Social Inequalities

Το παρόν άρθρο αποσκοπεί στο να διερευνήσει τις επιπτώσεις της οικονομικής κρίσης στο εκπαιδευτικό σύστημα με έμφαση στη διαφοροποίηση των κοινωνικά προσδιορισμένων ανισοτήτων στην Ανώτατη Εκπαίδευση στην Ελλάδα. Όπως διαπιστώνεται, σε συνθήκες προϊούσας οικονομικής κρίσης μειώνονται σημαντικά τόσο οι δημόσιες δαπάνες για εκπαίδευση, όσο  και η ιδιωτική κατανάλωση των νοικοκυριών για εκπαιδευτικά αγαθά. Επιπλέον διαπιστώνεται ότι σε όλη την προηγούμενη χρονική περίοδο, παρά τις όποιες «μεταρρυθμιστικές» προσπάθειες και την αύξηση του αριθμού των προπτυχιακών και των μεταπτυχιακών φοιτητών, οι κοινωνικά προσδιορισμένες ανισότητες πρόσβασης στην Ανώτατη Εκπαίδευση στην Ελλάδα, όχι μόνο επιμένουν διαχρονικά αλλά και διευρύνονται συνεχώς, ανάλογα με το εκάστοτε επίπεδο αναφοράς (Πανεπιστήμια / Τ.Ε.Ι., Τμήματα υψηλού / χαμηλού γοήτρου, κ.ο.κ.), σε συνάρτηση και με την κοινωνικοοικονομική κατάσταση των νοικοκυριών προέλευσης. Υπό τις συνθήκες αυτές, λόγω και της προϊούσας οξείας δημοσιονομικής κρίσης, η κατάσταση αυτή παγιώνεται και προσλαμβάνει νέες διαστάσεις καθιστώντας την ανάταξη του προβλήματος των κοινωνικά προσδιορισμένων ανισοτήτων πρόσβασης στην Ανώτατη Εκπαίδευση ένα ιδιαίτερα δύσκολο εγχείρημα.

The publication of Bourdieu and Passeron's Reproduction had a mixed response. On the one hand the work was criticised for its determinism and pessimistic prognosis of the possibilities of educational change and, on the other hand, praised for its complex analysis of the relationship between education and class inequalities, and the workings of class domination through the educational system. This paper explores the reception Reproduction, and its companion text The Inheritors received before examining the contribution they have made, and continue to make, to understandings of social class inequalities in education. It argues that the work has continuing significance in contemporary England just as it had in 1960s France. As well as examining the relevance of Reproduction for the twenty-first century, it also focuses on the potential of Bourdieu and Passeron's analysis for enabling animated and agentic conceptualisations of educational and social reproduction by drawing on recent case-study data from English schools. However, it also argues that the lack of sufficient questioning of the dominant educational code, as well as the absence of any moral dimensions of class culture make their study a work in progress which needed the insights of Bourdieu's later work to bring its analysis to fruition.

