Capital Accumulation

A disequilibrium model of endogenous innovation and growth is presented. The behaviour of the agents is supposed to be governed by routines, not by maximization. The entrepreneurs are assumed to invest a fraction of their operating profits in real capital accumulation, and another fraction in R&D. The latter leads to an increase in labour productivity via a R&D production function. In this 'Schumpeterian' model, not only the R&D processes of innovations are considered, but the diffusion processes as well. As in Schumpeter's theory of economic development the economic impact of technical change is considered a disequilibrium phenomenon. Thus, in a capitalist economy characterized by ongoing diffusion processes of innovations, time averages are more important than steady state values even in a long run perspective.

The paper intends to analyze aspects of international economic order that are relevant to understand the integration of underdeveloped countries. Its main hypothesis is that globalization is the result of financial liberalization at the domestic level and of progressive capital mobility in the international field. To characterize globalization different aspects are examined, such as the influence of financial liberalization on

II. Dünya Savaşı sonrası ulus devlet temelli dünya sisteminin hakim ideolojisi olan kalkınma paradigması, 1960-1970’li yıllarda büyüme güdümlü kapitalizme içkin toplumsal krizlerin yaygınlaşması ve ekolojik krizlerin görünür olmaya başlamasıyla birlikte yoğun eleştirilerle karşı karşıya kalmıştır. Kapitalizmin doğal ekosistemler üzerinde yarattığı yıkım ve sistemin insan hayatının dayandığı kaynakları tüketme sınırına ulaşması,‘sürdürülebilirlik’ söylemiyle kalkınma paradigmasını yeniden canlandırma ve güçlendirme arayışını ortaya
çıkarmıştır. Bu arayış doğrultusunda uluslararası devlet kuruluşlarınca organize edilen konferanslar, eylem planları ve raporlar aracılığıyla tarihsel süreçte farklılaşan çeşitli kavramlar, politika önerileri, araçlar ve uygulamalar ileri sürülmüştür. ‘Sürdürülebilir’lik kisvesi altında çevresel kaygılar ve ekonomik büyümeyi uzlaştırmaya yönelik yinelenen girişimlerin en yenileri ise ‘döngüsel ekonomi’söylemi ve bu söylemin en sofistike araçlarından olan sıfır atık projesidir. Son yıllarda dünya genelinde yoğun bir şekilde tanıtılan sıfır atık döngüsel ekonomi projesi başta Avrupa Komisyonu gibi küresel politika belirleyici kurumlar olmak üzere, çok uluslu şirketler,önde gelen yönetim danışmanlığı şirketleri, sivil toplum kuruluşları ve akademisyenler gibi çeşitli aktörler tarafından büyük ilgi ve destek görmüştür. Bu çalışma, sürdürülebilir kalkınmanın
savunucuları tarafından kapitalist düzen içinde herhangi bir kayıp ve kalıntı olmaksızın doğa benzeri sürekli yenilenen bir büyüme varsayımıyla ortaya
atılan döngüsel ekonomi söylemini ve bu söylemin temel sac ayaklarınından birini oluşturan sıfır atık projesini sorunsallaştırmaktadır. Literatür taraması yöntemiyle gerçekleştirilen çalışmada önce döngüsel ekonomi söylemini ve bu söylem doğrultusunda ortaya atılan sıfır atık projesini ortaya çıkaran ekonomik-politik ve tarihsel koşullara yer verilmiştir. Ardından bir birikim rejimi olarak döngüsel ekonomiye, kapitalist üretim biçimine içkin ve aynı zamanda kapitalizmin başa çıkmakta zorlandığı atıkların meta olarak değeri ve atık yönetiminin sermaye açısından taşıdığı anlam sürdürüebilir kalkınma paradigmasıyla ilişkiselliği içinde ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Sürdürülebilir kalkınma, döngüsel ekonomi, sıfır atık projesi,sermaye birikimi, metalaştırma

This case study of recent efforts to deconcentrate poverty within the Skid Row area of Los Angeles examines processes of ‘weak-center ’ gentrification as it applies to a ‘service dependent ghetto, ’ thus filling two key gaps in prior scholarship. We document the collaboration between the government, business and development interests, and certain non-profit agencies in this process and identify two key mechanisms of poverty deconcentration: housing/service displacement and the criminalization of low income residents. Following Harvey, we argue that these efforts are driven by pressures to find a ‘spatial fix ’ for capital accumulation through Downtown redevelopment. This process has been hotly contested, however, illustrating the strength of counter-pressures to gentrification/poverty deconcentration within ‘weak-center ’ urban areas.

