσιους φορείς που εμπλέκονται στο χώρο του θαλάσσιου τουρισμού, στο ελληνικό θεσμικό πλαίσιο και στις πολιτικές της ευρωπαϊκής ένωσης. Επίσης, γίνεται αναφορά σε μεθόδους και τεχνικές διαχείρισης του θαλάσσιου τουρισμού.
Οι συγγραφείς, ως πολυ-πτυχιούχοι, έχοντας δεκαοκταετή επαγγελματική προϋπηρεσία στη δημόσια διοίκηση του τουρισμού γενικότερα αλλά και του θαλάσσιου τουρισμού ειδικότερα και ως διδάσκοντες επί εικοσαετία στην ανώτατη εκπαίδευση, επιχειρούν διεπιστημονική προσέγγιση του θαλάσσιου τουρισμού.
Ευελπιστούν ότι το πόνημα αυτό θα συμβάλλει στην συνέχιση του επιστημονικού διαλόγου για τη διαμόρφωση μιας ορθολογικής θαλάσσιας τουριστικής πολιτικής στη χώρα μας, με στόχο την αειφόρο ανάπτυξη.
Κωδικός στον Εύδοξο: 94643257

Περίληψη

Η παρούσα διπλωματική φιλοδοξεί να εξετάσει τα ιδιαίτερα χαρακτηριστικά της Νάξου, που συναποτελούν το τουριστικό προϊόν της και την δυνατότητα που έχει η ίδια ως τουριστικός προορισμός να τα αξιοποιήσει αυτόνομα ή συνδυαστικά, ώστε να εμπλουτίσει το υπάρχον πρότυπο ή να δημιουργήσει ένα νέο εναλλακτικό μοντέλο, το οποίο θα βασίζεται στα συγκριτικά πλεονεκτήματα της. Η σημασία του θέματος σχετίζεται με την ανάγκη μιας διαφορετικής οπτικής στην φιλοσοφία της τουριστικής ανάπτυξης των ελληνικών προορισμών και ιδιαίτερα των νησιωτικών περιοχών με εναλλακτικές και ήπιες μορφές τουρισμού, που δίνουν αξία στον ταξιδιώτη αναδεικνύοντας κάθε φορά τα ποιοτικά στοιχεία του τόπου και των ανθρώπων του.
Η Νάξος ως ένας αναπτυσσόμενος τουριστικός προορισμός μπορεί να αποτελέσει το πεδίο έρευνας μιας τέτοιας μελέτης, καθώς έχει κοινά χαρακτηριστικά σε σχέση με τα υπόλοιπα νησιά του Αιγαίου, αλλά και ιδιαιτερότητες, που χρήζουν διερεύνησης και ανάλυσης. Η ανάπτυξη εναλλακτικών μορφών τουρισμού είναι ένα σημαντικό κίνητρο για τους τουρίστες που θέλουν να βιώσουν την κουλτούρα του τόπου, αναζητώντας την διαφορετικότητα μέσα από την εμπειρία. Είναι όμως εξίσου σημαντικό για τους προορισμούς όσο και για τις τουριστικές επιχειρήσεις, προτάσσοντας την ανάγκη του ανταγωνισμού, όχι σε επίπεδο τιμών αλλά στην αξία των υπηρεσιών που τελικά προσφέρονται στον τουρίστα. 
Η διπλωματική εργασία χωρίζεται σε τρία επίπεδα. Το πρώτο αφορά την υφιστάμενη κατάσταση του προορισμού, αναφέροντας τα ιδιαίτερα χαρακτηριστικά του και τις εναλλακτικές μορφές τουρισμού. Το δεύτερο αναλύει το συνολικό τουριστικό προϊόν της Νάξου, εμβαθύνοντας σε θέματα αξιολόγησης και δυνατοτήτων του προορισμού. Το τρίτο και τελευταίο μέρος αφορά την συζήτηση επί των ευρημάτων και την διατύπωση διοικητικών προτάσεων σχετικά με το μοντέλο τουριστικής ανάπτυξης της Νάξου, όπου προτείνεται η πιλοτική εφαρμογή ενός διαδικτυακού μοντέλου συγκεντρωτικής διαχείρισης του τουριστικού προϊόντος της με στόχο την καλύτερη αξιοποίηση του. 

Λέξεις – Κλειδιά : Νησιωτικοί Προορισμοί, Εναλλακτικές Μορφές, Ειδικές Μορφές Τουρισμού, Καινοτομία, Τουριστικό Μάρκετινγκ, Μοντέλο Ανάπτυξης

Dehoorne Olivier, « Une histoire du tourisme international : de la déambulation exotique à la bulle sécurisée », Revue internationale et stratégique, 2013/2 n° 90, p. 77-85. Distribution électronique Cairn.info pour Armand Colin. © Armand Colin. Tous droits réservés pour tous pays.

Transformational tourism is an emergent research field, reflecting a broader paradigm shift that encompasses changes in tourist profiles that challenge tourism businesses to deliver experiences that meet the expectations of tourists seeking opportunities for self-development and inner transformation. This chapter presents the outcomes of a Computer-Assisted Qualitative Data Analysis (CAQDAS) exploring how service providers are communicating 1 transformational tourism experiences online. The findings reveal that the place where the experiences are delivered and the experience characteristics are frequently emphasized, which reinforces their relevance in the process of tourist transformation. Contents addressing the transformation process and the needs of the tourist can also be found. Based on these findings and on the literature review, research implications are discussed, and future research directions are presented.

The present textbook is intended for the students from the specialties "Organization and management of tourist services", "Organization and management of hotels and restaurants" and "Tourist animation and tour guide" from the professional field "Tourism" of the "College of Tourism" Blagoevgrad, studying the discipline "Alternative Forms of Tourism". It would also be of interest to students, specialists, graduates and doctoral students from other higher education institutions who are trained in Tourism, Tourism Economics, Tourism Management, Hospitality Management and specialists, Experts and managers from the tourism industry dealing with the issues of alternative tourism and sustainable and specialized types and forms of tourism.
The contents of the textbook emphasize the fact that in recent years Bulgaria has become a popular tourist destination, attractive for more tourists from all over the world with its favorable conditions for practicing various types of tourism: sea, mountain, ski, health and balneological, spa and Wellness-tourism, cultural-historical and cognitive, ecological, rural, hunting and fishing tourism, speleological tourism and others. The results achieved in this respect have laid solid foundations and imposed our country as one of the most successful destinations recognized in Europe, developing sustainable tourism.
The only issue here is the sustainable and appropriate use and conservation of natural and anthropogenic tourism resources, with a view to long-term prospects and development of the destination. We believe that this could only be achieved through the long-term strategic planning and implementation of alternative forms of tourism in the places, areas and regions visited by tourists.
The textbook also presents some good practices and examples in the world and in Bulgaria, regarding the practice and development of alternative forms of tourism as well as their legal regulation in international and national terms.

