Racial Stereotypes

While the racial and ethnic stereotyping practised by the employers of migrant domestic workers has received significant scholarly attention, these workers' racial essentializations of their employers have been largely ignored. Drawing upon interviews with Filipino migrant domestic workers in Singapore and Hong Kong, I present findings concerning the racial stereotypes these workers hold about white and Chinese employers. This stereotyping involves both racial distancing from local Chinese employers and racial alignment with expatriate white employers. This two-track racial project is a defensive tactic that allows Filipino workers to redefine themselves as occupying a higher position in the global racial order (as they see it) on cultural grounds. However, it also makes them complicit in naturalizing legacy stereotypes that valorize whites as morally and culturally superior. In addition, it encourages them to privilege the West as an idealized destination where they fantasize they will enjoy comfortable working conditions from local white employers.

The article examines Edward Linley Sambourne’s cartoon series ‘Mr. Punch’s Designs After Nature’ which appeared in Punch from the late 1860s onwards. The images show women morphing into animals and birds, or wearing them as exaggerated forms of decoration. Some of the cartoons explicitly satirise specific fashion trends or silhouettes, whilst others poke fun at fashion generally. The author’s focus is on the iconography of ‘Mr. Punch’s Designs After Nature’, the real 1860s and 1870s fashions giving rise to these images' creation, as well as the visual and textual tradition of satire within which Sambourne’s cartoons can be situated. The article pays particular attention to the re-evaluation of the relationship between human and non-human in the light of Darwin’s ideas, and to the gender-related aspects of Sambourne’s zoomorphic images.

An experiment (N=123) examined how individuals cognitively process online news stories depicting African-American characters with stereotype-consistent and -inconsistent attributes and whether distracting online advertisements interfere with story processing. Two cognitive control functions, updating and inhibition, were predicted to moderate the effects of distracting ads. Recall of characters’ attributes and overall characters’ description were included in the study as dependent measures. Findings indicated that distracting online ads hinder recall of information about and descriptions of story characters. Inhibition and updating affect dependent measures and moderate the effects of distracting online ads on characters’ descriptions.

This paper proposes and defends the multifactorial view of stereotyping. According to this view, multiple factors determine whether or not any act of stereotyping increases the chance of an accurate judgment being made about an individual to whom the stereotype is applied. To support this conclusion, various features of acts of stereotyping that can determine the accuracy of stereotyping judgments are identified. The argument challenges two existing views that suggest that it is relatively easy for an act of stereotyping to increase the chance of an accurate judgment being made. In the process, it shows why stereotyping that associates black people more strongly than white people with criminality in the United States cannot be defended, and actions to reduce the stereotyping criticized, on the basis that engaging in this form of stereotyping increases the chance of accurate judgments. As each of these important conclusions is supported by results from empirical psychology, the discussion exemplifies and vindicates the naturalistic approach to epistemology, according to which psychological findings provide an important contribution to understanding the epistemic standing of beliefs.

In this article, I examine how race impacts online interactions on one of the most popular online gay personal websites in the United States. Based on 15 in-depth interviews and an analysis of 100 profiles, I show that the filtering system on this website allows users to cleanse particular racial bodies from their viewing practices. I use Patricia Hill Collins’s concept of the “new racism” and Sharon Holland’s ideas on everyday practices of racism within one’s erotic life to explain how these social exclusionary practices toward gay men of color in cyberspace are considered not to be racist acts. Specifically, I show how the neoliberal discourse of “personal preference” effaces the larger cultural assumptions that are influencing people’s interpersonal and psychic racial desires, furthering an erotic new racism in this digital age. By also turning to a queer of color analysis, I posit that the practices that gay users engage in lead to the remarginalization of all nonheterosexual individuals, though in qualitatively different ways.

's Ivanhoe through the perspective of imagology Ivanhoe is a historical novel written by Sir Walter Scott and published in 1819. It is set in England during the 12 th century and depicts the antagonism between the Saxons and the Normans and the Jews, and how the lives of all the people were influenced by the Crusades. The book was so successful that it rekindled the interest in chivalry and medievalism, and shaped the perception of personalities like Richard the Lionheart, King John, and Robin Hood. (Scott 5) This essay will focus on the descriptions that represent ethnotypes, stereotypes, clichés about the cultures/races/groups that are defined in the novel.

