Spanish Armada

When Queen Elizabeth I appeared before her troops at Tilbury during the Spanish Armada, she helped to create an image of her relation to England. That image has been made to serve different points of view in the intervening centuries, during which it has attained the complexity of myth. The establishment of a connection between Elizabeth’s chaste, imperial person and the Spanish defeat was the task of Elizabeth’s iconography from 1588 on. A shift becomes visible in drama, the visual arts, and in historical text during the 1620s and 1630s, when Elizabeth’s armor and speech first gained importance as the queen’s supposed militant Protestantism became an icon of national unity. The “Tilbury” speech, appearing in Lionel Sharp’s 1623 letter arguing against the Spanish marriage of Prince Charles, surfaced in this context, which casts doubt on its authenticity. Other important sources for the speech include BL, MS Harley 6798, art. 18, fol. 87. Editors of Elizabeth’s works after this article appeared concluded that Elizabeth gave the accepted Tilbury Speech. But whether or not Elizabeth actually gave the best-known version of this speech, Elizabeth at Tilbury has become a myth of nationalist sentiment as useful to seventeenth-century nationalists as to those historians who experienced World War II.

Au XVIe siècle Laredo était un des ports les plus actifs des Quatre Villes de la Côte de la Mer, la façade maritime de l'actuelle Cantabrie au nord de l'Espagne. Cet essor cessa à la fin du siècle lorsque le port larédain plongea dans une crise économique profonde et irréversible. Comment expliquer cette trajectoire ?
Le contexte géographique fut un obstacle majeur : la circulation vers l'arrière-pays était difficile à cause de la Cordillère Cantabrique et les infrastructures portuaires étaient particulièrement exposées aux caprices de la mer.
Au XVIe siècle les Larédains jouèrent un rôle essentiel dans le transport de la laine de Castille vers les Flandres et dans l'importation de tissus et de marchandises. Laredo était alors une porte d'entrée pour tous ces produits qui étaient par la suite expédiés par les commettants larédains vers les principales places marchandes castillanes. Les connétables de Castille contribuèrent à l'essor de ce trafic. À la fin des années 1560 la rivalité avec l'Angleterre et les révoltes dans les Flandres paralysèrent les échanges commerciaux et l'économie larédaine déclina progressivement.
Le XVIe siècle fut aussi pour Laredo le temps des armadas. Le port se transforma en base navale d'où la couronne expédiait soldats, matériel et argent pour ravitailler les troupes qui se battaient en Flandres. Mais à partir de 1572 Laredo cessa de jouer ce rôle au profit de Santander qui était un site plus facile à défendre. La présence de ces flottes fut à l'origine de nombreux conflits avec la population locale, mais l'organisation de ces armadas représenta pour de nombreux Larédains une source de revenus lorsqu'ils approvisionnaient les navires, ou effectuaient des réparations diverses.

In the 16th century, Laredo was one of the most active harbours of the Cuatro Villas de la Costa de la Mar, the seabord of the present Cantabria Region in the North of Spain. This growth ceased at the end of the century when the harbour of Laredo plunged into a deep and irreversible economic crisis. How can we explain this reversal/this evolution?
The geographical context was a major obstacle: movement of goods and people to the hinterland was difficult due to the Cantabrian mountain range, and the port infrastructures were particularly exposed to the whims of the sea.
In the16th century Laredo inhabitants played an important role in the transport of wool from Castile to Flanders and in the import of fabric and goods. At that time, Laredo was a gateway for all these products, which were shipped afterwards to the main Castilian marketplaces. The constables of Castile contributed to the development of this traffic. In the late 1560s the rivalry with England and the rebellions in Flanders curbed this trading activity and the economy of Laredo gradually slumped.
The 16th century was also for Laredo the time of the armadas. The harbour transformed into a naval base from which were sent soldiers, equipment and money in order to supply the troops who were fighting in Flanders. But, from 1572, Laredo stopped playing this role in favour of Santander which was an easier site to defend. The presence of the fleet was the cause of several conflicts with local people, but the organization of those armadas was for several people of Laredo a source of income when they supplied ships or when they made different repairs.