The format of tourism nowadays is not only to travel abroad to rest, moreover, it
includes to discover natural and historical site as well as to learn about the culture
of a place. During the last decades, tourism industry has been finding new ways
of attractions to invite people. While developed countries have the potential to
create such attraction sites, Turkey as a less developed country has naturally
historical, natural, and cultural sites that attract a tremendous number of tourists
every year.
One of these sites is Lake Manyas, which is the topic of this thesis. Lake Manyas,
also called “Bird paradise”, is an important natural site with a huge potential for
ecotourism. The thesis is based on document review by collecting historical and
current data on the topic. Additionally, the author collected data at the spot by
interviewing persons in charge, observing birds as a personal experience, and
taking photos to make this work more picturesque.
Starting with the physical properties of Lake Manyas (location and its
importance), the first focus is on the genesis of the lake, i.e., how it was formed
during different ages. Afterwards, the climate of Lake Manyas as well as it is flora
and fauna are described. Central here are the threats towards it is plants and
animals as well as it is sensitive ecosystem. Data on the population and economic
features of the area around the lake show a much smaller population (compared
to other areas nearby) that primarily focuses on farming and fishing, but also
industrial food production. This first chapter ends with a detailed information how
to reach Lake Manyas from different directions.
The second chapter summarized the history of Manyas, historical site of city and
explained importance of the area. Lake Manyas, which was first discovered by
the German zoologist Curt Kosswig (1903-1982) in 1952 as a bird paradise. In
V
the following years, the lake and it is environment were getting repeatedly
protected as a national park.
The last chapter finally focuses on the importance of the history and archeological
site of the Manyas and Lake Manyas it is national park for tourism. The value and
potential of ecotourism are described, also in terms of the protection of the
national park. The center of this part targets bird watching and the related facilities
that are provided for tourists, including the Museum of the national park. Finally,
international tourism of Lake Manyas is presented, e.g., how much it is
internationally known about the lake and its surrounding national park, what are
the opinions of international tourists about it, and the international Bandırma Bird
Paradise Festival.
To conclude, Lake Manyas has nationally and internationally a very high value
and must be protected from any harm by using the principles of ecotourism (e.g.,
sustainability). This could not only protect the lake, but can also raise the fame of
Lake Manyas as a Bird Paradise to an international level.

This article examines the growth of Community-Based Tourism within the broader discipline of tourism. New topics in the field have emerged such as responsible tourism, pro-poor tourism, sports tourism and moral impacts of tourism. This phenomenon also reflects the multi-disciplinarity of tourism. In this article, using the Title, Abstract and Keywords (TAK) for instances in which the words (Community-based Tourism, Community Tourism and Community-Based Eco-Tourism) to subsume Community-Based Tourism (CBT), a search was made in various databases and found that CBT as a sub-specialty of tourism started to emerge in the late 1970s and early 1980s. The number of articles published specifically on CBT has been growing phenomenally. The major contribution of this article is that we now know the evolution of CBT and we also now know its trajectory of growth which has been upward. While the number of articles on CBT is growing, there is no journal dedicated solely to CBT.

Son yıllarda yapılan araştırmalar, insanların kitle turizminden ziyade tabiatla, çevreyle, değişik kültür ve yaşayışlarla bütünleşmeyi sağlayacak turizm konseptlerine yöneldiklerini göstermektedir. Alternatif turizm türlerinden yayla turizmi bu bakımdan öne çıkan turizm konseptlerinin başında gelmektedir. Günümüzde insanlar, artık dinlenmek, tatil yapmak, şehrin ve çalışma hayatının stres ve yorgunluğundan kurtulmak için yaylaları tercih etmeye başlamışlardır. Hatta ikinci bir konut almak veya bir devre mülk edinmek için yaylaların giderek daha uygun bulunmaya ve gözde tatil mekânları olarak kabul edilmeye başlandığı görülmektedir.
Türkiye, doğal yapının bozulmadığı, yöresel kültürlerin önemli oranda yaşanmaya devam ettiği, sakin ve huzurlu bir hayatın sürdürüldüğü yaylalara sahip bir ülkedir. Sanayileşmenin olmadığı bölgeler olması nedeniyle, doğal, kırsal ve kültürel yapının bozulmadığı bu yaylalarda, yöresel lezzetlere de rastlamak mümkündür. Bu durum, ülkemizde yayla turizminin geliştirilebilmesi için gerekli potansiyelin bulunduğunu göstermektedir. Ancak yayla turizmini geliştirmeye yönelik sistemli ve planlı çalışmaların bulunmaması ve bu doğal güzelliklerin tanıtımında yaşanan aksaklıklar bu potansiyelin ortaya çıkmasını geciktirmektedir.
Konya’ya bağlı Bozkır İlçesi’nin doğal güzellikleri ve tarihi değerleri ile bir eko-turizm bölgesi ve özellikle yayla turizmi bölgesi olma özelliği mevcuttur. Ayrıca ilçe, klasik turizme uyum sağlama potansiyeli taşımaktadır. İlçede, doğal güzellikleri bozulmamış, çok sayıda yayla bulunmaktadır. İlçe, geçmişinin kadim tarihlere dayanmasından dolayı cami, kale, köprü, sarnıç ve han gibi tarihî değerleri barındırmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Bozkır İlçesinde, yayla turizminin geliştirilebilmesi ve bunun bir kalkınma ekonomisine dönüştürülebilmesi için gerekli potansiyele sahip olup olmadığı değerlendirilecektir.

This paper presents the development of tourism market through the alternative forms of tourism. Origins and main definitions are presented followed by an analysis of the complexity of classifying the alternative forms of tourism. It is about developing new forms of sustainable tourism that integrate local populations and both natural and human environments of host countries. Ecotourism, cultural tourism and creative tourism support a different philosophy of tourism. Ecotourism in recent years encloses many tourism forms focused on natural environment. In the concept of alternative tourism, the dynamic growth of cultural tourism can be explained by the fast growth of demand for trips to various cultural attractions and amenities. Τhe increase of the educated population around the world, the globalization and technology supported this growth. The cultural tourist, from consumer is transforming to producer of the cultural products and experiences. As culture tourists become more interactive and creative, cultural tourism needs to be repositioned and become more “creative” too. In this way, the present article offers useful information about the current trends in tourism market.