Zweite Vorlesung: Begriff und Dimensionen sozialer Ungleichheit 1. Gleichheit der Individuen als Ideal. 2. Natürliche versus soziale Unterschie-de. 3. Die ungleiche Verteilung entäußerbarer Ressourcen. 4. Weitere Dimensionen sozialer Ungleichheit. 5. Nation oder Weltgesellschaft als Objekt der Analyse? In der letzten Woche haben wir uns-zur Einführung in das Thema der Vor-lesung-mit der Einkommensgleichheit als Zielgröße der gesellschaftlichen Ent-wicklung und Kriterium für die Beurteilung der Güte eines Gesellschaftszustands beschäftigt. Was unter Gleichheit in dieser Funktion genauer zu verstehen sei, kam noch nicht so richtig zur Sprache. Angesprochen habe ich die enge Verflechtung der Soziologie mit dem Thema sozialer Gleichheit (oder Ungleichheit). Auch ha-be ich dargelegt, dass Gleichheit keineswegs die einzige Zielgröße der Entwicklung ist. Bedeutende Denker wie z.B. Hegel haben als Ziel der Geschichte nicht die Verwirklichung der Gleichheit, sondern die Verwirklichung der Freiheit angesehen. Wir verfolgen diese geschichtsphilosophischen Kontroversen nicht weiter und wir vertiefen auch nicht die Diskussion um Bewertungsstandards gesellschaftlicher Zu-stände. In der Vorlesung heute geht es vor allem darum, ein möglichst genaues Konzept sozialer Ungleichheit zu erarbeiten. Insbesondere möchte ich zeigen, dass Gleichheit-und damit auch Ungleichheit-ein mehrdimensionales Konzept ist. Eine höchstmögliche Schärfung dieses Begriffs ist ihr Ziel. Wir beginnen mit der Frage: Was verstehen wir unter Ungleichheit und was insbesondere unter sozialer Ungleichheit? 1. Ganz allgemein gesehen besteht Ungleichheit immer in einer Abweichung von der Gleichheit. Das ist die denkbar abstrakteste Definition des Begriffs. Die Referenzgröße der Definition ist damit die Gleichheit. Ungleichheit beinhaltet im-mer eine Negation der Gleichheit in wenigstens einer spezifischen Hinsicht. Eine Definition der Ungleichheit setzt insofern ein Vorverständnis von Gleichheit voraus. Soweit Ungleichheit immer in einer Abweichung von der Gleichheit besteht, liegt es nahe, Gleichheit sowohl normativ als auch historisch als ursprünglicher zu

This paper outlines aspects of the HIV/AIDS epidemic scenario and the complexities associated with it. It reveals the socio-epidemiological patterns of the epidemic and in doing so identifies the populations with the greatest and fastest growing rates of infection. From the data presented it is evident that the pattern of HIV/AIDS in developing countries in sub-Saharan Africa in particular is unique. The pattern emerging in South Africa follows closely. The features of this pattern are as follows: the epidemic is mainly a heterosexual epidemic, the rates of infection in the general population are very high and the percentage of HIV-positive women is greater than men. An additional unique feature is the young age of onset of infection for women. These data demonstrate the need to focus our attention on young African women and the factors underpinning their predicament. In order to understand their position we examine the long standing relationship between social inequalities and health in general and further invoke the concepts of vulnerability and social capital to shed light on the position of women in the epidemic.

Social inequalities have again become a strong focus of interest and analysis. The current theoretical perspectives in social sciences and the availability of institutional indicators have drawn attention to the global nature of contemporary inequalities. This article examines the various aspects of global inequalities. Following some preliminary theoretical questions, the topics addressed include the inequalities of human development, the relation between national and global inequalities, the new global classes, the objective and subjective inequalities in the world today and, finally, the issue of social justice and public policies at world level.

"Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der temporalen Veränderung der sozialen
Mobilität in der Schweiz. Im Rahmen deskriptiver Kohortenanalysen wird der Effekt der
sozialen Herkunft (Bildung und Klasse) auf das Erreichen von Bildungsabschlüssen und
Klassenpositionen mittels multinomialer Logit-Modelle analysiert. Es zeigt sich, dass der
Einfluss der Herkunft bei Betrachtung der Anpassungsgüte der Modelle über die Kohortenfolge
tendenziell abgenommen hat, jedoch die Discrete Change Effects der einzelnen
Herkunftsvariablen in der zentralen Tendenz konstant geblieben sind. Als Ausnahme hierfür
kann einzig die Abnahme des elterlichen Einflusses auf die Kategorie keine nachobligatorische
Bildung – wohl eine Folge der Bildungsexpansion – sowie die Zunahme der
Wirkung eines hohen Bildungsabschlusses der Eltern auf den Abschluss einer höheren
Berufsbildung oder einer Hochschulbildung über die Kohortenfolge genannt werden."