El mantenimiento de un imperio ultramarino exigió de la Monarquía un enorme esfuerzo organizativo, de gestión de administraciones y de preparación de equipos humanos. La secretaría de Marina logró aglutinar bajo su jurisdicción las políticas relacionadas con la formación náutica y la formación de los pilotos encargados del gobierno técnico de los navíos. En este sentido, las Reales Escuelas de Náutica de la Armada fueron centros de formación de pilotos de la Marina de guerra, en los que se impartió una formación técnica, que satisfizo una creciente demanda de estos profesionales.
Los pilotos meritorios o concurrentes tienen su propia historia, y el análisis de estos centros de formación ha sido una cuestión bastante desconocida por la historiografía. 
Las Reales Escuelas de Náutica o también denominadas Escuelas departamentales de la Armada cumplieron un papel importante en el la seguridad de la navegación a lo largo de las numerosas rutas ultramarinas que conectaron los distintos territorios del imperio.
En las políticas de organización y formación del pilotaje a lo largo del siglo XVIII intervinieron grandes marinos, algunos más conocidos que otros. A la labor incansable de los secretarios de Marina Antonio Valdés y Bazán y José de Mazarredo, se unieron las de otros oficiales de la Armada,que brillaron por su  excelente labor en este campo: Félix Berenguer de Marquina y Francisco Javier Winthuysen y Pineda.

Maintaining an overseas empire in XVIIIth Century required from the Spanish Monarchy an enormous organizational effort, as well as the management of vast administrative structures and the training of human teams. The Secretariat of Marine was able to encompass under its jurisdiction all policies related to the nautical education, and training of marine pilots in charge of the technical governance of the ship. In this sense the Royal Nautical Schools of the Navy became training centers for
war pilots, in which technical skills were taught aiming to cover an  increasing demand for marine pilots.
Pilots "meritorios" or "concurrentes" have their own history, and the analysis of such training centers has been quite left out by historiography. The Royal Nautical Schools, also named Navy Departmental Schools,  played a key role in the safety of navigation along the overseas routes that connected the different territories of the empire.
During the XVIIIth Century, numerous Navy officers, ranging in prestige and popularity, took part in the organizational and training policies related to pilotage. The tireless work of the secretaries of the Navy, Antonio Valdés y Bazán and José de Mazarredo was supported by other Navy officers, such as Félix Berenguer de Marquina and Francisco Javier Wintuysen y Pineda, who stood out for their excellent contributions in this field.

This short study is a summary in English language on my recently published book in Hungarian language on the fall of the Spanish Armada (1588). The book does not focus on what happened to the Armada but on how English and Hungarian reception and historiography evaluate it. Therefore, the book focuses on the historiography and reception history of the armada  outlining some approaches and traditions of English interpretations. In addition, as a byproduct, the methods of creating a national symbol and pillar of English patriotic identity are described. It can be interesting that the book was written by a Hungarian historian who probably lacks the English or Spanish preconceptions. This short study is only a selective and concise summary of the book.

Published in Kelly, L., and Scott, B. (eds), Leitrim History and Society: Interdisciplinary essays on the history of an Irish county, Geography Publications, Dublin, 2019, pp 153-93.
It examines the career of Brian ‘na Múrtha’ O’Rourke as lord of West Breifne/County Leitrim. For twenty-four years he retained control over the north Connacht lordship, which coincided with efforts by the Elizabethan regime to extend crown authority into heretofore Gaelic-controlled territories. A decisive turning point was reached in his relations with the crown during the Spanish Armada crisis of September/October 1588. Not only did he provide safe haven to shipwrecked Spanish Armada personnel, he sought to instigate rebellion in the northwest. This stance led to the breakdown of dialogue with the regime, to open revolt, and expulsion from Breifne in 1590. The essay explores why O’Rourke acted in this manner. What influenced his decision-making? Were his motivations parochial, limited solely to his retention of power in Breifne? Or were his actions influenced by external factors as well? What of the armada crisis in the northwest? Was its effect merely transitory, or can we regard it as contributing to the descent into the general conflict of the 1590s?