Sağlık turizmi geniş anlamda insanların sağlık ve şifa bulmak amacıyla seyahat faaliyetinde bulunmalarıdır. Buradaki şifa bulma ihtiyacı geleneksel sağlık hizmetlerinin yanı sıra; kozmetik/estetik operasyonları, tamamlayıcı/alternatif tedavileri ve iyileştirici özelliği bulunan su kaynaklarıyla tedaviyi kapsar. Sağlık turizminin çeşitlerine bakıldığında: medikal sağlık turizmi, termal turizm ve spa-wellness özellikli sağlık turizmi karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Termal turizm, termal su kaynaklarından yararlanmak amacıyla gerçekleştirilen sağlık turizmi çeşididir. Ülkemiz sıcaklıkları 20-110 derece, debileri 2-500 l/sn arasında değişen 1000’in üzerinde kaynağıyla “kaplıca cenneti” olarak ifade edilmekte ve kaynak zenginliği açısından dünyada ilk yedi ülke arasında yer almaktadır.
Bu çalışma ile ülkemiz termal turizm potansiyeli incelenecek ayrıca “Konya Ilgın Kaplıcaları”; ulaşım olanakları, sularının özellikleri, termal konaklama tesisleri ve yatak kapasiteleri açısından incelenerek Ilgın Kaplıcaları’nın ülkemiz termal turizm potansiyelindeki yeri tespit edilecek ve bölge termal turizmi açısından önerilerde bulunulacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Sağlık Turizmi, Termal Turizm, Kaplıca

Health tourism is the traveling activity performed by people who are searching the health and the cure. Instead of the general health services, the search of cure includes cosmetic/esthetic operations, complemental/alternative treatments and the treatments with water resources that have healing features. Health tourism has three types: medical health tourism, thermal tourism and spa-wellness tourism. Thermal tourism is a type of health tourism, performed to benefit from thermal water sources. Turkey is one of the best seven countries famous for its rich thermal water sources and called as “hot springs paradise” with its more than 1000 sources whose temperature vary between 20-110 oC and flow rate is between 2-500 liters/sec.

With this study, besides the thermal tourism potential of our country, “Konya-Ilgın Hot Springs” will be investigated in terms of; transportation opportunities, infrastructure/superstructure conditions, characteristics of water sources, accommodation opportunities and capacities. As a result of this investigation the place of “Konya-Ilgın Hot Springs” in the thermal tourism potential of Turkey will be determined and the suggestions will be given to improve the region’s tourism potential.

Key Words: Health Tourism, Thermal Tourism, Hot Springs

This volume examines the development of alternative and creative forms of tourism in a range of different contexts around the world. Drawn from papers presented at the ATLAS  Expert Meeting on Alternative and Creative Tourism held in Barcelona in 2013, the 10 chapters examine issues such as the development of 'in-between experiences', home exchange, community-based creative tourism, urban exploration, arts events, film-based tourism and gastronomic experiences.

The monograph offers a research and a planning technology of tourism development in an emerging tourist destination, whose current image does not support, but hinders the development of tourism. Vire this monograph the path from the desire of local authorities to develop viable tourism is traced to the final formulation of practice-oriented guidelines for creating a marketing and communication strategy to promote the municipality of Chelopech as an attractive tourist destination. Here you will find the know-how of each step in tourism development planning, also explained in terms of marketing theory. The valuable thing is that the theory is synthesized and presented logically through practically realized steps - it is a textbook in practice, in research methodology, in methodology of creating a new image, in methodology of product construction of a tourist destination, in methodology of analysis of factors, in methodology of creating rational sectoral policies and targeted actions aiming  sustainable tourism development of the future tourist destination, as well as a practical guide for the local authorities to serve as a guide for tourism development. The theoretical part of the monograph traces all the basic concepts applied in the study, as well as the differences between image and brand, between marketing communications and integrated marketing communications - two current issues of modern marketing, that could be entirely understood only after their practical application. In theory and in practice the main functions of the destination organizations are presented, what the function of almost  all marketing tools is, what the function of the quantitative methods in tourism is, you will see what the selection of the questions in the marketing surveys is and why these questions were selected, how in practice the real state of the image is studied; the state of the tourist development and the supply in the destination are studied; which the system of matrix methodologies is that work in synchrony and these methodologies are interchangeable at each stage of their application to activate resources, to consolidate and to promote the entire product range, which leads to planned, predictable and sustainable product development as a whole.
The empirical researches contribute to supplementing the strong information deficits in the region and it is necessary constant observations and a periodic updating to be carried out in relation to the dynamically changing realities.
The contribution of the present study is that it could serve as a model of local tourism development and branding for other destinations as well. It creates the know-how  about the inexhaustible tourist resources - nature, culture and history, that can be integrated and interpreted through festivals and events in any traditional or new tourist product. At the same time, following the example of Chelopech, the resources of the artistic and creative unions, the community centers in the Republic of Bulgaria, clubs for hobby interests, cultural and other organizations can be integrated for the creation of the long-awaited Bulgarian entertainment industry.
The marketing plan activates and integrates resources to create a wide range of regional tourism products that have the spirit of our history, culture, nature and traditions. Thus, the form, the content and the technology for product realization of Chelopech resource build in the name of tourism, culture and products of Bulgaria a national philosophy and a national vector based on intangible resources.
Indirect effects of applying the proposed methodology for building a viable tourism and turning a small municipality into an attractive tourist destination are: creation of manageable processes for short-term, medium-term and long-term activation of the demand and supply of Bulgarian tourist products; formation of thematic visions and tourist packages - with attractive in thematic profiles sport, cultural, culinary, party, academic and other areas and tours to build a thematic-regional image of tourism; creating the basis of a vision and mission for strategic positioning of the product of Chelopech in the Bulgarian cultural tourist product and activating the tourist resources of the Bulgarian rural municipalities and regions following the example of Chelopech destination.

Barcelona presents an ideal-typical case of the development of creative tourism. The city has become a leading player in creative tourism development for a number of reasons, including:

 the current model of mass tourism development has begun to falter, stimulating a search for alternative models that articulate with everyday life and local creativity
 the relatively closed nature of the cultural sector in the city has positioned creative tourism as a potential avenue for networking and knowledge exchange
 Frequent repeat visits have stimulated tourists to seek out new areas of the city and new ways of experiencing the city. This has also been a source of contact between locals and tourists, which has been an important factor in introducing local creativity to visitors.

This paper analyses the development of cultural and creative tourism in Barcelona, particularly emphasising the crisis caused by the success of the original cultural tourism model. The emergence of creative tourism is analysed as a movement stimulated by, and positioned in opposition to, the traditional tourism model and established tourism regime.

The development of cultural and creative tourism over time has not only extended the ‘reach’ of tourism into new areas of the city, but has also created new relationships between locals and visitors. This evolution can been seen as a shift from experience based models of tourism, which Onni (2012) characterises as being non-relational and temporally limited, to relational modes of creative tourism, which are based on informal networks, weak ties and shared interests.

The paper also considers the further implications of the emergence of alternative informal circuits of tourism in the city, especially as these imply different concepts of value, and the development of relational capital in addition to or in place of economic capital.

Le tourisme est un des enjeux de l’économie mondiale. L’Organisation des Nations Unies (ONU) estimait en 2017 que le tourisme était l’un des secteurs économiques qui connaissait la croissance la plus rapide au monde. Il est souvent le point de référence des rapports des institutions internationales en termes de génération de prospérités économiques, de contributions aux économies locales et d’outil efficace pour la protection de l’environnement (ONU, 2017).  On le retrouve, entre autres, dans le Programme 2013, les Objectifs du Millénaire pour le Développement Durable (ODD), la Conférence Rio+20 (ONU, 2017). Ainsi, le tourisme est de plus en plus considéré comme moteur de développement durable (UNWTO, 2015). Il a été mentionné dans la résolution 66/288 de l’Assemblée Générale des Nations Unies (AGNU) comme secteur capable de contribuer significativement aux trois dimensions du développement durable.