The COVID-19 pandemic has intensified discussions about the digital revolution. Digitalization of ever-more sectors of society appears to be the only possible answer to the requirements of physical distancing. The education sector stands out as one example. Yet, the pandemic has
also brought to light the pitfalls of accelerated digitalization in terms of rising inequality and exclusion.
In development policy, digitalization has been commonly referred to as a major opportunity for economic development. Much lower used to be the attention paid to risks such as the digital divide. Human capabilities rank as one of the key preconditions to reap the benefits of digitalization. Digitalization of education and training systems appears to be the order of the day. Yet, there is lack of consistent strategies to do so without deepening existing patterns of inequality and exclusion, in particular in the Global South.
This Briefing Paper will initially analyse the lessons of experience from the COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on the education and TVET (Technical and vocational education and training) sector. It will then reflect on the framing of the debates on digitalization in education.
The academic discussion will be summarised from two perspectives, first with regard to the skills required for a digitalized economy and second analysing the impact of digitalization on education systems, mainly in Sub-Saharan Africa. The Paper will subsequently comment on
current trends in digitalization policies for the education sector as well as in development cooperation. Conclusions will outline a few recommendations at the policy level.

L'Espagne vient d'achever une période de prospérité économique qui a renversé la tendance migratoire du pays, passant de terre d'émigration à celle de première réceptrice de populations étrangères de l'UE, notamment cette dernière décennie...

Introdução: intensificação das desigualdades. Classes sociais e multidimensionalidade das desigualdades. Análise das classes sociais: modelo teórico e operatório. Classes sociais e desigualdades de género na Europa. Classes sociais e desigualdades em Portugal. Conclusão.

Drawing upon perspectives from across the globe and employing an interdisciplinary life course approach, this handbook explores the production and reproduction of different types of inequality, such as economic, gender, racial and ethnic inequalities, across a variety of social contexts, including health, education and the family. Combining quantitative and qualitative methods to bridge the gap between theory and practice and offer strategies and principles for identifying and tackling issues of inequality, this book will be indispensable for anyone interested in understanding and eradicating the processes of production, reproduction and perpetuation of inequalities.

This book provides a unique insight into negotiations around language investment for employability in the context of public employment services. Drawing on extensive ethnographical research carried out in Regional Employment Offices in Switzerland, the authors follow the stories of various job seekers. In doing so, they challenge the currently dominant assumption that investment in language competences leads to better employability. Arguing for a political economic perspective on these issues, this book will be of interest to anyone concerned with the connections between language and social inequality, as well as students and scholars of sociolinguistics and applied linguistics.

The objective of the present paper is to characterize the structure of individual social networks and to propose an explanatory model of interrelations in this form of capitalization. In this sense, we put to the test Lin's seminal proposal on individual social capital determinants (Lin, 2001). With this aim, we analyzed the results of an extensive and specifically designed survey on personal networks in Spanish society (OSIM, 2011). Our results, based on the use of Principal Component Analysis (PCA), regression and structural methods, confirm three main assumptions and complement Lin's general model on accessibility and mobilization of social resources. Furthermore, the empirical evidence suggests the need for introducing a significant distinction between instrumental-expert and expressive mobilization. Finally, our analysis allows us to build an explanatory model on the determining factors of both forms of capitalization of personal relations.

As desigualdades sociais voltaram a estar na ordem do dia. Neste livro faz-se um balanço das desigualdades no mundo atual, colocando em evidência tanto as suas múltiplas vertentes como o carácter global que hoje assumem. São abordados os aspetos teóricos e metodológicos da análise das desigualdades, assim como as relações entre desigualdades, justiça social e políticas públicas. O leitor encontrará neste livro numerosas ilustrações concretas de desigualdades relativas quer ao mundo como um todo, quer a continentes e países específicos. É objetivo deste livro proporcionar a professores e estudantes, investigadores e técnicos, políticos e jornalistas – e a todos os cidadãos interessados – um acesso abrangente, aprofundado e atualizado, em formato condensado e linguagem simples, a conceções teóricas, dados empíricos e análises relevantes sobre as desigualdades sociais contemporâneas.