The essay aims at retracing the tactical evolution in the english approach to naval warfare from the foundation of a standing Navy Royal by king Henry VIII, through the 1588 Armada Campaign and the 1652-54 First Anglo-Dutch War, until the Stuart Restoration and the Fighting Instructions issued on the eve of the Second Anglo-Dutch War in 1665. Special attention is devoted to the process of formalization of the line ahead, in an attempt to identify the historical and intellectual foundations of this tactical formation destined to radically influence naval cinematics in the Age of Sail. Despite a well-known body of primary sources devoid of any significant new archival discovery, a fresh interpretation of such records – often fragmentary and puzzling – capable of benefitting from the results of the most recent scholarship, is much needed in order to achieve a better understanding of the broad features of naval warfare, its limits and possibilites, during the period ideally comprised between the Armada Campaign and the battle of Trafalgar.

España, comienzos del siglo XVIII. El corazón del Imperio de Felipe II (como se decía en aquella época "Donde nunca se pone el Sol") no pasa por su mejor momento. Fue sobrepasada por potencias extranjeras, como Inglaterra y Francia. Relegada en un segundo plano en las relaciones internacionales. Tuvo que llevar a cabo una serie de reformas de naturaleza administrativa, carácter fiscal, cultural y reformas militares. Comienzan tras la muerte de Carlos II y la victoria de Felipe V (Borbón) frente a la casa de los Habsburgo en la Guerra de Sucesión, y terminan con la abdicación de Carlos IV y Fernando VII en beneficio de Napoleón. Dentro del último apartado, el militar, la Armada ocupa un puesto de privilegio. Son de vital importancia la renovación de su flota y su profesionalización. De este modo se fundan las Reales Compañías de Guardias Marinas, primero en Cádiz, y posteriormente en Ferrol y Cartagena. De ello irá el trabajo: De esos primeros años de vida de la Real Compañía de Guardias Marinas en Cádiz fundada por José Patiño Palabras clave: Armada, Guardia(s) Marina(s), Patiño.

The Reformation has often been seen as a force which diminished the North-South connections. Even though it certainly was a new obstacle, relations not only continued but reached unprecedented levels. When Johan III became the new King of Sweden in 1568, as part of his foreign policy, he approached the Catholic powers of Southern Europe and among other things, he proposed formalizing an alliance with Philip H. This episode has been little studied and consequently, it has never been given the importance it really deserves, especially if we consider the great impact it had at political, military and commercial levels. This article uses little known sources mainly preserved in Simancas and contributes to the improvement our knowledge about the relations existing between the Baltic and the Mediterranean in times of the counter-reformation. As we demonstrate, the huge Spanish naval projects and necessities reached to the outskirts of the continent, stretching as far as Sweden and even to the remote tar-burning villages of Finland.

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A menudo la Reforma se ha visto como una fuerza que deterioró las conexiones Norte- Sur. Aunque ciertamente resultó un nuevo obstáculo, las relaciones no solo se mantuvieron, sino que alcanzaron niveles sin precedentes. Cuando Johan III se convirtió en el nuevo rey de Suecia en 1568, como parte de su política exterior, se acercó a los poderes católicos del sur de Europa y, entre otras cosas, propuso formalizar una alianza con Felipe II. Este episodio ha sido poco estudiado y consecuentemente, nunca se le ha dado la importancia que realmente merece, especialmente si consideramos el gran impacto que tuvo a nivel político, militar y comercial. Este artículo emplea fuentes poco conocidas principalmente preservadas en Simancas y contribuye a mejorar nuestro conocimiento acerca del Báltico y el Mediterráneo en tiempos de la Contrarreforma. Como demostramos, los enormes proyectos y necesidades navales españolas llegaron hasta la periferia del continente, alcanzado a Suecia e incluso hasta las remotas aldeas productoras de alquitrán de Finlandia.