Le tourisme alternatif a beaucoup été étudié dans les îles et les régions balnéaires, les montagnes, les forêts et les parcs. Peu d’études se sont intéressées à cette activité dans les zones désertiques. Ainsi, cette thèse doctorale a pour ambition de déterminer dans quelle mesure les activités liées au tourisme alternatif dans les régions désertiques de Djanet et de Taghit permettent de traiter des enjeux socio-économiques et environnementaux. Aussi, à travers une analyse documentaire et empirique, il sera question de déterminer si les caractéristiques spécifiques à Djanet et à Taghit permettent de comprendre les pratiques du tourisme alternatif.

Ο Σκοτεινός Τουρισμός, θεωρείται ως ο τύπος τουρισμού που περιλαμβάνει επίσκεψη σε πραγματικούς ή αναδημιουργημένους χώρους που σχετίζονται με το θάνατο, την ταλαιπωρία, την κακοτυχία ή φαινομενικά μακάβρια γεγονότα και δεν αποτελεί μια νέα έννοια, ακόμη και από τουριστικής άποψης. Στην πραγματικότητα, οι τόποι πολέμου, καταστροφών, θανάτου και αγριότητας πάντα γοήτευαν τους ανθρώπους και για αυτό και τους επισκέπτονταν. Η έννοια του σκοτεινού τουρισμού έχει σχεδιαστεί και μελετηθεί τα τελευταία χρόνια και με τη σειρά τους έχουν εμφανιστεί πολλοί προορισμοί παγκοσμίως, παίζοντας σημαντικό ρόλο τόσο στην οικονομία μιας χώρας, όσο και στην εικόνα της. Υπάρχει, ωστόσο, ένα κενό στη λογοτεχνία για τον συγκεκριμένο τύπο τουρισμού.  Όσον αφορά την πολιτιστική ανάπτυξη, η διάκριση ανάμεσα στα δύο είδη του πολιτισμού, τον τεχνικό και τον πνευματικό, δίνει την πεμπτουσία της έννοιας μέσα από θεσμούς, όπως ο τουρισμός, που έχουν να επιδείξουν και τις δύο μορφές του και μάλιστα στον υπερθετικό βαθμό1.  Ο μεν τεχνικός πολιτισμός (civilization) είναι το αποτέλεσμα των ενεργειών των ανθρώπων πάνω στις εξωτερικές δυνάμεις της φύσης, δηλαδή αναφέρεται στα τεχνικά μέσα και στο επίπεδο της υλικής μόνο ζωής των ανθρώπων (standards of life). Ο δε πνευματικός πολιτισμός (culture) που έχει μεταφραστεί στα ελληνικά «κουλτούρα», είναι το αποτέλεσμα των ενεργειών του ανθρώπου στις εσωτερικές του δυνάμεις. Στην ουσία αφορά τις μορφές της κοινωνικής συμβίωσης και τις επίτευξης της πνευματικής ζωής. Καθορίζει σε μεγάλο βαθμό τον τρόπο ζωής, τις αιτίες και την προσωπικότητα επηρεάζοντας στη συνέχεια και τις όποιες αγοραστικές αποφάσεις των πολιτών κάθε έθνους. Ο κύριος στόχος της παρούσας εργασίας είναι να παρουσιάσει μια ανασκόπηση της βιβλιογραφίας σχετικά με αυτό το νέο τουριστικό προϊόν σε σχέση με την πολιτιστική ανάπτυξη μίας περιοχής. Θα ασχοληθούμε αποκλειστικά με τον τεχνικό πολιτισμό που μπορεί να αναπτυχθεί στο νησί της Μακρονήσου σε συνδυασμό με τον Σκοτεινό Τουρισμό αναδεικνύοντας έτσι την ιστορική και πολιτιστική σημασία του τόπου, πίσω από την σκοτεινή του πλευρά. Συγκεκριμένα, πρόθεσή της εργασίας αποτελεί η παρουσίαση της ιστορίας και της εξέλιξης των δύο αυτών εννοιών στα πλαίσια της βιβλιογραφικής ανασκόπησης στο Α μέρος της εργασίας. Όπως, επίσης, την δημιουργία ποιοτικής έρευνας για την ανάδειξη της Μακρονήσου ως ένα τέτοιο τόπο στο Β μέρος. Θα μπορούσαμε να πούμε ότι η παρούσα εργασία αποτελεί ένα μικρό δείγμα της ελληνικής βιβλιογραφίας αναφορικά με το αντικείμενο. Γι’ αυτό το λόγο η έρευνα βασίστηκε σε δύο συνιστώσες. Πρώτον στην ανάλυση του σκοτεινού τουρισμού βασισμένη αποκλειστικά σε έμπιστη ξενόγλωσση βιβλιογραφία, και δεύτερον στην πολιτιστική ανάπτυξη σε ευρωπαϊκό επίπεδο. 

Λέξεις κλειδιά: Πολιτιστική Ανάπτυξη, Σκοτεινός Τουρισμός, Εναλλακτικός Τουρισμός, Μακρόνησος

Hiking is a physical activity aiming at recreation, training, and physical fitness. As a rule, people are engaged in this activity during vacations. However, very often, hiking is the main motive for travelling. This very fact allows us to refer to hiking as a distinct type of tourism, being the very reason to make a trip. In Greece, both Greeks and foreigners engage in this activity, following one of the two European long-distance footpaths (E4 and E6). This research aims at investigating motives, attitudes and behaviours of Greek hikers, members of the "Friends of Mountain and Sea Club", who undertake hiking tours in Greece and abroad. The research indicates that the main motive the hikers have, are contact with nature, wish to explore new places, and getting to know the civilization of different regions. On the way to their destination, hikers, in addition to hiking, also visit places and monuments of cultural interest. This form of tourism is environment friendly, as the majority of hikers respect and protect the natural and cultural environment. Planinarenje je fizička aktivnost čiji je cilj rekreacija, trening i fizička spremnost. Ljudi se po pravilu bave ovom aktivnošću tokom odmora. Međutim, vrlo često je planinarenje glavni motiv putovanja. Upravo ta činjenica omogućava nam da planinarenje označimo kao poseban vid turizma, koji je i sam razlog za putovanje. U Grčkoj se i Grci i stranci bave ovom aktivnošću prateći jednu od dve evropske pešačke staze (E4 i E6). Ovo istraživanje ima za cilj da istraži motive, stavove i ponašanje grčkih planinara, članova "Kluba prijatelja planina i mora", koji idu na pešačke ture u Grčku i inostranstvo. Istraživanje ukazuje na to da su glavni motivi planinara kontakt sa prirodom, želja za istraživanjem novih mesta i upoznavanje civilizacije različitih regiona. Na putu do odredišta, planinari, pored pešačenja, posećuju i mesta i spomenike od kulturnog značaja. Ovaj oblik turizma je prihvatljiv za životnu sredinu, jer većina planinara poštuje i štiti prirodno i kulturno okruženje.