In emerging economies pension programs of public sector workers tend to be more generous than pension programs of private sector workers. In this paper we study the adverse effects of these generous pension schemes on income and welfare, using a two-sector overlapping generations model. We argue that opportunity costs of running generous public pension schemes for civil servants are potentially large in emerging economies, where there is often severe lack of public investments in education and infrastructure. Calculating transitions to the post reform steady state, we find that welfare gains for the generation born before the reform can only be realized when freed up resources are reinvested into public education public, but not when these freed up resources are used for tax cuts or for infrastructure investments.

This paper approaches the value added method for Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measurement that explains the interrelationship between the expenditure approach and the income approach. The economic growth model is also proposed with three key elements of capital accumulation, technological innovation, and institutional reform. Although capital accumulation and technological innovation are two integrated elements in driving economic growth, institutional reforms play a key role in creating incentives that effect the transitional and steady state growth rate in the real world economy. The paper provides a theoretical insight on economic growth to understand incentives and driving forces in economic growth model.

Equí y n’otru tiempu (Ramón Lluís Bande, 2015)
En: Cuaderno del paisaje. Materiales para un ensayo cinematográfico sobre la guerrilla republicana asturiana. 202-29. Colección Poliedro (Santander: Shangrila Ediciones, 2016).

Also in:
“’El sonido del silencio.’ Equí y n’otru tiempu (Ramón Lluís Bande, 2015): Cadáver, violencia y Capital en la democracia española contemporánea.” Libretto. Equí y n’otru tiempu. Dir. Ramón Lluís Bande. De la Piedra Producciones, 2015. 5-27. DVD.

In this paper, we show how annual reports rely upon the silencing of injustices in order to make profit appear to be an unproblematic measure of success. In particular, we examine the ways in which corporations silence the negative impact of their activities upon the earth, the hell of war and the beauty of peace, the spiritual, human and social impoverishment arising from excessive consumption, and the dehumanization of workers. Only by breaking silence and counter-posing corporate values with alternatives can we hope to free humankind from the limitations of profit maximization and promote a world in which peace, happiness, respect for diversity, etc. take precedence to capital accumulation.

This special issue of Explorations in Economic History includes four articles that delve into the 19th century financial development of Belgium, Germany, Sweden, and Japan, and relate these developments to economic growth. In this guest editorÕs introduction, we survey current thinking about ''financial revolutions'' and their role in rapidly assembling the factors that can set modern growth into motion, and link this paradigm to both the more traditional and recent literatures on banks, stock markets, and growth. We conclude with summaries and some commentary on the articles that follow.

The economic impact of climate change is usually measured as the extent to which the climate of a given period affects social welfare in that period. This static approach ignores the dynamic effects through which climate change may affect economic growth and hence future welfare. In this paper we take a closer look at these dynamic effects, in particular saving and capital accumulation. With a constant savings rate, a lower output due to climate change will lead to a proportionate reduction in investment which in turn will depress future production (capital accumulation effect) and, in almost all cases, future consumption per capita. If the savings rate is endogenous, forward looking agents would change their savings behavior to accommodate the impact of future climate change. This suppresses growth prospects in absolute and per capita terms (savings effect). In an endogenous growth context, these two effects may be exacerbated through changes in labour productivity and the rate of technical progress. Simulations using a simple climate-economy model suggest that the capital accumulation effect is important, especially if technological change is endogenous, and may be larger than the direct impact of climate change. The savings effect is less pronounced. The dynamic effects are more important, relative to the direct effects, if climate change impacts are moderate overall. This suggests that they are more of a concern in developed countries, which are * Corresponding author. Present address: ZMK,