Video games are increasingly becoming an important media today, despite the light connota-tion of its initial categorization. Today they are an industry that produces billions of dollars and employs engineers and artists alike in an art form spanning interactive games, to virtual socie-ties where millions of people dwell. However, like all human products, our same fears, flaws and xenophobia show in the games, with the reflection of hatred, racism and stereotypes that are our everyday experience. Also, because of the influence of other media, like television, with misrepresentations of blacks, Latinos and other races, or the objectification of women are pre-sent in video games. The significant thing found researching for this assignment is that most of those who use these games are themselves part of minorities or races that are not exactly white Americans. Abuse of the frustrations and desires of the user, handling codes and the system an-swers of gamers to maintain the player engagement, has more resemblance to the use of illegal drugs than with art, but however, the complexity of the design, stories and global assessment, have led to other considerations by experts. Competing in the games could be considered as having more of escapism that the reality of engaging, but all human beings are expected in their tribes to compete and demonstrate their value as a member while complying with social norms or expectations. Same as satisfying or surrender to corporate or group interests. Here are some thoughts for the purpose of this study.

In this chapter, stereotypes associated with seven ethnic categories
are reconstructed from scenes and characterisations on Singapore film and television. These stereotypes are mainly described as inadequate representations for understanding the ethnic Other in multiethnic Singapore. The persistence of these stereotypes in spite of Singapore’s multicultural aspirations can be attributed to their commercial value, particularly in the context of audience demand for light entertainment that is immediately gratifying at least with respect to multiethnic insecurities. However, given their resilience and commercial value, stereotypes can be harnessed in ways that jolt audiences out of the comfort of their taken-for-granted and easy-to-manage world of ethnic caricatures. This would require the kind of technical, social, and artistic knowledge and skill that any “renaissance city” should aim to nurture and promote among its citizenry. In fact, this is the kind of social and cultural vibrancy that, set up in dialectical relationship with the official policy-making and
institution-building efforts of officialdom, is necessary for giving
substance, depth, and critical relevance to the mostly emblematic and loudly celebratory, but correspondingly abstract and hollow, principle of multiracialism in Singapore."

Video games are increasingly becoming an important medium today, despite the light connota-tion of its initial categorization. Today they are an industry that produces billions of dollars and employs engineers and artists alike in an art form spanning interactive games, to virtual socie-ties where millions of people dwell. However, like all human products, our same fears, flaws and xenophobia show in the games, with the reflection of hatred, racism and stereotypes that are our everyday experience. Also, as a result of the influence of other media, like television, with misrepresentations of blacks, Latinos and other races, or the objectification of women are present in video games. The significant thing found researching for this assignment is that most of those who use these games are themselves part of minorities or races that are not exactly white Americans. Abuse of the frustrations and desires of the user, handling codes and the sys-tem answers of users to maintain the player engagement, has more resemblance to use of illegal drugs with art, but however, the complexity of the design, stories and global assessment, have led to other considerations by experts. Competing in the games could be considered as having more of escapism that the reality of engaging, but all human beings are expected in their tribes to compete and demonstrate their value as a member while complying with social norms or ex-pectations. Same as satisfying or surrender to corporate or group interests. Here are some ideas for the intent of this survey.

Imagery and sounds from television, film, music, the Internet, and other media bombard American youth; dictating to them how they should act, think, or what they should believe. They often do not realize that they find much of their identity and belief systems in messages put forth to them by popular culture (Du Gay 1997; Hall 1997). Young people should think critically about their media choices and reflect on the degree that they shape their identity (Considine 2009; Youngbauer 2013). Even when it comes to the topic of race, the media has messages and values readily available for youth to adopt (Bresnahan and Carmen 2011). Based on the work of many popular musicians, African American identity is associated with violence, misogyny, materialism, and deviancy (Balkaran 1999; Ruffner-Ceaser 2012; West 1993). Other forms of popular culture, such as television and film, communicate the same negative messages. In what ways are black stereotypes perpetuated through popular culture? Can social studies classrooms facilitate conversations about race? This article explores how social studies educators can integrate popular culture into their curriculum to unpack racial stereotypes in American society, thereby helping students become more critically aware of the media they consume and how it impacts their lives and self-image.