This well-known phrase consciously interprets the defeat of the Armada (1588) as a mighty act of God. The phrase has a biblical background, but there are also parallels in other literature from the ancient Near East, for instance in the Hittite annals of Mursili II.

La Guerra de Flandes, conocida por la historiografía europea como Guerra de los Ochenta Años, fue ni más ni menos que la revuelta más longeva de la Historia Moderna. Este conflicto supuso uno de los motivos que agotaron constantemente el Imperio español entre 1568 y 1648, manteniendo estos territorios del norte un protagonismo y efectos incluso hasta la Guerra de Sucesión. Ante tales perspectivas, me dispongo a plasmar por qué y cómo los actuales Países Bajos deterioraron y determinaron el rumbo de la corona española, y dentro de este conflicto destacaré cuál fue el papel de la flota.

Summary: The Spanish Civil war has been studied from multiple perspectives but the conflict at the sea has scarcely been researched. The present work tries to analyze the influence of the Soviet aid in the prolongation of the war and the influence and consequences of this aid in the officers and crews of the Republican Spanish Fleet.

El negocio naviero sigue siendo uno de los aspectos menos conocidos de la carrera de Indias. En este artículo se intenta responder a la pregunta de cómo se adquieren en Sevilla los barcos que hacen la ruta trasatlántica. Para ello, se describen exhaustivamente las cláusulas de algunos contratos notariales de compraventas de naos comprendidos entre 1560 y 1622. The shipping business remains one of the less known aspects of the Indies run. This article attempts to answer the question of how acquired in Seville the boats that make the transatlantic route. To this end, exhaustively describe the terms of some notarial contracts and purchases of ships between 1560 and 1622.

En aquellos tiempos la isla de Sicilia pertenecía a la Corona Española y desde esta importante posición estratégica se organizaba la defensa del Mediterráneo contra la poderosa armada otomana. La coordinación de la misma con la Orden de Malta era imprescindible y los virreyes españoles que gobernaban Sicilia actuaron en estrecha alianza con el Gran Maestre de la Orden San Juan, asentada en las islas de Malta pertenencia española que había sido cedida a los caballeros sanjuanistas para que establecieran en ella su nueva sede, tras la pérdida de la isla de Rodas.

Se trata de dar a conocer la interrelación, conexión y comunicación de diversas familias que desarrollan sus carreras, a finales del siglo XVIII, de forma simultánea en la Armada y el Ejército, cuyo horizonte común era ascender, promocionar o readaptarse a un proceso de transformación social. En lo que se quiere poner énfasis, y plantear como hipótesis, es la comunicación y el vínculo entre dos instituciones aparentemente autónomas, pero que configuran un mismo «campo social», el de la guerra, de promoción, jerarquía y relación, ligado a un mismo servicio y mérito, y compartiendo una misma cosmovisión y evolución en su entorno social. Uniendo aspectos y temáticas de la Historia Militar, de las Instituciones y Social queremos mostrar las similitudes y las diferencias del desarrollo personal y familiar del servicio en ambas instituciones.

En la “Sección Gibraltar” del Archivo Histórico Diocesano de Cádiz, catalogada por el padre Antón Solé hace ya casi cuarenta años, se conserva un documento que recientemente hemos consultado y transcrito por resultarnos curioso y que, a pesar de lo aparentemente anecdótico de su contenido, creemos que tiene su enjundia si lo contextualizamos en las expediciones franciscanas a Filipinas de los años 1619 y 1621, en concreto la decimocuarta misión presidida por fray Hernando Moraga que embarcó en la armada que al mando de don Lorenzo de Zuazola naufragó frente al cabo Trafalgar en enero de 1620, con lo que pretendemos añadir algunas notas más al estudio realizado en 1922 por fray Lorenzo Pérez a partir de la documentación que halló en el Archivo General de Indias de Sevilla y al relato que en base a la información proporcionada por testigos supervivientes de aquel naufragio compuso hacia 1624 fray Antonio de la Llave en su Chrónica la Provincia de San Gregorio