Edebiyat, toplumsal olguları yansıtması bakımından her zaman değerli bir sosyolojik araç olmuştur. Edebiyat aracılığıyla toplumu doğrudan gözlemlemek yerine, toplumun yaşadığı olayları ortaya koyan usta edebiyatçıların aktardıkları durumlar üzerinden ilginç varsayımlara ulaşılabilir.
Sosyal olayların, bireylerarası ve kültürlerarası etkileşimlerin ve tarihin çeşitli dönemlerindeki toplumsal dönüşümlerin en önemli betimsel aracı olan edebiyat, bu anlamda turizm bilimi ile dolaylı, ancak bir o kadar da etkin bir ilişki halindedir. Edebiyat ve turizm arasındaki bu ilişki, gerek bir
esere konu olmuş gerekse usta bir yazarın yaşamını sürdürdüğü şehirlere, kasabalara, mekânlara ve otellere turizm amaçlı seyahatlerin gerçekleşmesi için farklı bir motivasyon ve çekicilik unsuru
sağlamaktadır. Gerçekleşen bu seyahatler ile ortaya çıkan “edebiyat turizmi” kavramının ele alındığı bu çalışma bir literatür araştırmasıdır. Ülkemizde geçmişte ve günümüzde edebiyat alanına büyük katkı yapmış ustaların ve ortaya koydukları edebi eserlerin önemi göz önüne alınarak, edebiyat turizmi ile ilgili alanyazın incelendiğinde, bu konuda yapılmış çalışma sayısının az olması dikkat çekicidir. Diğer taraftan edebiyat turizmi bu çalışmalarda “edebi miras turizmi” adı altında geçmektedir.
Alanyazın incelemesinde, Türkiye’de edebiyat turizmi adı altında bir çalışmaya rastlanmamıştır. Bu durum da araştırmanının alana katkı sağlaması açısından özgün bir değer oluşturmaktadır.

Spiritüel turizm; kişinin inançlarına ya da inancına olanak sağlayan kutsal bir mekâna veya türbeye, tapınağa ya da mabede yapılan bir seyahat olmasının yanı sıra kendi özünü bulma arayışı olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Temelinde, turistin sadece seyahati süresince değil, hayatı boyunca geçerli olabilecek deneyimler kazanmasını amaçlamaktadır. Bu nedenle sadece dini amaçlarla olmayıp, turistlerin spiritüel bakış açısı kazanarak kendi içsel dünyalarını keşfetmek amacıyla yaptıkları seyahatler spiritüel turizmin kapsamında değerlendirilmektedir. Nitel araştırma tekniği kullanılan bu araştırmada öncelikle alan yazın incelemesi yapılmıştır. Ardından dünyada aktif olarak görülen spiritüel turizm hareketleri incelenmiştir. Araştırma, spiritüel turizm hareketlerinin nerelerde ve ne şekilde gerçekleştiğini ortaya çıkarmayı ve ileriye dönük spitirüel turizm potansiyelini ortaya çıkarmayı amaçlamaktadır. Ulusal alan yazındaki kısıtlılıktan dolayı uluslararası alan yazından yararlanılarak yapılan bu araştırmada spiritüel turizmin gerçekleştiği ve turizme kazandırılmaya çalışılan spiritüel alanları etkin bir biçimde kullanan destinasyon faaliyetleri incelenmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda, her bir ülkenin kendine has spiritüel değerlerinin ve uygulamalarının olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır. Özellikle Hindistan, Nepal, Peru ve Bali gibi destinasyonların spiritüel turizm pazarlaması alanında planlamalar yaparak ülke turizmini geliştirmeye çalıştıkları görülmektedir. Ancak bu pazarlama planlarının ağırlıklı olduğu segmentler, ülkeden ülkeye farklılık gösterdiği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Spiritüel Turizm, Spiritüalizm, Turizm, Spiritüel Turist Tipolojisi. Abstract Spiritual tourism is defined as not only a journey to a sacred place, a tomb or to a temple, a sanctuary that allows one's beliefs, but also it is defined as a quest to find your own sense of self. Basically, spiritual tourism aims to enable tourists to gain experiences that can be viable not only during travel, but throughout life. For this reason, travels not only for religious purposes but also travels that are made by gaining spiritual point of view in order to explore their inner worlds are considered within spritual tourism. In this research using qualitative research technique, firstly literature review was conducted. Then, the spiritual tourism movements that are active in the world are examined. The research aims to reveal where and how the spiritual tourism movements take place and to reveal the potential of future spritual tourism. Due to the limitation of national literature research, in this study, which is made by using international literature review, spritual areas in which spritual tourisms are took place and which are being tried to gain tourism are investigated in this study. As a result of this study, it has been revealed that each country has its own unique spiritual values and practices. Especially destinations such as India, Nepal, Peru and Bali are seen to have been trying to improve the country tourism by making plans in spiritual tourism marketing. However, segments where these marketing plans are predominant have reached the result that they vary from country to country.

In this paper our attention is focused on alternative forms of tourism and the importance of their economic and non-economic functions in the development of the hilly-mountainous areas. When it comes to economic functions and their role in the development of these areas, the impact of tourism on the local economy is expressed in the growth of consumption of goods produced for domestic and foreign tourists; and the impact of tourism on employment is indicated. The impact of tourism to the revitalization of underdeveloped areas and various aspects relevant for development are also included in this research.
In recent years a need to further research of all non-economic features of tourism and its impact on the development of tourist destinations increased, too. Therefore, in this case we will also analyze and summarize educational, health, intercultural and political development aspects of tourism and their possible positive or negative impact on socio-cultural development of small rural settlements in the hilly-mountainous areas.

Development by its nature is a process of change that may be implemented in a variety of ways. As a result, tourist receiving destinations have a variety of options to follow in developing their tourism industry. These options concern mainly the process and/or funding of development, and include the following dichotomous alternatives: capital versus labour intensive; endogenous versus exogenous; small scale versus large; alternative versus mass and enclave versus spread out. It is the aim of this paper to discuss the five alternatives by undertaking a literature review to investigate the benefits and costs associated with each of them and providing guidelines for destination tourism development. From the review it is evident the possibility of categorising the five development options into two distinctive groups, namely conscious and conventional tourism. Each group presents differences to its impacts to a tourist receiving destination, the ownership/control patterns of the industry and the numbers of facilities and tourists.

Keywords: development options, conventional versus conscious tourism.

Докладът е посветен на интерпретиране резултатите от международни и национални проучвания свързани с комплексните условия и проблеми, тенденции и предпоставки за пазарно ориентирано и устойчиво развитие на специализираните форми на здравния туризъм – медицински/балнеоложки, СПА и уелнес програми и услуги. Основните акценти са поставени върху иновативните подходи и добри наши и чуждестранни практики в управлението чрез маркетинг на фирмите доставчици и дистрибутори на този асортимент туристически продуктови линии. Отразени са основните фактори, ограничаващи пазарното развитие, в частност свързани със законовата и нормативно-институционална регулация и водещи тенденции в европейското и регионално пазарно пространство по отношение търсенето и предлагането на здравни услуги за клинично здрави и хронично болни групи потребители.