The work by black artist Faith Ringgold done in 1982 or 1983 stands out on the history of contemporary black art. The intricate quilt titled “Who's Afraid of Aunt Jemima?” makes one think just from looking at it. Having a composite border, the pulls you in bit by bit. Middle-aged black women of all classes dot the edges of the quilt and as one moves their eye toward the center of the piece, it becomes just that much more complex. Those of all races and professions each have a little box of words next to them. Closer examination finds this to be a whole story in black dialect about a family in sections called “pages.”

The aim of the paper is to discuss Italian proverbs referring to the inhabitants of places in Italy, e.g. regions, cities, towns etc. with a view to analyzing them in terms of their linguistic characteristics and cultural peculiarities. Many of the units in question are not only carriers of meaning, but also stylistic markedenss, connotations and evaluation. The proverbs constituting the corpus for the analysis are excerpted from the dictionary of proverbs titled Dizionario dei proverbi italiani by Carlo Lapucci (2006) as well as other lexicographic sources. A quantitative and qualitative analysis of the proverbs is conducted, which gives an insight into the linguo-cultural character of the units in question. As culture-bound units, mostly specific to Italian folklore, such proverbs can be considered potentially lacunary in a cross-linguistic and cross-cultural perspective, which means the vast majority of them is likely to have zero equivalents in other languages.

The full text is available here
http://ejournal.ukm.my/3l/article/view/4648

""Controversy has surrounded The Merchant of Venice. Although some critics believe the play is not anti-Semitic, the present study shows that Shakespeare could not go against the current of Elizabethan anti-Semitism. The play reinforced the dominant discourses and stereotypes working against the Jews. Few Shakespearean characters are more hotly debated than Shylock, the Jewish usurer in The Merchant. Although he has a relatively small part, this multifaceted and influential character governs the play and his multidimensional nature complicates the work significantly. The play depicts him as a cruel, crafty and wicked Jew just as Elizabethan Christians would demand. The playwright takes the stereotype character presented to him and makes it more complex, but he leaves its anti-Semitic qualities untouched. The Merchant of Venice represents and reinforces the dominant discourses of law, religion and nationality that support the Christians and work against the Jews. As a comedy, it made the audience identify with the winners of the trial scene, the Christians. Therefore, nothing remains of the resisting voices and what is heard more often and more powerfully is the dominant discourse of the time voiced by the winners of the play. Shakespeare made a clear distinction between “self” and “other,” did whatever at his disposal to defeat “the others” of the play, deprived them of genuine identity and form a homogenised community where no resisting voice could be heard.

Keywords: The Merchant of Venice; Shakespeare; anti-Semitism; discourse; Shylock
""

As the counterpart to the narrative of European superiority, the fear of Japan and China has had a place in the history of Europe since the 1890s, when the term was adopted from North America. In general, the term "Yellow Peril" has been analysed as a political and social catchphrase. In this essay, I argue instead that three media events played a crucial role in its emergence and gradual intensification: the Sino-Japanese War of 1894/1895, the Boxer War of 1900/1901 and the Russo-Japanese War of 1904/1905. The legacies of these wars cast a long shadow over the 20th century.

The portrayal of Hispanics in American film and television has focused traditionally in negative stereotypes of the worst values and traditions of the Spanish-speaking communities in the country, with a racist and prejudiced misrepresented focus, a sample of the superficiality and hatred by some in the media industry. Recent examples show that our theory is not so far from reality as we all do want.

The article applies Edward Said’s theory of Orientalism to the research of the media portrayals of Ukraine and India in the Russian newspapers Trud and Izvestiya and Britain’s The Times and The Sun. The research based mainly on quantitative content analysis locates differences and similarities in the ways media deal with formerly dependent countries. Their portrayals are found out to be characterized by postcolonial condition significantly, and in Russia more so than in the UK.