Here's a paper I delivered at the SSCM (Society for Seventeenth Century Music) conference in New York in April 2012 (an amazing conference with generous and positive participants and presenters). The paper argues for a new idea in the dating debate around Purcell's opera Dido and Aeneas, seeing it as a centenary celebration of the defeat of the Spanish armada in July and August 1588. After the conference, I sent it to a journal and waited two years for any word. When they did get back to me at all it was to say that it could not be accepted (and with an apology for the delay). Reading the anonymous readers comments and re-reading my own work, I am still confident enough of my arguments. So here it is.

En 1588, el Papa Sixto V envio un delegado especial a Lisboa. El viaje, oficialmente anunciado como mision eclesiastica, en realidad tenia como objetivo informar a! Papa minuciosamente de Ia preparacion de la Gran Armada y de su proxima salida desde esta ciudad portuguesa. En una carla fechada en abril de 1588, el delegado le comunicaba su encuentro con uno de los oficiales espafioles de Ia annada que mas renombre tenia. El delegado habia preguntado al marino si pensaba ganar. El espafiol respondio de manera breve y concisa con un 'naturalmente'. El delegado papal pidio, como era de esperar, mas detalles sobre los motivos para mantener tal opinion; y en la descripcion que Garrett Mattingly ofrece de este encuentro encontramos esta explicacion del oficial: 'It's very simple. It is well known 1hat we fight in God's cause. So, when we meet the English, God will surely arrange matters so that we can grapple and board them, either by sending some strange freak of weather or, more likely, just by depriving the English of their wits. If we can come to close quarters, Spanish valour and Spanish steel (and the great masses of soldiers we shall have on board) will make our victory certaill. But unless God helps us by a miracle the English, who have fuster and handier ships than ours, and many more long-range guns, and who know their advantage just as well as we do, will never close with us at all, but stand aloof and knock us to pieces with their culverins, without our being able to do them 1 Una versiOn anterior de este articulo se publicO en neerland6s como 'Juan Martinez de Recalde (1504-1588) uit Bilbao: van koopman-ambtenaar tot zeeheld', en: P. J. A. N. RIETBERGEN (ed.), Bureaucraten betrapt. Historische opstellen aangeboden aan Hugo de Sc~epper, Amersfoort, 2001, pp. 109-129 y 252-255. Quiero agradecer a Yolanda Rodriguez Perez por su ayuda en Ia traducci6n del texto al espafiol. R. PAGEL, Hispano-Vlaamse wereld, pp. 217-219; Raymond PAGEL, <Cornelis Deque, un mercader flamenco en la Castilla del siglo XV. Un debate sobre e1 concepto de <"vecindad" y "naturaleza" entre mercaderes', Hilario CASADO ALONSO, ( ed. ), Castilla y Europa. Comercio y mercaderes en los siglos XIV, XVyXVI, Burgos, 1995, pp. 241-263. 8 J. ENRiQUEZ FERNANDEZ, C. HIDALGO DE CISNEROS AMESTOY y Adela MARTiNEZ LAHIDALGA (ed.), Colecci6n documental del Archivo Hist6rico de Bilbao 1473-1500, Fuentes documentales medievales del Pais Vasco, vol. 95, San Sebastian, 1999, pp. 478-479, 691-692. 9 Javier ENRiQUEZ FERNANDEZ, Concepcion HIDALGO DE CISNEROS AMESTOY, Araceli LORENTE RUIGOMEZ y Adela MARTINEZ LAHIDALGA (ed.), Libra de acuerdos y decretos municipales.de Ia villa de Bilbao (1509 y 1515), Fuentes documentales medievales del Pais Vasco, -vol. 56, San Sebastian, 1995. Los acontecimientos tuvieron Iugar en enero y febrero de 1509.