AbstractPost-Fordist reconstitutions in economy and society are positively related with the expansion of atypical employment. This article argues that many of the claims that an increase in atypical forms promotes less rigid labour markets rely on narrow readings of official statistics and also underestimate different local labour realities. Drawing upon case studies in Thessaloniki's Labour Inspectorates and industrial enterprises, it highlights the fact that Greek labour markets, which are already flexible enough, have been rearranged to accommodate new use patterns for atypical forms, both traditional and modern. A controversially expanding trend towards part-time and temporary work and non-agricultural self-employment is discussed. This trend is traced to trades, sectors, industries and firms that have developed distinct patterns in the exploitation of atypical employment within the context of locally constituted social and regulatory practices that interact with globalized capital accumulation procedures. The expansion of atypical employment is examined along two interpretative lines, the one focusing on the effect of recent reforms on small industrial enterprises, the other analysing post-Fordist, flexible socio-spatial restructurings.Post-Fordist reconstitutions in economy and society are positively related with the expansion of atypical employment. This article argues that many of the claims that an increase in atypical forms promotes less rigid labour markets rely on narrow readings of official statistics and also underestimate different local labour realities. Drawing upon case studies in Thessaloniki's Labour Inspectorates and industrial enterprises, it highlights the fact that Greek labour markets, which are already flexible enough, have been rearranged to accommodate new use patterns for atypical forms, both traditional and modern. A controversially expanding trend towards part-time and temporary work and non-agricultural self-employment is discussed. This trend is traced to trades, sectors, industries and firms that have developed distinct patterns in the exploitation of atypical employment within the context of locally constituted social and regulatory practices that interact with globalized capital accumulation procedures. The expansion of atypical employment is examined along two interpretative lines, the one focusing on the effect of recent reforms on small industrial enterprises, the other analysing post-Fordist, flexible socio-spatial restructurings.RésuméLes reconstitutions post-fordistes en matière d'économie et de société sont bien liées à l'essor d'un emploi atypique. De nombreuses affirmations selon lesquelles une multiplication de formes atypiques favorise des marchés du travail moins rigides reposent sur des lectures étriquées des statistiques officielles, tout en sous-estimant les diverses réalités locales du travail. À partir d'études de cas issues des Inspections du travail et d'entreprises industrielles de Thessalonique, il est mis en évidence que les marchés du travail grecs, déjà suffisamment flexibles, ont été remodulés en fonction de nouveaux schémas d'utilisation adaptés à des formes atypiques, tant traditionnelles que modernes. Est analysée ici une tendance discutable à l'accroissement du travail temporaire, du temps partiel et de l'emploi indépendant non-agricole. Cette tendance est repérée dans les métiers, secteurs, industries et entreprises qui ont élaboré des schémas distincts d'exploitation d'un emploi atypique dans le cadre de pratiques réglementaires et sociales établies localement qui interagissent avec les procédures mondialisées d'accumulation du capital. L'essor d'un emploi atypique est étudié selon deux axes interprétatifs, l'un s'attachant à l'incidence des réformes récentes sur les petites entreprises industrielles, l'autre analysant les restructurations socio-spatiales flexibles post-fordistes.Les reconstitutions post-fordistes en matière d'économie et de société sont bien liées à l'essor d'un emploi atypique. De nombreuses affirmations selon lesquelles une multiplication de formes atypiques favorise des marchés du travail moins rigides reposent sur des lectures étriquées des statistiques officielles, tout en sous-estimant les diverses réalités locales du travail. À partir d'études de cas issues des Inspections du travail et d'entreprises industrielles de Thessalonique, il est mis en évidence que les marchés du travail grecs, déjà suffisamment flexibles, ont été remodulés en fonction de nouveaux schémas d'utilisation adaptés à des formes atypiques, tant traditionnelles que modernes. Est analysée ici une tendance discutable à l'accroissement du travail temporaire, du temps partiel et de l'emploi indépendant non-agricole. Cette tendance est repérée dans les métiers, secteurs, industries et entreprises qui ont élaboré des schémas distincts d'exploitation d'un emploi atypique dans le cadre de pratiques réglementaires et sociales établies localement qui interagissent avec les procédures mondialisées d'accumulation du capital. L'essor d'un emploi atypique est étudié selon deux axes interprétatifs, l'un s'attachant à l'incidence des réformes récentes sur les petites entreprises industrielles, l'autre analysant les restructurations socio-spatiales flexibles post-fordistes.

This paper argues that the patters of income and wealth distribution of the economies may explain the productive and trade specialization in the long run. Two channels are considered to understand the relations between both processes: demand for goods and institutional and ...

This article explores online social media produced by the neo-jihadist group "Islamic State" (IS) from a political-economic perspective. Using a framework developed by anthropologist David Harvey, it examines how IS social media operates within de-politicised neoliberal environments characterised by "flexible" regimes of capital accumulation . It explicates how IS acquires political-economic capital by evoking "spectacle", "fashion", and a "commodification of cultural forms" (Harvey 1989, 156). Drawing from Christian Fuchs' informational theory, the article also considers the roles of agency and competition in accumulation processes where "knowledge and technology reinforce each other" (Fuchs 2009, 391). By revealing how IS both constitutes and is constituted by its flexible approach to social media, it seeks to illuminate avenues for better understanding neo-jihadist ideations.

Demirgiiq-Kunt, Doug Diamond, Bill Easterly, Michael gration ambiguously affect saving rates. In Gavin, Bruce Smith, two anonymous referees, and semifact, higher returns and better risk sharing may nar participants at Arizona State University, Cornell Uniinduce saving rates to fall enough such that versity, Dartmouth College, Harvard Institute for International Development, the University of Virginia, growth with liquid and inand the University of Washington for helpful comments. ternationally integrated financial markets. We received excellent research assistance from Michelle Moreover, theoretical debate exists about Barnes and Ti Caudron. Much of the work on this paper whethe:r greater stock liquidity actually was done while the authors were employed by the World Bank. Opinions expressed are those of the authors and do a shift to higher-return projects not necessarily reflect those of the World Bank, its staff, that stiK~ulate growth. Since more ~roductivit~ or member countries. liquidity makes it easier to sell shares, some 537