Dieser Artikel fasst die Ergebnisse eines im Sommer 2010 stattgefundenen Forschungsaufenthalts am Georg-Eckert-Institut für Schulbuchforschung (Braunschweig) zusammen. Ein offenes Korpus der 202 dort vorhandenen Fibeln, die zur Zeit der deutschen Diktatur 1933–1945 in Grundschulen des (Groß-)Deutschen Reiches Verwendung fanden, wurde auf das Auftreten von Ausländern, Fremden und Minderheiten hin untersucht. Dazu bedienten wir uns einer von Dietrich Busse, Wolfgang Teubert and Matthias Jung entwickelten deutschen Variante der Diskursanalyse. Wenn Ausländer, Fremde und Minderheiten in Fibeln auftraten, wurde dies von uns registriert und je nach Situation des Auftretens kategorisiert. Dabei zeigte sich, dass in nur 40 % der Fibeln überhaupt Ausländer, Fremde und Minderheiten auftauchen: am weithäufigsten »Neger/Mohren«, dann Indianer und Chinesen. Diese treten meistens in den Kontexten »Reise/Abenteuer«, »Zirkus«, und »Fasching/Karneval« auf. Überraschenderweise kommt es dabei nie zu abwertenden und/ oder explizit rassistischen Äußerungen. Von den Nazis verfolgte Gruppen wie »Zigeuner« oder Juden spielen eine marginale Rolle; sie tauchen nur in 3 % bzw. 1,5 % der Fibeln auf. Hier kam es vereinzelt zu negativ-rassistischen Äußerungen. Gründe für diese unerwarteten Ergebnisse könnten einerseits in der Lehrplanorganisation der Nazis liegen; andererseits könnten pädagogische Gegebenheiten ausschlaggebend sein. Weitere Forschungen könnten zukünftig zur Klärung dieses Problems beitragen.

This article summarizes the results of research conducted during a fellowship at the Georg-Eckert-Institut für Schulbuchforschung, Braunschweig, in summer 2010. An open corpus of 202 Fibeln (primers to teach reading and writing to school children) used in Nazi Germany in primary schools during the dictatorship 1933–1945 were analysed with regard to the occurrence of foreigners and/or minorities. For this purpose, a German variety of discourse analysis developed by Dietrich Busse, Wolfgang Teubert and Matthias Jung was used. References to foreigners and/or minorities or their occurrence were noted and categorized according to their situational context. The prevailing discourse was analysed. It turned out that foreigners and minorities occur in only 40 % of the analysed primers. The vast majority of references are related to Neger/Mohr (›negro‹/›moor‹), followed by Indianer (›Indian‹ i. e. native north American), and Chinese. All of them mostly occur in the contexts of travel/adventure, circus, and Fasching (›carnival‹). Surprisingly, neither derogatory remarks nor explicit racism were found to be present. Minorities persecuted by the Nazis, such as Juden (›Jews‹) and Zigeuner (›Gypsies‹) play a marginal role. They appear in only 3 % and 1.5 % respectively of the primers; negative remarks and racism do occasionally appear here. Reasons for these unexpected results may be connected to the organisation of the syllabus during the Nazi era, and to pedagogical preferences of the time. Further research could shed light on this problem.

Riassunto: La presente ricerca intende indagare il personaggio e la metaforizzazione del nero come straniero, ‘altro’ rispetto al contesto europeo a dominanza ‘bianca’ nel quale viene inserito, in alcuni testi della letteratura italiana tra fine ‘800 e ‘900. Ad una premessa,
che traccia lo strutturarsi dello stereotipo razziale e razzista nella tradizione letteraria, segue l’esame di novelle scapigliate – L’Alfier nero (1867) di Arrigo Boito, Il romanzo di un sì di petto (1876) di Fernando Fontana – e libretti d’opera verdiani – Un ballo in maschera
(1859) di Antonio Somma, Otello (1887) di Arrigo Boito – nei quali si apprezza una raffigurazione positiva del nero rispetto al bianco: il primo dotato di intelligenza creativa, bontà, senso della giustizia e sapienza arcana, il secondo incapace di sottrarsi al pregiudizio e alla
mercificante logica borghese, o ancora dichiaratamente malvagio. Appare invece ambigua la rappresentazione della ‘negrità’ in Luigi Pirandello, solo tangenzialmente raffigurata con approccio ironico, quindi ancora persistente, in alcuni casi, come stereotipia negativa. Si prendono in considerazione al riguardo le novelle La patente (1911), Zafferanetta (1911), La signora Frola e il signor Ponza, suo genero (1915), Tanino e Tanotto (1902), La casa dell’agonia (1935). La scrittura femminile tenta di superare l’imagotipia razzista immaginando la possibilità di una relazione amorosa fra donna bianca e uomo nero – Mura, Sambadù, amore negro, 1934; Liala, Con Beryl, perdutamente, 1976 – che comunque non ha esito
positivo, o perché minacciata dallo spettro di un’inquietante ibridità etnica (Mura), o per la morte di entrambi i personaggi (Liala). Nel dopoguerra le opere di Alberto Moravia nuovamente alterizzano il personaggio nero, nella figura di Homs in Agostino (1944), del soldato di colore violento e sensuale nel racconto Il negro e il vecchio dalla roncola, infine nella figura
reificata, ridotta ad oggetto sessuale, di Pascasie in L’uomo che guarda (1985).
Si riscontra quindi, nel corpus esaminato, una sostanziale persistenza degli stereotipi etnico- sociali, messi in discussione solo in aree periferiche del sistema culturale italiano, fra gli autori della Scapigliatura e in contesti surreali, tra i librettisti, e parzialmente nella scrittura a firma
femminile. Riguardo all’ambito del fantastico, si pone in conclusione del percorso Appuntamento con Einstein (1954) di Dino Buzzati, dove il diavolo ‘nero’ ribalta interamente lo stereotipo, mostrando la negatività del sapere scientifico dei ‘bianchi’.