This phenomenological study was aimed to explore the lived experience of poor women who become the backbone of their families in Surabaya city. This study recruited six female subjects who live in Semampir District which is the poorest region in Surabaya. Participants were recruited purposively and selected based on the criteria of poverty issued by Surabaya Central Bureau of Statistics (Badan Pusat Statistik/BPS kota Surabaya). Data were collected using semi-structured interviews and analyzed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). This study discusses two main themes identified from data, namely the psychological impacts of poverty, and survival strategies. The psychological impacts of poverty experienced by participants are they feel less happy, overwhelmed, depressed, and fear of scarcity. To manage the impacts, participants use both the psychological coping (emotion focused coping), and actual actions. Although the pressure of living in poverty is heavy, most participants report that they are embarrassed and ashamed to ask for help. However, they gain some social-economic supports from their relatives, neighborhoods, and government.

Abstrak:

Penelitian fenomenologi ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi informasi lebih dalam mengenai kehidupan perempuan miskin kota sebagai tulang punggung keluarga. Penelitian ini menggunakan enam subjek perempuan tulang punggung keluarga yang bertempat tinggal di Kecamatan Semampir sebagai wilayah termiskin di Kota Surabaya. Partisipan direkrut berdasarkan purpossive sampling, dan dipilih berdasarkan kriteria kemiskinan Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) Kota Surabaya. Penelitian dilakukan dengan wawancara semi terstruktur, dan dianalisis menggunakan IPA (Interpretatif Phenomenological Analysis). Artikel ini mendiskusikan 2 tema utama yang berhasil ditemukan, yaitu dampak psikologis kemiskinan, dan strategi bertahan hidup. Penelitian ini mengungkap bahwa dampak kemiskinan secara psikologis antara lain merasa kurang bahagia, terbebani, tertekan, dan takut kekurangan. Situasi kemiskinan membuat mereka harus mempunyai strategi bertahan hidup, baik dalam cara psikologis, maupun dalam tindakan nyata. Meskipun mengalami situasi kemiskinan yang berat, sebagian besar partisipan melaporkan bahwa mereka merasa malu untuk meminta bantuan. Meskipun demikian, dukungan sosial-ekonomi tetap mereka dapatkan dari keluarga, masyarakat, dan pemerintah.

Kata kunci : Perempuan, kemiskinan perkotaan, strategi bertahan hidup

Following a mid twelfth-century BC demographic crisis, Frattesina, in northern Italy, arose as a prominent hub linking continental Europe and the Mediterranean, as evidenced by the remarkable variety of exotic materials and commodities discovered at the site. Debate persists, however, about the extent to which migrants influenced the foundation and development of Frattesina. The authors present the results of strontium isotope analyses, which suggest significant migration to the site, particularly of elites, mostly from within a 50km radius. Among these non-indigenous people, the authors identify a 'warrior-chief', whom they interpret as representing a new, more hierarchical society.