The sixteenth century in Europe was to see the might of Habsburg Spain dominate. Its empire was at its zenith with territories in the East Indies, Americas, the Low Countries, as well as possessions in both modern-day France and Germany. The union of the Portuguese and Spanish crowns in 1581 after the death of Sebastian I would see the dominions of the Portuguese Empire come under its sway, a boundary that had been traditionally kept separate by the Treaty of Tordesillas. In size and power, it was unmatched by any single power in Europe but its supremacy was threatened at home and abroad.

This work undertakes to examine the conflict on sea and land, to see how the Spanish monarchy was able to recover, and even thrive, in the wake of the 1588 Armada’s defeat.

Captain Francisco de Cuéllar served in the Spanish military during the period 1580-1603. Two controversies marked his military service during the 1580s. During 1581-84 he served with the Armada de Magallanes expedition, which sought to secure Spanish control of the south Atlantic; and the Gran Armada of 1588. During both campaigns he gained notoriety for incidents that led to disciplinary sanctions and formal inquiries. In 1583, after a battle with English galleons in Brazil, a bitter dispute with a commanding officer over the conduct of the engagement led to four inquiries and their case being referred to the Council of the Indies at Madrid. In 1588, Captain Cuéllar was court-martialled for breach of discipline in the North Sea, and sentenced to be executed. Cuéllar’s experiences in Brazil, when set alongside those of 1588, provide an interesting case study of military discipline and the repercussions of defeat in the Spanish navy of the sixteenth century. This article will investigate the circumstances surrounding the controversies, and examine the legal procedures employed by the protagonists in each instance.

This book is about Roger Williams (ca. 1603-83), who was banished from the colony of Massachusetts Bay for advocating freedom of conscience, separation of church and state, Native American rights, and related matters.  He founded the town of Providence in what became Rhode Island on the basis of full liberty of conscience and complete separation of religion and government.  For additional information, see the uploaded PDF and links.

The book is available in paperback and Kindle e-book editions at Amazon websites throughout the world.  The paperback is also available at some other websites and bookstores.

See also my YouTube channel (https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCOlUZaehYk7WmwW8v9oBMzQ) about Roger Williams, including an interview (https://youtu.be/mGRl5lIbdYY) with me about this book.

For Errata and Supplemental Comments, see the separate document uploaded at https://www.academia.edu/13798228/Errata_and_Supplemental_Comments_to_The_First_American_Founder_Roger_Williams_and_Freedom_of_Conscience.

Alan E. Johnson

Tristram Hunt: 'Be careful when rewriting history'.
Claiming that a Muslim navy helped England to defeat the Spanish Armada is not the way to promote harmonious multiculturalism
Sun 7 Oct 2007 00.09 BST
First published on Sun 7 Oct 2007 00.09 BST

It is unclear what Sir Francis Walsingham thought of multiculturalism. As spymaster to Elizabeth I, his time was mostly taken up dealing with the plots surrounding Mary Queen of Scots and running counterespionage against the Spanish. But right now the courtier finds himself at the centre of a debate about the Spanish Armada, the Turks and Britishness, thanks to recent comments by Trevor Phillips, head of the Commission for Equality and Human Rights. A rumbling historical debate has turned nasty, with implications for the story of Britain in a multicultural age.
[...]
Renaissance scholar Jerry Brotton went a stage further. He suggested that a crucial, but under-emphasised, component in the Armada's defeat was the Ottoman navy. A letter from Walsingham to the English ambassador in Istanbul, William Harborne, revealed the spymaster asking for assistance - 'all your endeavour and industry' - in tying down the Armada in the eastern Mediterranean. This Anglo-Ottoman alliance helped to divert the Spanish fleet, weaken the Armada and save England from Catholic reconquest. Brotton's point was that while the correspondence had long been known about, previous historians had rarely highlighted this level of Muslim-Christian exchange.
[...]
The reactionary blogosphere has been appalled. In part, their response has been based on sound historical objections to Phillips's interpretation. The naval historian Simon Adams has argued that Walsingham's Ottoman diplomacy had little effect. 'The Walsingham letter had been sent in 1584 or 1585, and although England might have hoped the Turks would cause the Spanish problems, nothing really happened.' This view was confirmed by Royal Navy expert Professor NAM Rodger, who told me the Ottoman navy had far higher priorities than helping England. It was, he said, 'the dog that didn't bark'.