Parole chiave: personaggio del nero, stereotipo razziale, Scapigliatura, Pirandello, Mura, Liala, Moravia, Buzzati.

Abstract: The present research aims at exploring the character and the metaphorization of the black person in his role of foreigner, ‘other’ within the European / mainly ‘white’ context as he is presented in some texts belonging to the Italian Literature of the nineteenth and twenty century. An introduction, which traces the formation of the racial and racist stereotype in the literary tradition, is followed by an examination of some short stories from the Scapigliatura – L’Alfier nero (1867) by Arrigo Boito, Il romanzo di un sì di petto (1876) by Fernando Fontana – some of Verdi’s libretti – Un ballo in maschera (1859) di Antonio Somma, Otello (1887) di Arrigo Boito – in which a positive configuration of the black character with respect to the white characters is noted: the former is endowed with
creative intelligence, goodness, sense of justice, and arcane wisdom while the latter is unable to escape prejudice and the bourgeois commodifying logic, or is even admittedly evil.
On the other hand, Luigi Pirandello’s representation of ‘negrity’ appears ambiguous, only tangentially depicted with an ironic approach, therefore, in some cases, it is still in line with a negative stereotypy. Concerning this point, the short stories La patente (1911), Zafferanetta (1911), La signora Frola e il signor Ponza, suo genero (1915), Tanino e Tanotto (1902),
La casa dell’agonia (1935) are examined. Female writing attempts to overcome the racist imagotype by imagining the possibility of a love relationship between a white woman and a black man – Mura, Sambadù, amore negro, 1934; Liala, Con Beryl, perdutamente, 1976 – which does not have a positive outcome in any case, either because it is under the threat
of a disturbing ethnic hybridity (Mura), or because of the death of both characters (Liala).
In the postwar period, Alberto Moravia’s works alter the black character, in the figures of Homs in Agostino (1944), of the violent and sensual soldier of color in the story Il negro e il vecchio dalla roncola, and finally, of Pascasie, a reified character reduced to sexual object, in L’uomo che guarda (1985). Therefore, in the examined corpus, there is a substantial
persistence of ethnic-social stereotypes, which are challenged only in peripheral areas of the Italian cultural system, among the authors of the Scapigliatura and in surreal context, among the librettists, and partially, in female writing. As to the fantastic, this literary journey ends with Dino Buzzati’s Appuntamento con Einstein (1954) where the ‘black’ devil
overturns the stereotype, showing the negativity of the ‘white’ scientific knowledge.
Key words: black character, racial stereotype, Scapigliatura, Pirandello, Mura, Liala, Moravia, Buzzati.

(THE FULL TEXT IS AVAILABLE UPON REQUEST)

Throughout her life, Harriet Beecher Stowe (1811-1896) remained deeply involved in religious movements, feminist causes, and the most divisive political and moral issue of her time: the abolition of slavery. From the time she wrote her first and most famous novel, Uncle Tom's Cabin, controversy surrounds her portrayal of slavery and gender issues. While it is called a powerfully feminist book and one of the causes of the abolition of slavery, it is harshly criticized by some black and feminist scholars. New historicism’s belief in the mutual constitution of the text and the context justifies the controversy. As the feminist writer consciously tries to undermine the dominant discourse of patriarchy of her time, she is involuntarily and treacherously under the influence of and, to some extent, reinforcing the dominant discourse. This is true regarding the issues of the blacks.