This paper focusses on endogenous comparative advantages in developing countries, in particular on labour reallocation from low-productivity informal sectors into high-productivity formal sectors. This mechanism is important for two reasons. First, it contributes to the growth potential of developing countries and the absorption capacity for further capital accumulation. Second, labour reallocation will keep developing economies specialized in low-skilled intensive products in the coming decades and it will keep the wages of low-skilled workers low. We analyse this mechanism by simulating an increase in the skill intensity of developing countries the coming decades. These simulations are carried out with WorldScan, a dynamic AGE model of the world economy. An increasing skill intensity in LDCs will stimulate the global supply of high-skilled intensive products more than the supply of low-skilled intensive products, but to a much lesser extent than one would expect in static analyses or in absence of informal sectors.

La perspectiva de género en los Estudios de Turismo ha evolucionado desde un enfoque de «añádanse mujeres y agítese» a estudios diversos que se apoyan en la teoría feminista plasmada en una fértil literatura internacional. En este artículo empezaré revisando y atendiendo a los diferentes significados en disputa de género en tanto que concepto que sigue inspirando la teorización sobre las relaciones entre los hombres y las mujeres, sus identidades y sus actividades. Veremos cómo las intersecciones del género con otras formas de categorizar las diferencias como la etnicidad, la edad, la clase, la sexualidad o la nacionalidad se manifiestan en diseños complejos de ideas culturales y relaciones sociales. En nuestro campo, los investigadores analizan los entornos del turismo sexuado y la construcción de relaciones de poder en función del género en los sistemas de turismo. Nos estamos enfrentando a cuestiones que tienen que ver con la ética en el turismo sexual, las desigualdades en la producción, marketing y consumo del turismo y su disfrute sexuado en función de las ideas sobre la masculinidad y la feminidad. Estas preguntas urgentes sobre la equidad de género se plantean en los contextos de temas globales como la acumulación de capital, el movimiento de la población, los recursos medioambientales naturales, la tecnología de la información, la cultura popular y la seguridad. Las percepciones de género locales ofrecen bases para analizar pormenorizadamente estudios de caso y para realizar investigaciones comparativas. A partir de ideas relativas a la encarnación, un término bastante frecuente aunque a menudo oscuro, ha ido emergiendo un enfoque fructífero. Los cuerpos representan lo local por excelencia. Aquí, las tensiones globales y locales se codifican y representan en un espacio individual. El artículo termina con una discusión sobre lo que una teoría sobre el cuerpo puede suponer para la producción de conocimiento en los estudios de turismo, siendo también nosotros investigadores corpóreos.

This article proposes an approach to answering two questions: first, does investment in education help growth; second, does the allocation of investment in education matter? I develop a model where individual ability is heterogeneous and education both trains students and reveals their suitability for further training. I use UNESCO data on educational enrollments and spending to estimate the efficiency of existing educational allocations in a panel of countries. A cross-country growth decomposition regression shows that the correlation of human capital capital accumulation and GDP growth is not significant in countries with poor allocations but is significant and positive in countries with better allocations.

This article contributes to the debate on income and wealth distribution in China by analyzing the main characteristics of the Chinese accumulation pattern that determine its distributive dynamics in a comparative perspective. After a period of rapid growth of inequalities, coupled with improved living conditions for all distribution deciles, inequalities have stabilized in China since the mid-2000s. Globally, China is today in a distributive pattern worse than Western Europe or Japan, but it is more egalitarian than the United States and far from the extreme limits of maldistribution such as Brazil, India and South Africa. In this article, we scrutinize three characteristics of the regime of accumulation in China that mitigate the capital-concentrating tendency: 1. the financialization process with Chinese characteristics, 2. the strategic share of State ownership in the economy, 3. its trajectory over the agrarian question.

Hogyan képzeljük el a magyar társadalom osztályszerkezetét? Terhes babapiskótaként? Piramisként vagy körteként? Az összetett és elvont jelenségek megértését megkönnyíti, ha már ismert dolgokhoz hasonlítjuk. A metaforák egy határig mozgósítják a képzelőerőt. E könyv a félperifériás magyar társadalom osztályszerkezetét egy olyan csepphez hasonlítja, amely az elmúlt négy évtizedben mindinkább széthúzódott. Egyaránt nőtt a távolság a felül és az alul levők, az uralkodó és az alávetett helyzetűek, a tőkések és a munkások között. Vajon mi okozza az egyenlőtlenségek növekedését, az élethelyzetek eltávolodását, a társadalmi felemelkedés és lecsúszás esélyének alacsony szintjét? A kötet válaszai szerint egyfelől a globális kapitalizmus, a tőkés világrendszer dinamikája, másfelől a magyar államot elfoglaló osztályok és osztályfrakciók politikája. A magyar társadalom osztályszerkezete csepp a kapitalista világrendszer tengerében. Egyetlen apró alkotóelemként sűrítve foglalja magába az egész valamennyi feszítő ellentmondását. A könyv célja, hogy közelebb vigyen a változáshoz. A félperifériás magyar társadalom osztályszerkezetének feltérképezésével átalakításának ügyét kívánja előremozdítani. Azért akarja működését feltárni, hogy egyesült erővel, közösen változtathassuk meg.