АНОТАЦИЯ Все повече туристи от страната и чужбина проявяват интерес към специализираните форми на туризъм в природни обекти от националната екологична мрежа в България. Като един от многото разновидности на хоби-туризъм през последните години се откроява ботаническият туризъм. При ботаническия туризъм основните акценти в интерпретативните програми за посетителите са свързани с популяризирането на българската флора, уникална и многообразна по своята същност. Тук неминуемо трябва да залегнат основните моменти свързани с наименования на растителните видове, историята на отделните видове, техния природозащитен статус, морфология и биология, месторастения и популации, разпространение, отрицателно действащи фактори, предприети мерки за опазване, защита и подобряване на природозащитното състояние, необходимост от изграждане на специализирана посетителска инфраструктура, целяща запазване на конкретни находища и пр. С особено голямо значение за развитието и практикуването на този специализиран вид туризъм в България остава въпросът за обучението и подготовката на високопрофесионални кадри, които да бъдат включени в разработването и предлагането на иновативни програми за ботанически туризъм. КЛЮЧОВИ ДУМИ: ботанически туризъм, възможности, развитие, национална екологична мрежа, посетителска инфраструктура, специализирани маршрути Въведение В съвременните условия все по-ясно се очертава тенденцията туристи от страната и чужбина да проявяват особен интерес към практикуването на специализирани форми на туризъм, и по-специално, такива ориентирани към природата. Едни от най-привлекателните места и райони за тях са обектите от съществуващата Национална екологична мрежа в България 1. Като един от многото разновидности на хоби-туризъм се откроява ботаническият туризъм. Изследвайки проблематиката на настоящата научна разработка, като възможна дефиниция за ботанически туризъм може да се приеме: " Провеждане на специализирани посещения на представителни райони, характеризиращи се с богато флористично разнообразие " 2. При него основните акценти в предлаганите интерпретативни програми за посетителите трябва да бъдат свързани с популяризирането на българската флора, която се характеризира като 1 Националната екологична мрежа (НЕМ) се изгражда съгл. Закона за биологичното разнообразие, обявени според изискванията на Директива 92/43/ЕИО на Съвета за опазване на естествените местообитания и на дивата флора и фауна и Директива 2009/147/ЕИО на Съвета за опазването на дивите птиции, както и Закона за защитените територии. В НЕМ приоритетно се включват КОРИНЕ места, Рамсарски места, важни места за растенията и орнитологични важни места. В България са обявени 1018 защитени територии /5,3% от територията на страната/: 55 резервати, 3 национални паркове, 349 природни забележителности, 35 поддържани резервати, 11 природни паркове и 565 защитени местности. Защитените зони, част от Европейската екологична мрежа НАТУРА 2000, с решения на МС са приети 106 зони за опазване на дивите птици /22,7%/ и 221 зони за опазване на местообитанията /30 %/ или общо 337 защитени зони покриващи общо 34,4 % от територията на страната. 2 Предложение на автора за дефиниция за ботанически туризъм /Кирилов, Ст. 2016/.

Community-based tourism (CBT) offers both opportunities and challenges in the quest
for holistic community development. The evolution and development of CBT projects
can follow different trajectories. This conceptual paper’s main contribution is the
formulation of a comprehensive model of the development of CBT. The model
suggests that CBT projects can be initiated from within and outside the community by
the private, public and non-governmental sectors or a combination of these using a topdown
or bottom-up approach. It also posits that CBT projects can take a formal or
informal character depending on the conditions leading to their initiation. The paper
highlights the benefits and constraints to the scaling up or down of operations linked to
informality. It supports further research in analyzing the various aspects associated
with the shift from formality to the informality of CBT projects and vice versa

Mass tourism is part of a historical construction. It has emerged on the day after the Second World War with sustained conomic growth provided by Western countries. The economic affirmation of newly industrialized countries confirms this phenomenon. Mass tourism matches the emergence of the middle class and the democratization of tourism in the rich countries. It is centered on some reputed international destinations. There are economic, social, cultural and ecological consequences caused by this massive concentration of visitors. While the overall volume of tourism revenues is interesting (in terms of jobs and economic growth), there are also problems locally (revenue leakage, distribution). This is the context in which reflections on alternative tourism approaches has developed. It is about developing new forms of sustainable tourism that integrate local populations and both natural and human environments of host countries. Eco tourism, community tourism, etc. support a different philosophy of tourism.

Résumé:
Le tourisme de masse s’inscrit dans une construction historique. Il prend son origine au lendemain de la Seconde Guerre Mondiale avec la croissance économique soutenue des pays occidentaux. L’affirmation économique des nouveaux pays industrialisés conforte ce phénomène. Le tourisme de masse correspond à l’émergence des classes moyennes et à la démocratisation du tourisme dans les pays riches. Il se concentre dans quelques destinations internationales réputées. Cette concentration massive de visiteurs a des conséquences économique, sociale, culturelle et écologique. Si le volume global de ses revenus touristiques est intéressant (en matière d’emplois et de croissance économique), il pose également des problèmes sur le plan local (fuites des revenus, la répartition). C’est dans ce contexte que se développent les réflexions sur les approches touristiques alternatives. Il s’agit de développer de nouvelles formes de tourisme durable qui intègrent les populations locales et les environnements naturel et humain des pays d’accueil. Ecotourisme, tourisme communautaire, etc. soutiennent une autre philosophie du tourisme.

Hüzün genellikle insanları etkileyen ve ilgisini çeken bir duygu olmuştur. Geçmişin acılarını tarih sayfalarında arayan insanlar, bir gün kendisi ve tarihi için mabet hükmünde olan bu mekânları ziyaret edip, geçmişe ait tarih sayfalarından öğrendiği o anların heyecanını yaşamayı hep istemişlerdir. İnsanlar geçmişin acılarını, hüzünlerini yaşayıp bunlardan ders çıkarıp aynı zamanda manevi bir borç bildikleri ziyaretler için seyahatler düzenlemişlerdir. Örneğin, Japonlar öğrencilerini ilk önce atom bombasının atıldığı Hiroşima bölgesine götürerek onlara geçmişin hüznü ve acılarından bahsettikten sonra öğrencilerine en son teknolojileri gösterip gelinen nokta ve sahip olunan değerleri geçmişin izleri ile anlatıp şu dersi vermektedir: eğer ülkenize sahip çıkmazsanız geleceğiniz geçmişiniz gibi olabilir. Ziyaret edilen mekânlar hüzün alanı olunca hüzün turizmi de ortaya çıkmış olmaktadır. Bu çalışmada adlandırma, sınırlama ve yükseltme, tapınaklaşma, mekanik çoğaltma ve sosyal çoğaltma olarak beş aşamadan oluşan hüzün turizminde savaş alanı mabetleşme süreci "beyaz hüzün Sarıkamış" örneği ele alınarak incelenmiştir ve sonuç olarak; Sarıkamış Destinasyonunun mabetleşme sürecini tamamlamış bir destinasyon olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