Mit dem Begriff Diskriminierung wird der benachteiligende, herabsetzende oder abwertende Umgang mit Personen, die (imaginierten) gesellschaftlichen Gruppen zugeordnet werden, beschrieben. Diesem gehen psychologische Dynamiken der Stereotypisierung sowie historisch komplexe soziale Prozesse und Strukturen der Differenzierung und Hierarchisierung voran. Aufgrund sozialer, politischer und wissenschaftlicher Auseinandersetzungen ist Diskriminierung mittlerweile nicht nur als (Menschen-)Rechtsverletzung anerkannt, sondern permanent Gegenstand von Kontroversen über die (Il-)Legitimität von (Un-)Gleichbehandlung.

Link: https://www.gender-glossar.de/post/diskriminierung

The colonization of the American Continent many consequences to the development of the global capitalist system we have today. The racial ranking/classification was one of them. During the colonial period, the Whites established themselves as the model of culture and civilization, while different cultures were rejected. In order to legitimize the colonization and the slavery system, the colonizer fabricated the image of the Indian and the Negro as inferior. According to the postcolonial theory, the literary productions were an important ally in the construction process of the Other. Starting from this proposition, we intend, with this paper, to present and analyze the representations of the Negro in the Brazilian literature of the nineteenth century. Keywords: Racial stereotypes; Brazilian Literature of the nineteenth century; Postcolonial theory. Resumo: A colonização do continente americano teve inúmeras consequências para o desenvolvimento do atual sistema capitalista global. A hierarquização racial foi uma delas. Durante o período colonial, o branco se firmou como exemplo de cultura e civilização enquanto culturas divergentes foram rechaçadas. A fim de legitimar a colonização e o sistema escravagista, o colonizador fabricou a imagem do índio e do negro como inferior. Segundo a teoria pós-colonial, as produções literárias foram uma importante aliada no processo de construção do Outro. Partindo dessa premissa, o presente artigo propõe-se expor e analisar as representações do negro na literatura brasileira do século XIX. Palavras-chave: Estereótipos raciais; Literatura brasileira do século XIX; Teoria pós-colonial. Introdução: os estudos pós-coloniais A teoria pós-colonial tem como objetivo estudar as diferentes formas de reconstrução de uma identidade por parte das ex-colônias. Os estudos pós-coloniais se propõem, sobretudo, analisar como as sociedades colonizadas foram manifestando sua

On the rhetorical devices invented (or better said, reboosted) during the thirteenth century in order to organize  lists of "national/nation" stereotypes, with a special attention to the ars dictaminis/university milieu. This paper uses newly edited texts as well as ancient, not so well known material... (for example Enrico da Isernia, Boncompagno da signa, an anonymous "sicilian" author of the 1210's, etc...)

Journée d'études « Représentations et traductions du corps « parlant » dans la littérature, les films et les séries pour la jeunesse », Université de Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, Besançon, 22 mars 2018. Actes à paraître.