Kapitalist üretim biçimi dahilinde, sermayenin yeninde üretim döngüsü içeri-sinde rol üstlenen emeğin analizi, bu analiz zorunlu olarak politik sonuçlara da sahip olacağı için daima sorunlu bir mesele olagelmiştir. Neoliberalizmle birlikte toplam sermaye birikimi içerisinde ticari ve finansal sermayenin; buna paralel olarak işçi sınıfı içerisinde de beyaz yakalı kesimin ağırlığının artması, bir kez daha tartışmayı alevlendirmiş; kafa ve kol emeği ayrımı sermaye birikim sürecin-de zorunlu bir işbölümüne işaret etmekten ziyade işçi sınıfı içerisinde müstakil bölmeler tanımlamak, hatta beyaz yakalı bölmeyi işçi sınıfının dışına çıkartmak için kullanılır olmuştur. Öte yandan, ortada incelenmesi ve teorize edilmesi gereken bir fenomen olduğu açıktır. Bu çalışma, beyaz yakalı işlerde istihdam edilen emek gücünün halen sağlıklı biçimde kategorize edilememiş olduğu de-ğerlendirmesinden yola çıkarak, klasik politik iktisat ekolü tarafından ortaya atı-lan ve en gelişkin haline Marx'ın bu ekole yönelik eleştirisinde ulaşan "üretken emek" ve "üretken olmayan emek" kavramsallaştırmasının bu sorunsal açısından kafa ve kol emeği ayrımından çok daha sağlıklı bir araç olduğunu savunmaktadır ve bu yönde bir uygulama denemesidir.

The analysis of labor taking role in the reproduction process of capital within the capitalist mode of production has always been a problematic issue since this analysis cannot refrain from having political outcomes. This discussion once more became heated as the weight of commercial and financial capital within the total capital accumulation and the weight of white-collared workers in the working class became more pronounced with the rise of neoliberalism. Within this discussion, the distinction between manual and intellectual labor have come to be used frequently to define distinct, self-contained divisions within the working class, and in some cases even separate completely the white-collared section from the working class, instead of pointing to a necessary division of labor in the process of capital accumulation. On the other hand, it is obvious that the phenomenon at hand requires investigation and theorization. This article, departing from the assessment that the labor power employed in white-collared jobs is yet to be adequately categorized, claims that the conceptualization of “productive labor” and “unproductive labor” that was put forth by the classical political economy school and took its most sophisticated form in Marx’s critique of it provides a much sounder tool for this problematic than the distinction between manual and non-manual labor; and is an attempt at facilitating it as such.

We assess threats to environmental sustainability by examining the trends in three measures of the ecological footprint (EF) -the total EF, the per capita EF, and the EF intensity of the economy (EF/GDP) -for China, India, Japan, and the United States. from 1961 to 2003. The EF, an estimate of the land area needed to sustain use of the environment, is the most comprehensive measure of anthropogenic pressure on the environment available and is growing in use. We argue that the total EF is the most relevant indicator for assessing threats to nature's capital and services, that per capita EF is the most relevant indicator of global inequalities, and that EF intensity is the most relevant indicator of economic benefits from environmental exploitation. We find in all four nations that the ecological intensity of the economy declined (i.e., efficiency improved) over this period, but the total national EF increased substantially. This is a demonstration of the Jevons paradox, where efficiency does not appear to reduce resource consumption, but rather escalates consumption thereby increasing threats to environmental sustainability.

This article offers a power theory of value analysis of Wal-Mart’s contested expansion in the retail business. More specifically, it draws on, and develops, some aspects of the capital as power framework so as to provide the first clear quantitative explication of the company’s power trajectory to date. After rapid growth in the first four decades of its existence, the power of Wal-Mart appears to be flat-lining relative to dominant capital as a whole. The major problems for Wal-Mart lie in the fact that its green-field growth is running into barriers, while its cost cutting measures seem to be approaching a floor. The article contends that these problems are in part born out of resistance that Wal-Mart is experiencing at multiple social scales. The case of Wal-Mart may tell us about the wider limits of corporate power within contemporary capitalism; and the research methods outlined here may be of use to scholars seeking to conduct political-economic research on the pecuniary trajectories of other major firms.