Agrotourism (also referred to as agritourism, farm-based tourism or farm tourism) has been greatly promoted in Europe as a sustainable form of rural tourism. In Greece, it was introduced in the early 1980s, mainly through EU and national subsidies and gained considerable growth. Yet, results were not as anticipated, and agrotourism entrepreneurs seem to be lost in a labyrinth of constraints.
This exploratory study examines the case of agrotourism in the Greek island of Crete. Using face-to-face, semi-structured interviews conducted with a sample of twelve local agrotourism entrepreneurs, the author attempts to shed light upon the main issues governing agrotourism in the island, and to reveal the key problems encountered in its implementation.
Findings reveal that agrotourism in Crete involves mainly the provision of accommodation, and seldomely the participation in staged farm tasks. Moreover, the study confirms the importance of agrotourism for the preservation and the promotion of the traditions and cultural heritage of Crete. Yet, contrary to initial expectations, there is no evidence that agrotourism contributes to the preservation of the architectural heritage of Crete. What is more, the study reveals a series of problems encountered by local agrotourism entrepreneurs, such as the absence of a legislative framework, limited support from national and public authorities, lack of synergies, dependency on tour operators and seasonality.
Based on the findings, the author attempts to show the way out of the dead-end by offering some recommendations. In this context, the paper stresses the need for the formulation of a legislative framework, the development of a coherent agrotourism strategy, the backing of agrotourism entrepreneurs, unification of all the representative bodies, adoption of strict building regulations and the extension of the tourism period.

The aim of the study is examining the progress of the developments in the field of halal tourism in the two years period between 1st and 2nd International Halal Tourism Congress. This study is a qualitative research and utilized the document scanning as data collection technique. In this context, web pages and abstract or full text proceeding books of tourism congress, between the years of 2017-2018 in Turkey, have been examined. Descriptive analysis method was used to analyze the data in terms of specific bibliometric parameters by frequency and percentage analysis. According to result, in two years, 28 studies were conducted in halal tourism, in terms of 2017, 14 papers in six different congresses included eight of full text and four of abstracted, secondly 16 papers in nine kinds of congresses consisted of eight for both of full text and abstracted in 2018. In total, 49 different authors contributed to these papers from 20 universities and two public institutions. It is obtained that, most of the themes discussed in the papers are respectively, 25% in the fields of “Halal Tourism & Sustainability”, following that both of the themes of “Halal Tourism Perception” and “Halal Tourism in the World” with rate of 21,4%. It was concluded that the ratio of the papers on the halal tourism in tourism congresses to the papers in the 1st Halal Tourism Congress is 24.6% and the contributed authors’ similarity rate is 30.6%.
Keywords: Halal Tourism, Tourism Congress, Proceeding Papers, Literature, Bibliometry.

To cite this article: Oliver Mtapuri & Andrea Giampiccoli (2013) Interrogating the role of the state and nonstate actors in community-based tourism ventures: toward a model for spreading the benefits to the wider community, South African Geographical Journal, 95:1, 1-15,

Abstract
Thanks to the developing communication and information technologies, significant changes are experienced in the demands and expectations of the consumers. Nowadays, the demands of consumers are changing very quickly and these are reflected as new demands on the producers. Halal tourism has emerged as a new demand of consumers who want to make a holiday. Accordingly, in academic research on the subject in Turkey in recent years it has experienced significant increases. In this context, the study aims to reveal the reasons for the increase in scientific studies in the field of halal tourism in Turkey. In the mentioned studies, due to the new and fashionable concept of halal tourism, the idea of taking part in the literature is the main motivation. Qualitative research methods were used in the study. Interview was used as data collection tool. Data were collected tourism academics in Turkey. It views were taken 43 academicians with the aid of 10 questions. According to the results of the research, reasons such as conceptual and sectoral contribution, new and fashion of the concept and anxiety in the literature have come to the fore to the increase in the studies related to halal tourism. Keywords: Halal Tourism, Academic Study, Turkey

Özet
Gelişen iletişim ve bilgi teknolojileri sayesinde, tüketicilerin istek ve beklentilerinde de önemli değişimler yaşanmaktadır. Günümüzde tüketicilerin istekleri çok hızlı bir şekilde değişmekte ve bunlar üreticilere birer yeni talep olarak yansımaktadır. Tatil yapmak isteyen tüketicilerin de yeni bir talebi olarak helal turizm ortaya çıkmıştır. Buna bağlı olarak son yıllarda Türkiye’de konuya ilişkin akademik araştırmalarda da ciddi artışlar yaşanmıştır. Bu kapsamda çalışmada, Türkiye’de helal turizm alanındaki bilimsel çalışmalarda yaşanan artışın sebeplerini ortaya koymak amaçlanmaktadır. Söz konusu çalışmalarda helal turizm kavramının yeni ve moda olmasına bağlı olarak, literatürde yer alma kaygısının ana motivasyon olduğu fikrinden hareket edilmiştir. Çalışmada nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden yararlanılmıştır. Veri toplama aracı olarak mülakat kullanılmıştır. Veriler Türkiye’deki turizm akademisyenlerinden toplanmıştır. Toplam 43 akademisyenden, sorulan 10 adet soru yardımıyla görüşleri alınmıştır. Araştırmanın sonuçlarına göre helal turizm ile ilgili çalışmalarındaki artışın kavramsal ve sektörel katkı, kavramın yeni ve modası oluşu ve literatürde yer alma kaygısı gibi sebepleri ön plana çıkmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Helal Turizm, Akademik Araştırma, Türkiye

A pesar de que las distintas modalidades de turismo alternativo se han consolidado de manera notable en el traspaís del Caribe mexicano, en respuesta a la demanda del propio turismo de masas y a la intervención de diversos organismos públicos, privados y civiles, es poco lo que se ha dicho acerca de la implementación de este tipo de oferta turística y, menos aún, de las implicaciones económicas y sociales, y sus repercusiones en la tenencia de la tierra en las localidades del medio rural yucateco. Este trabajo analiza, a partir de una serie de casos de estudio, las implicaciones del desarrollo de proyectos de turismo alternativo en terrenos ejidales. En particular nos centramos en los conflictos que derivan de este tipo de emprendimientos, la incertidumbre respecto a la tenencia de la tierra, las disputas
por los recursos comunales y los problemas de su administración, y por tanto las dificultades de control territorial, la gestión empresarial comunitaria y los dilemas del desarrollo local. Para este propósito partimos de una reflexión sobre la situación actual del ejido en Yucatán, que pasa por la consideración de la evolución de las actividades productivas del sector rural, la estructuración de las formas de propiedad y uso de la tierra, la crisis económica en el campo y la posterior introducción del turismo alternativo como una posibilidad para impulsar el desarrollo sustentable entre las poblaciones locales.