ÖZ Dezavantajlı gruplar kavramı genel olarak belirli özelliklerinden dolayı toplumsal ve ekonomik yaşama tam anlamıyla katılabilme şansı bulunmayan gruplar için kullanılan bir kavramdır. Toplum içerisinde farklı toplumsal risklere en fazla açık olan gruplardan biri olan çocuklar çeşitli nedenler ile dezavantajlılığın farklı sonuçlarını (çocuk işçiliği, sokak çocukluluğu, şiddet ile tanışma ve çocuk gelin) deneyimlemek zorunda kalmaktadır. Çocukların deneyimlemek zorunda kaldıkları bu haller ise onların topluma sağlıklı bireyler olarak katılabilmeleri önündeki en büyük engelleri oluşturmakla birlikte, toplumların geleceğini tehdit etmektedir. Dezavantajlılığın farklı hallerine dünyada olduğu gibi Türkiye'de de rastlanmakta ve çocukların durumuna ilişkin veriler kaygı verici düzeylerde olmaktadır. Bu çalışmada dezavantajlılık kavramının içeriği ve kapsamına dair yapılan tartışmalar ile birlikte, çocukların deneyimlediği farklı dezavantajlılık hallerinin dünya ve Türkiye'de ki durumlarına değinilmiştir.
ABSTRACT Disadvantage group is a concept that is used for groups that do not have the chance to wholly join to social and economic life due to their specific qualities. Children who are one of the groups that are most vulnerable to social risks have to experience several outcomes of disadvantageousness (child labor, street children, violence and child marriage). These conditions that children have to experience, besides constituting the major obstacle to join the society as healthy individuals, are also threatening the future of the society. Different examples of disadvantageousness are seen in Turkey too as it is seen in the world. And the data about conditions of children are at a worrisome level. In this study, discussions about the content and scope of the concept of disadvantageousness, and different examples of disadvantage conditions that children experience in Turkey and in the world will be examined.

Using Sri Lanka’s iconic presidential elections of January 2015 as a backdrop, we engage with how elite patrimonial politics and everyday moralities around grain access and distributive justice come to intersect with one another. With a focus on mainstream media, campaign speeches, and political propaganda discourses, we begin by exploring how rice was initially politicized during the highly charged presidential campaign, and why it subsequently disappeared from public gaze as the electoral media wars drew to a close. In particular, we analyse how the president incumbent – Maithripala Sirisena’s campaign mythologies continued to draw on the symbolic and historicised image of the Rajarata paddy cultivator, particularly at a time when a vastly different reality was being purported, entailing localised paddy mill-owning oligarchies implicating close family members.

Este capítulo pretende contribuir a comprender los procesos de construcción de la otredad en un contexto particular, el del neoliberalismo, como paradigma hegemónico. El análisis se orienta a reflexionar en torno a los debates teóricos más recientes sobre la articulación de las  dimensiones microsociales y estructurales del estigma como mecanismo legitimador de la desigualdad. Estas reflexiones se alimentan de hallazgos empíricos resultantes de mis investigaciones previas en un área de concentración de pobreza en la  periferia oriente de la Ciudad de México y en escuelas públicas a las que asisten jóvenes de los sectores populares.
Se trata de un esfuerzo de desclasificación, que intenta desmontar los mitos, estereotipos y estigmas sobre los pobres y sus lugares que subyacen en el discurso público y en el diseño de numerosas políticas públicas, procurando identificar cómo responden los sectores desfavorecidos a los procesos de estigmatización y culpabilización.

Le trasformazioni economiche che hanno coinvolto i paesi a capitalismo avanzato negli anni '80 e '90 hanno avuto importanti conseguenze sociali (Mingione 1991; Crouch 2001), in particolare nelle città, dove il cambiamento sociale si presenta prima e in misura più forte (Simmel 2004).

This workshop addresses the changing nature of work and the important role of exchange platforms as both intermediaries and managers. It aims to bring together interdisciplinary and critical scholars working on the power dynamics of digitally mediated labor. By doing so, the workshop provides a forum for discussing current and future research opportunities on the digital economy, including the sharing economy, the platform economy, the gig economy, and other adjacent framings. Of particular interest to this workshop is the intersection between worker and provider subjectivities and the roles platforms take in managing work through algorithms and software. Our one-day workshop accommodates up to 20 participants.

This article contributes to the debate on income and wealth distribution in China by analyzing the main characteristics of the Chinese accumulation pattern that determine its distributive dynamics in a comparative perspective. After a period of rapid growth of inequalities, coupled with improved living conditions for all distribution deciles, inequalities have stabilized in China since the mid-2000s. Globally, China is today in a distributive pattern worse than Western Europe or Japan, but it is more egalitarian than the United States and far from the extreme limits of maldistribution such as Brazil, India and South Africa. In this article, we scrutinize three characteristics of the regime of accumulation in China that mitigate the capital-concentrating tendency: 1. the financialization process with Chinese characteristics, 2. the strategic share of State ownership in the economy, 3. its trajectory over the agrarian question.