2.1 Per Capita Income by World Region 22 2.2 The Growth of World Population 24 2.3 Population Age Distributions 25 2.4 Relative Economic Strength of Developing Countries, Historical and Projected 26 2.5 The Historical Evolution of World Poverty 27 2.6 The Recent Evolution of World Poverty 28 2.7 Regional Incidence of Extreme Poverty 29 2.8 Life Expectancy by World Region 30 2.9 Infant Mortality 31 2.10 Female Youth Literacy Relative to Male Youth Literacy and Infant Mortality 32 2.11 Trade and FDI for Low-and Middle-Income Countries 34 2.12 Sectoral Composition of Developing Country Nominal Exports 35 Contents vi 2.13 Nominal Flows of Aid, FDI, Portfolio Investment, and Remittances to Developing Countries 38 2.14 Foreign Remittances Per Capita and as a Percentage of Per Capita GDP, 2003 40 2.15 Communication Access, 2004 44 3.1 Low-and High-Technology Manufactured Exports of Some Developing Countries, 2003 57 3.2 Some Characteristics of the Maquiladora Industry in Mexico 59 3.3 Tariff Escalation on Developing-Country Exports to Developed Countries 62 3.4 OECD Agricultural Subsidies 63 3.5 Primary Commodity Prices in the 20th Century 68

Özet
Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun adem-i merkeziyetçilik dönemi 17. yüzyılda başlamış ve 18. yüzyılda zirveye çıkmıştır. Bu çalışmada ilgili dönemde sermaye sahibi olan ayanların sermayelerini nasıl değerlendirdikleri incelenmektedir. Bu sebeple ayanlığın tarihsel süreçte hangi köşe taşları vasıtasıyla ihdas olunduğu üzerine durulmuş ve ekonomi literatüründeki girişimci (kapitalist) tanımının bu sınıf için ne kadar uygun olduğu belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Ancak girişimci bir sınıfın gelişmesini sağlayan gerekli temel şartların oluşmadığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Bununla birlikte ayanlar tipik bir girişimci gibi yalnızca kar etmek kaygısında olmamış, aynı zamanda taşrada siyasi nüfuzlarını artırmaya çalışan birer güç odağı gibi davranmışlardır.

Economic liberalization policies, externally imposed structural requirements, and Tunisia's comparative advantage have led the government to pursue tourism on a large scale. The growth of this sector has been phenomenal as evidenced by large scale hotel resort enclaves for Europeans and supportive infrastructural commitments by government and the private sector. The economic impact has been impressive in deficit reduction, capital accumulation, and balance of trade, but shows a vulnerability to the vicissitudes of international events. Despite economic gains, Tunisian policymakers are faced with cost/benefit ratio decision due to social and environmental impacts and the clash between Islamic and European values.

The post-2008 financial crisis era has seen an upsurge in popular cultural narratives that implicitly challenge principles of economic productivity, consumption and growth by lamenting a so-called ‘world of too much,’ advocating ethics of minimalism, and renouncing everyday busyness. Narratives range from lifestyle advice on simplicity and de-cluttering private homes, to quests for the reduction of individual labor, communication, social contacts and distraction. This article questions these narratives in terms of eco-politics. Using Kate Soper’s concept of ‘alternative hedonism,’ the article analyzes a selection of five self-help books and one blog that promote lifestyle minimalism in order to interrogate their potential in stimulating de-growth eco-politics through popular culture. Drawing on post-ecological theory, it argues that narratives of lifestyle minimalism are paradoxical in that they resist yet at the same time promote capitalist cultures of growth. To overcome this limitation, it is crucial to understand and transform the narrative premises of lifestyle minimalism in ways that contextualize problems of ‘excess,’ ‘clutter’ and ‘a world of too much’ as intrinsic to the current system of capital accumulation. The article concludes by reflecting on the potential of an eco-movement that joins the alternative culture of minimalist hedonism with the eco-political agenda of de-growth.

Anti-colonialism is a scam today.
It is the ideological abode of new forms of capital accumulation, symbolised by the Capitalist International of the Postcolonial Immigrant and Silicon Valley.
Anti-colonialism propels the intensification of the 'social death' of black people.