One of the best known economic theories of the early 21 st c. is Pine & Gilmore's of the experience economy (1999). This is nothing new for the tourism industry which has always been selling emotions, dreams and memories involving travel. Recently, however, it has become much more important to provide professionally (consciously and purposefully) prepared tourism products, strongly marked with emotion (Stasiak 2013) . Efforts to create original experiences for tourists include not only various modifications of traditional tourism packages, but also a search for new recreation spaces and new forms of tourism. The aim of this article is to review new tourism-recreational areas (e.g. military areas, new churches, so-called 'destination centres', along with ordinary and extreme experience spaces), as well as new forms of travel and recreation (e.g. creative, event, sports, culinary or extreme tourism). The analysis includes those phenomena which above all are currently gaining in popularity as part of the tourist experience triad (STASIAK, WŁODARCZYK 2013).

Abstract
In recent years, farm tourism has not only provided additional income to the local population, but it has also been recognized as a means of freeing rural areas from the idle situation by ensuring that cultural values and features are not recognized, valued or lost. This work with Turkey in line with the data obtained from research examining the potential of farm tourism, a conceptual model for the proposal is aimed at developing farm tourism. Interviews with farm tourism within the scope of authorities of the businesses operating in Turkey in the study trip and attended to in-situ on-farm observations and document investigations conducted to support these results are given on the data obtained. The findings are presented by using descriptive methods. The results of the survey showed that the majority of those who applied farm tourism activities for tourism are people who migrated from rural to rural areas. These people left the city with a longing for natural life and became a role model for the people living in the countryside. Although there are supports for farm tourism, these supports contain more formalities than the rural people can bear. In this context, it is necessary to make the legislation of farm enterprises and farm tourism in our country more simple and practical.
Keywords: rural areas, tourism, farm tourism, farm tourism in Turkey

Το έτος 2009 εκδόθηκε για πρώτη φορά η μονογραφία με τίτλο «Θρησκευτικός τουρισμός». Στη διαμόρφωση των απόψεων που διατυπώθηκαν στο πόνημα αυτό συνέβαλαν και οι προβληματισμοί που εκφράστηκαν από ιερείς, μοναχούς και λαϊκούς στο πλαίσιο του προγράμματος με τίτλο «Διαχείριση της πολιτιστικής κληρονομιάς» που υλοποιήθηκε από το Ινστιτούτο Επιμόρφωσης του Εθνικού Κέντρου Δημόσιας Διοίκησης και Αυτοδιοίκησης (ΕΚΔΔΑ/ΙΝΕΠ) σε συνεργασία με την Εκκλησία της Ελλάδος. Στο πρόγραμμα αυτό η συγγραφέας συμμετείχε ως εισηγήτρια της θεματικής ενότητας «Προοπτικές ανάπτυξης του θρησκευτικού τουρισμού στην Ελλάδα». Συγκεκριμένα τα σεμινάρια έλαβαν χώρα στα Μετέωρα, από 30/10-3/11/2006, στη Λάρισα από 1/10-5/10/2007, στην Πάτρα, από 15/10-19/10/2007 και στην Αθήνα από 12/11-15/11/2007.
Μετά την παρέλευση δεκαετίας, το ενδιαφέρον της ακαδημαϊκής κοινότητας έχει καταστεί έντονο και μάλιστα ο θρησκευτικός τουρισμός αποτελεί αυτοτελές αντικείμενο διδασκαλίας σε πολλά προπτυχιακά και μεταπτυχιακά προγράμματα σπουδών των πανεπιστημίων της χώρας. Επίσης, έχει προκαλέσει το έντονο ενδιαφέρον της επιχειρηματικής κοινότητας για την διαμόρφωση και ανάπτυξη αντίστοιχων τουριστικών δράσεων.
Σκοπός της μονογραφίας αυτής είναι να συμβάλλει στην επιστημονική προσέγγιση του θρησκευτικού τουρισμού ως κοινωνικού φαινομένου και στη προσπάθεια διαμόρφωσης κατάλληλης πολιτικής για την αξιοποίηση των θρησκευτικών-πολιτισμικών πόρων της χώρας. Επίσης, επιδιώκει να καταστήσει σαφή τη διάκριση του θρησκευτικού τουρισμού από το προσκύνημα που απαιτεί ιδιαίτερη προσέγγιση και διαχείριση.
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The Bay of Marin, southern part of Martinique, France was chosen in the middle of 1980`s to become one of the main marinas of the Lesser Antilles. Because of the lack of facilities in the region the development of this modest bay was made. Since this development, Martinique is beginning to see a steady growth in visits by pleasure boaters. The progressive construction of this facility which began with an anchorage of a hundred of slips has resulted in the marina of le Marin to become preeminent in the region: presently with 700 slips, it now is home to over forty businesses that employ more than 300 people. The economic impact of the yachting trade is estimated at more than 15 million Euros. Owing to the insufficiency of the infrastructures in the region, this facility now encompasses near all the Bay of Marin. Initially lacks a nautical tradition in this region, but nowadays we are considering the importance of pleasure boating, which one might wonder whether this development would be successful in the local and regional environment. The new marina fronts on the old afro-Caribbean market town. The world of pleasure boating is largely a European and North American tradition but is notably a week-end activity in the Caribbean for more or less seasoned sailors who sail the Antilles chain. Rental boats occupy the bulk of tie-ups at the marina while other boats are permanent residences for a rather heterogeneous population. Although this new marina which has become well-suited to its regional situation, it nevertheless represents an enclave of international services.

The object of this paper is to explore the tourist development experienced by a rural area of Greece, Aridaia's Loutra in the Prefecture of Pella, the primary tourist product of which is thermal springs. The region of Loutra has been under major changes in the last decade at several levels of the economic, social and cultural life, which are related to the rapid growth of tourism. To attain the paper's objective, the said region and the specific form of tourism have to be related to the greater tourist system. In this context, has chosen to present, first, the main features and the prospects for the development of alternative forms of tourism, putting emphasis on thermal tourism. After examining the evolution of the spatial distribution of tourism in the Greek territory, the interest is focused on the local level and, more specifically, the presentation and evaluation of Loutra's tourist growth. Despite the fact that significant changes in the local economy and employment figures cannot be proven, the synthetic evaluation suggests that Aridaia's Loutra gradually gains a place in the country's tourist map.

– Ethnic Tourism: An Example from Istanbul, Turkey. Globalization has not only produced a trend towards economic integration and cultural homogenization but has also encouraged the preservation of local diversity and of multiculturalism. Whereas in the past ethnic or religious minorities were seen as a threat to the territorial unity of the country, today, increasingly countries are promoting ethnicities to attract tourists. Ethnic tourism is an alternative form of tourism that relies on attracting tourists to see sites connected to the cultural and historical heritage of ethnic minorities. This study explores the potential for ethnic tourism development in Istanbul, a city with a multicultural past and great heritage attractions.