In this article based on my preliminary research on the Guwahati Smart City I explore the ways in which smart urban development plans affect urban peripheries. Focusing on Deepor Beel - a UNESCO Ramasar wetland - this article demonstrates how smart development potentially lead to social marginalisation and inequality in urban peripheries.  Read more online at https://urbanmattersjournal.com/smart-urbanism-and-the-politics-of-redevelopment-in-urban-peripheries-in-india/?fbclid=IwAR06rWRuunezorTHDDfp4yclnE0X7Ry5onCtkDAqAQRCmClBSQ_cpPXcl-Q

The task of studying the impact of social class on physical and mental health involves, among other things, the use of a conceptual toolbox that defines what social class is, establishes how to measure it, and sets criteria that help distinguish it from closely related concepts. One field that has recently witnessed a wealth of theoretical and conceptual research on social class is psychology, but geographers' and sociologists' attitude of diffidence toward this " positivistic " discipline has prevented them from taking advantage of this body of scholarship. This paper aims to highlight some of the most important developments in the psychological study of social class and social mobility that speak to the long-standing concerns of health geographers and sociologists with how social position, perceptions, social comparisons, and class-based identities impact health and well-being.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.11.037

This report is the result of collective work by the “Experiences of Encounters with the Police in Ottawa” research team. The research project was initiated and conducted by David Moffette, Sadia Jama, Lindsay Snow, and Chris Bruckert.
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Over the last decade, a series of high-profile instances of police misconduct in Ottawa resulted in law enforce- ment coming under increased scrutiny. In this context the Experiences of Encounters with the Police in Ottawa (EEPO) research sought to document the experiences of individuals from disproportionately policed communities during encounters with police. The report draws on 208 encounter report forms and 43 interviews with individuals who had an interaction with police in Ottawa in the year prior to data collection.

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This report examines evidence on two key aspects of the relationship between poverty and child abuse and neglect: how poverty affects a child's chance of being abused or neglected, and the impact abuse or neglect in childhood has on poverty in adult life.

This paper sets out to develop two related ideas. First, it seeks to identify how both violence and neoliberalism can be considered as moments. From this shared conceptualisation of process and fluidity, I argue that it becomes easier to recognise how these two phenomena actually converge. Building upon this conceived coalescence of neoliberalism and violence, the second aim is to recognise how the hegemony of neoliberalism positions it as an abuser, which facilitates the abandonment of those ‘Others’ who fall outside of neoliberal normativity. I argue that the widespread banishment of ‘Others’ under neoliberalism produces a ‘state of exception’, wherein because of its inherently dialectic nature, exceptional violence is transformed into exemplary violence. This metamorphosis occurs as aversion for alterity intensifies under neoliberalism and its associated violence against ‘Others’ comes to form the rule.

Sociologists of education have explored the relationship between students’ postsecondary aspirations and their propensity to get ‘‘cooled out’’ in community colleges. However, researchers have directed little attention to students whose aspirations remain stable over long periods of time or to the different roles that college degree goals play in the lives of disadvantaged students. Using four waves of longitudinal interviews, I examine the reasons why low-income women hold steady to their aspirations for college degrees over a three-and-a-half-year period. I argue that holding steady not only reflects rational expectations about future employment opportunities, but it also generates moral status in the face of marginalization and facilitates the navigation of personal relationships. I use the concept of an ‘‘ambition imperative’’ to demonstrate how aspirations for college attainment are a means of asserting moral status and pursuing virtuous social membership. This article contributes to theories of aspirations and offers an alternative explanation of the institutional effects of community colleges in the lives of students