https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2007/oct/07/comment.race

The article focuses on a story that unfolds from Sarajevo to Constantinople
between 1617 and 1621, whose protagonists are a group of Ottoman merchants
and the difficulties that they faced in order to be compensated for the loss of goods
that occurred after the assault of the Spanish Armada against their ship during the
voyage from Venice to Split. Although it was an ordinary dispute for a compensation,
the case in question presents continual interventions of Venetian, Ragusean
and Ottoman diplomacies stimulated to intervene because of the great taking-action
ability of the merchants. The significance of the case study is twofold. On the one
hand, it is an example of what modern historiography identifies as moments of
communication between “hard” realities (politics, economy, diplomacy) and “soft”
ones (individual perceptions and needs). The second aspect of interest concerns the
question of social interaction and the mechanisms of decision making within the
Ottoman Empire in the Modern Age. At this regard, the actions of the merchants
suggest an image of the Ottoman social reality much less static and passive than
the usual depiction.

La figura de Miguel Archer representó una notable aportación a la Bizkaia moderna en diferentes ámbitos de la ciencia y la técnica. El presente estudio pretende llevar a cabo un análisis revisionista sobre su relevancia, subsanando ciertas informaciones incorrectas prolongadas en la historiografía durante años, aportando ciertos datos que reinterpretan su importancia histórica claramente al alza, y planteando futuras líneas de trabajo sobre su vida y obra.

Miguel Archerren irudiak ekarpen nabarmena egin zuen Bizkaia modernoan zientziaren eta teknikaren hainbat esparrutan. Azterlan honek haren garrantziari buruzko berrikuspena egitea du helburua, urteetan zehar historiografian iraun duten informazio okerrak zuzenduz. Horretarako bere garrantzi historikoa berrinterpretazen duten datu batzuk emango dira eta haren bizitzari eta lanari buruzko ikerketa ildo berriak proposatuko dira.

The figure of Miguel Archer represented a very remarkable contribution to several fields of science and technology in early modern Biscay. This paper aims at conducting a revisionist analysis about his relevance, rectifying some erroneous information preserved in the historiography for years, providing certain facts which leads to an upward review of his historical importance, and suggesting future research lines to bridge some gaps about his life and work.

L'argomento principale che si sviluppa in questo saggio è  il sorgere delle potenze atlantiche, nel quadro della prima globalizzazione in età moderna. Lo studio mette in evidenza la natura dinamica ed eterogenea degli interessi europei, gli attori, le transazioni e gli eventi, che hanno plasmato questo periodo tumultuoso, in cui le espansioni coloniali delle potenze atlantiche stavano modellando la storia dei continenti extra-europei. La rilevanza del commercio internazionale incominciò ad avere una grande influenza dal 1500 sulla politica europea, grazie alla dinamica e alla proiezione della prima globalizzazione dell'economia mondiale. Il mercantilismo ebbe quindi nella guerra economica il suo sbocco naturale, e per vincerla preconizzò l'espansione militare, non unicamente contro le potenze avversarie, ma anche contro nazioni terze, facendosi promotore dell'espansione coloniale. Il mercantilismo fu quindi un utile strumento per motivare, sul piano ideologico, le politiche di guerra economica e militare.