Bir üretim mekânının oluşması, sermaye birikiminin temel eğilimleri ve bu eğilimlere içkin mekanın özgül süreçlerinden beslenmektedir. Çalışmanın konusu, kriz ve sermaye birikimi bağlamında kayan, oluşan ve yeniden üretilen üretim mekânlarıdır. Özellikle zaman ve mekân sıkışmasına karşı üretilen mekânsal çözümlerin, kapitalizmin her yerde benzer işleyen dinamiklerinin yerel, ulusal ve küresel ölçekte eşitsiz gelişmenin yarattığı farklılaşmaları içererek açığa çıkması oldukça zengin bir yapı üretmektedir. Zira üretilen her mekânsal çözümün, birikimin farklı aşamalarına denk gelmesi ile farklı biçimlerde oluşması ve yerel yapılarla eklemlenmesi her sektörde ve bölgede farklı varyasyonların öne çıkmasını sağlamaktadır. Böylelikle emekgücünün varoluş ve direniş koşullarının da bu yelpaze içinde son derece öğretici bir zenginlikte yer alması ise sınıf mücadelesinin dinamiklerini oluşturmaktadır. Mekânın sosyal olarak üretimin bir siyasal strateji olarak özellikle geç kapitalistleşme koşullarında devlet müdahalelerine yönelik belirginlik ve belirleyicilik kazandırmaktadır. Bu çalışma, üç birbirine bağlı iddia ile temellendirilmektedir. İlki üretimin mekânsal örgütlenmelerinin hem fiziksel hem de sosyal anlamda eklemlenmiş bir yapıyı gerektirdiğinden hareketle her birikim düzeyine uygun mekanların üretildiğidir. İkincisi, ilk iddianın sonucunda üretilen bu “mekânsal çözümlerin” hem birikimin potansiyel sürekliliğini hem de sınırlılığını inşa eden bir çelişkili süreçler olduğudur. Sonuncu iddiası ise özellikle geç kapitalistleşme kavramından hareketle Tuzla ve Yalova Tersaneler Bölgesinde birikime içkin dönüşen devlet varlığının rol oynaması üzerinedir.
English:
Establishment of the production space has been nourished by the basic tendencies of capital accumulation and the specific processes pertain to the immanent space of these tendencies. Hence, the subject of this dissertation is the production spaces shifted, generated and reproduced within the context of capital accumulation. Particularly producing against the time-space compression, the spatial fixes generate considerably diverse structures due to the embodied differentiations arising from the unequal development of capitalism within local, national and global scale. Indeed, each spatial fix enables to form distinct variations in every sector and region by the virtue of the fact that it coincides different stages of the accumulation, emerges as separate forms and articulates with local structures. Thereby, locating within the range of these instructive various circumstances, the existence and struggle conditions of labor has built the dynamics of the class struggle. This study is based on three interrelated assertions. Firstly, since the spatial organizations require a structure articulated both physically and socially, the spaces are shaped regarding all levels of the accumulation. Secondly, the aforementioned “spatio-temporal fixes”, which are produced as a result of the first assertion, are contradictive processes that build both potential continuity and limitation of the accumulation. Finally, the last assertion sets forth the changing presence of the state along with the accumulation in Tuzla and Yalova Shipyards Regions within the context of the late capitalized countries.

Türkiye S›n›f Araflt›rmalar› Merkezi (TÜSAM)'nin, yola ç›kt›¤› andan itibaren en fazla önem verdi¤i projelerinden birisi olan bu sempozyumun gerçekleflmesi için desteklerini bizden esirgemeyen ve yaln›z olmad›¤›m›z› anlamam›z› sa¤layan dostlar›m›z Cenk Dik, E¤itim-Sen 4 No'lu fiube, Hava-‹fl Sendikas›, Kalem Tercüme Bürosu, Kristal-‹fl Sendikas›, Petrol-‹fl Sendikas›; Sempozyum Dan›flma Kurulu Üyeleri Berna Güler Müftüo¤lu, Fatma Ülkü Selçuk, Fuat Ercan, Mehmet Türkay , Özgür Müftüo¤lu; bizi her boyutta destekleyen SAV Yönetim Kurulu, izleyen, katk› sunan, duyuran, haber yapan, hakk›nda yaz› yazanlar; ve sempozyum süresi boyunca tükenmek bilmeyen enerjileri ile her an yan›bafl›m›zda olan gönüllü arkadafllar›m›za teflekkür ederiz. yan›t vererek, "‹flçi S›n›f›n›n De¤iflen Yap›s› ve S›n›f Hareketinde Aray›fllar, Deneyimler -1" sempozyumuna kat›l›m›n›z için teflekkür ediyoruz. Dünya üzerinde Sosyalist deneyimlerin iktidar gücünü ve dünya politikalar› üzerindeki etkinli¤ini önemli ölçüde yitirmesiyle bafllayan süreçte kapitalist dünya "Yeni Dünya Düzeni" ad›yla bilinen hegemonya-c› politikalar bütününü yeni dengelere göre biçimlendirerek Amerika öncülü¤üyle uygulamaya koydu.Sürdürülebilir toplumsal geliflimin olmazsa olmaz koflulu çevreye ve do¤aya sayg›n›n, toplumda adalet duygusunun, adil paylafl›mdan vazgeçtik paylafl›m›n ve toplumsal dayan›flman›n reddedilmesi, kültürel olarak iflbirlikçili¤in, kurals›z ve eflitsiz yar›flmac›-l›¤›n, bencilli¤in ideolojisi temeline oturan sistem ile, Dünya yeniden flekillendirilmeye çal›-fl›lmaktad›r.Yeni Dünya Düzeninin bir parças› olan etki ve egemenlik alan›n› geniflletme ve pekifltirme çabalar›, "dünya bar›fl›n› koruma", "terörizme karfl› savafl" gibi toplumlarca kabul görebilir sözde gerekçelere dayal› iflgalleri do¤urmaktad›r. Toplumlar› yeniden flekillendirme hakk›n› kendinde gören uluslararas› sermaye, uygulamalar›nda alt›na imza koydu¤u uluslararas› sözleflmeleri ya da kendi kurduklar› Birleflmifl Milletler gibi kurumlar› bile hiçe saymaktad›r. Nazi Almanya's› yöntemleri, güçlü kapitalist devletlerin militarist güçlerinin eliyle geri dönmüfltür. Büyük kapitalist güçler aras› egemenlik çat›flmas›, diplomas› ve savafl alan›nda büyük çekiflmelere neden olmakta, emekçi s›n›flara ve halklara karfl› yeni politi-kalar›n oluflumunda ortak örgütsel yap›lar kurup, kararlar üretirken birbirleriyle k›yas›ya çat›flmaktad›rlar. Di¤erlerinin kural tan›maz uygulamalar›na karfl› halklar›n yan›nda gözükürken, egemenlik alanlar›nda ayn› fleyleri kendileri uygulamaktad›r.Uygulama sürecinin k›sal›¤›na karfl›n "Tek kutuplu dünya" ideolojik slogan›; karfl›lafl›lan ulusal ve toplumsal dirençler, iflçi ve emekçi s›n›flar›n karfl› koyufllar› nedeniyle anlam›n› çok k›sa sürede yitirmifl-* SAV Yönetim Kurulu Baflkan› * Sosyal Araflt›rmalar Vakf›, temel ilgi alanlar› olan konular›; her biri ayr› bir örgüt gibi, kendi yap›sal organ-lar›na (Yönetim ve Yürütme, Dan›flma Kurullar›, Etkinlik Komiteleri, Tüzük, Program vs.) sahip Çal›flma Gruplar› eliyle organize eden bir üst kurumdur. * TÜSAM Yürütme Kurulu Sözcüsü 18 Merhabalar A ç › l › fl K o n u fl m a s › T Ü L ‹ N Ö N G E N