En las últimas décadas, el oficio de hacer historia ha avanzado con notoriedad gracias a la creciente erudición que lo impulsa. A su paso, ha ido dejando a un costado las cargas prejuiciosas y peyorativas propias de los historiadores de otrora, inmersos en las confrontaciones nacionales europeas que esculpían los estudios históricos con las siluetas de un patriotismo romántico.
Contribuir a ese saber académico y más ecuménico es el objetivo principal de la compilación de artículos dirigida por Agustín Guimerá y Olivier Chaline que editó la Universidad Sorbonne y que forma parte de la colección de histoire maritime a cargo del primero.

Artículo de revisión sobre la primera traducción al inglés de esta crónica de Ribadenadeneyra, en el contexto de los Recusant studies y del interés hispánico por la labor cultural de los recusantes. ** Pedro de Ribadeneyra’s Ecclesiastical History of the Schism of the Kingdom of England. A Spanish Jesuit’s History of the English Reformation
Editado y traducido por Spencer J. Weinreich
Leiden/Boston, Brill, The Netherlands, 2017
(xxvi + 839 págs.) ISBN 978-90-04-32395-7

Los siglos XVII y XVIII son los de mayor expansión de la Corona Española, por lo que para poder gestionar sus inmensos territorios necesitó de flotas y armadas casi de manera constante. En esta clase se atenderá a la composición naval bajo la dinastía de los Austrias, capitaneada por los archiconocidos galeones y galeras, así como por nombres tan conocidos como Spínola o Doria; al mismo tiempo que a la revolución centralizadora propiciada por los Borbones, que crearon una única Armada compuesta por fragatas y grandes navíos de línea.

This well-known phrase consciously interprets the defeat of the Armada (1588) as a mighty act of God. The phrase has a biblical background, but there are also parallels in other literature from the ancient Near East, for instance in the Hittite annals of Mursili II.

RESUMEN: Se analiza el grado de aplicación que tuvo la Matrícula de Mar en el Departamento
Marítimo de Cartagena a lo largo del siglo XVIII. Se estudian las problemáticas ocurridas durante
su implantación. Se realiza una base de datos de reales órdenes y se contrasta con la reglamentación
de matrículas y otros documentos indicativos o relacionados con su organización. La
matrícula de mar tuvo una implantación irregular cronológica y geográficamente en el Departamento
Marítimo de Cartagena. La existencia de lugares comunes con otras reglamentaciones
complicó su implementación. La falta de sueldos e incumplimiento de contraprestaciones conllevaron
altos porcentajes de deserción.
PALABRAS CLAVE: Historia Naval, Historia de España, Siglo XVIII, Armada Española, Matrícula de
Mar, Departamento Marítimo de Cartagena, Ordenanza, Real Orden, Reclutamiento, Deserción.

ABSTRACT: It is analyzed the success level that the Matrícula de Mar had at the Maritime Department
of Cartagena during the eighteenth century. The issues occurred during its implementation
are studied. It is made a database of royal orders, which is contrasted with the regulation of
fees and other indicators or documents related to its organization. The Matrícula de Mar had a
chronologically and geographically irregular presence in the Maritime Department of Cartagena.
The existence of common places with other regulations complicated its implementation. The lack
of salaries and breach of compensations entailed high dropout rates.
KEYWORDS: Naval history, History of Spain, Eighteenth Century, Spanish Navy, Matrícula de Mar,
Marine Deparment of Cartagena, Ordinance, Royal Order, Recruitment, Desertion.

The work of the 16th. century poet from Alicante Joseph Gosalbes of Cunedo has been forgotten. Some aspects of his life and work deserve attention, at least because he had written about topics of their own land. Some of his poems deal with the former Region of Orihuela, in the south of Valencia kingdom, and celebrate the creation of the diocese of Orihuela, so the author describes this territory in a Renaissance style. His friendship with the humanist Justus Lipsius mark his biography, where wars and prison are also present.