This paper develops a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model with nominal rigidities, capital accumulation and finite lifetimes. The framework exhibits intergenerational wealth effects and is intended to investigate the macroeconomic implications of fiscal policy, which is specified by either a debt-based tax rule or a balanced-budget rule allowing for temporary deficits. When calibrated to euro area quarterly data, the model

Artykuł stanowi zarazem historyczne, jak i systematyczne oraz problemowe wprowadzenie do teorii kapitalizmu kognitywnego. Rekonstruuje najważniejsze stanowiska i debaty w danym polu, od pierwszych publikacji na temat pracy niematerialnej oraz postfordyzmu przez analizy kryzysu finansowego 2001 roku po najnowsze publikacje teoretyków i teoretyczek kapitalizmu kognitywnego. Systematyzuje rozproszone w debacie nad kapitalizmem kognitywnym analizy, od wzrastającej roli efektów zewnętrznych i renty we współczesnym kapitalizmie, przez przekształcenia intelektu powszechnego po wykształcenie się nowych form wartości i nowych mechanizmów jej akumulacji. To właśnie to ostatnie zagadnienie, nowe mechanizmy akumulacji wartości, stanowi główny problem, na którym skupia się artykuł. Ukazując funkcje kapitału finansowego w ukształtowaniu się kapitalizmu kognitywnego jako pewnego reżimu akumulacji, artykuł nie tylko analizuje kapitalizm kognitywny jako niestabilny reżim akumulacji, ale stara się w systematyczny sposób przedstawić sprzeczności tegoż reżimu akumulacji.

This article shows how wildlife and marine conservation in Tanzania lead to forms of ‘green’ or ‘blue grabbing’. Dispossession of local people's land and resources has been gradual and piecemeal in some cases, while it involved violence in other cases. It does not primarily take the usual form of privatization of land. The spaces involved are still formally state or village land. It is rather the benefits from the land and natural resources that contribute to capital accumulation by more powerful actors (rent-seeking state officials, transnational conservation organizations, tourism companies, and the State Treasury). In both cases, restrictions on local resource use are justified by degradation narratives, while financial benefits from tourism are drained from local communities within a system lacking in transparent information sharing. Contrary to other forms of primitive accumulation, this dispossession is not primarily for wage labour or linked to creation of a labour reserve. It is the wide-open spaces without its users that are valued by conservation organizations and the tourism industry. The introduction of ‘community-based conservation’ worked as a key mechanism for accumulation by dispossession allowing conservation a foothold in village lands. This foothold produced the conditions under which subsequent dispossessions could take place.