Jamais traduit en français à ce jour, Monteiro Lobato est le maître de la littérature enfantine du Brésil. Les aventures du Sítio do Picapau Amarelo (la Ferme du Pivert Jaune), publiées entre 1921 et 1947, n'ont jamais cessé d'être rééditées et adaptées en séries télévisées et dessins animés. Une étude des représentations et traductions des « corps parlants » dans cette œuvre présente plusieurs points d'intérêt, tant au niveau du texte que de l'imagerie.
Dans cet univers souvent comparé à un Wonderland brésilien, où le merveilleux et le non-sense bousculent le paisible monde rural, les corps subissent une série de métamorphoses grâce aux baguettes magiques et autres poudres de perlimpinpin. Grâce aux contes de la grand-mère Dona Benta et de la cuisinière Tia Nastácia, les personnages de la culture livresque européenne (Poucet, Peter Pan, Blanche-Neige, Don Quichotte...) rencontrent ceux du folklore populaire brésilien, comme le Saci, trickster amateur de mauvais tours, enfant noir unijambiste à pipe et bonnet rouge vivant au cœur de la forêt.
Mais le véritable corps (trop) parlant est sans conteste l'impertinente Emília, une poupée de chiffon qui a acquis le don de parole après avoir ingéré une pilule magique, et qui depuis ne cesse de parler à tort et à travers, confondre les mots, réformer la grammaire, lancer des méchancetés et tirer la langue, dans tous les sens du terme. Très souvent, Emília fait figure d’alter-ego de Lobato. À travers elle, il fait passer ses propres idées sur l’absurdité et les incohérences de sa société. Or, l’attachement des enfants pour la poupée à la langue bien pendue et l’identification de l’auteur à son personnage préféré posent problème dans la mesure où Emília fait également preuve d’une grande cruauté envers Tia Nastácia, qu’elle ne cesse de rabaisser et d’humilier à cause de sa couleur de peau, de son ignorance et de son statut de subalterne. Depuis les années 2010, une polémique oppose les défenseurs de Lobato et ceux qui lui reprochent de présenter une image stéréotypée et dégradante des personnages noirs.
La relation entre Tia Nastácia et sa créature de chiffon ainsi que les descriptions et les illustrations du personnage de la domestique noire sont donc relus à la lumière de cette controverse. Comment la modernisation du dessin et du décor dans les adaptations récentes tend-elle à arrondir les angles de la question sociale et raciale au Brésil ? Que nous dit le corps de Tia Nastácia sur les rapports de classe, de race et de genre dans la société post-esclavagiste brésilienne ?

While employers recognize the utility, convenience, and efficiency of unproctored testing, implementing unproctored high-stakes tests (such as an Internet-administered intelligence test used for selection) face multiple hurdles. As the percentage of high-complexity jobs continue to increase in the United States, intelligence measures will continue to be in demand for personnel selection purposes. This study further established the validity of a general intelligence measure, the Unobtrusive Knowledge Test (UKT) in support of unproctored and Internet-based personnel employee selection. UKT performance was significantly correlated to an established personnel selection test, the Wonderlic Personnel Test (WPT), while being perceived as survey, though participants had been told otherwise. Implications are discussed.

By means of an analysis of Kusturica’s only film about America, Arizona Dream, this article argues that while the United States offers a vision of a united society founded on diversity, it also represses, altering in the process both society and the landscape. Nationalunityis consequently a dream – a dream the film suggests that has often been dreamed up by un- Americans. Filtered through Kusturica’s own perceptions of America – and his position on the Balkan War (1991-2001) – the film seems to suggest sadness at the loss of a multi-ethnic, multi- cultural perspective. Through its representations of geography and ethnic diversity, and its dense network of filmic citations, what Arizona Dream ultimately offers is consequently a European auteur’s view of the United States rather than a systematic deconstruction of the “imagined community” of “America.”

In this paper, I derive a test for distinguishing between derogatory terms by expanding upon Seana Shiffrin’s recent “thinker-based approach.” Protection on her account extends to many forms of speech due to a connection between speech and an individual’s development of autonomous thought. Shiffrin questions whether there is protection for corporate and commercial speech. The latter have a tendency to interfere with autonomous thought processes and do not clearly serve their development. I argue that these reasons for limitation serve as a basis for making nuanced distinctions for general regulation and applying this approach to controversies surrounding derogatory team names in sport. Many kinds of speech can be offensive and derogatory, yet I argue that only some may be said to be parasitic on communicative endeavors and legitimately fall outside free speech values as a result. Regulation should not be concerned with the content of speech, the manner in which certain words are spoken, or even the speaker’s positive or negative intent. Instead, the focus should remain on autonomous mental development of speakers and hearers.

The characters starring mafia movies in Hollywood productions usually speak a very distinguishable language variety which is connoted at various levels. The most characterizing of all the elements that contribute to making it so peculiar is no doubt its very specific slang. It is a fact that the use of some specific words and expressions which can be classified as slang play an indubitable role in their characterization. As Gramley (2001:207) claims: ‘Slang is, first and foremost, group language’, and it is mainly thanks to the presence of slang that the audience can identify the characters as belonging to the group of mobsters from a linguistic perspective. Indeed, in the dialogues of mafia movies it is possible to single out a series of slang terms which characterize the characters not only from a social, but also from an ethnic perspective. The slang they use, in fact, is often specific not only to the social group of gangsters, but also to the Italian ethnic group. Therefore, slang plays an extremely important role. It goes without saying that this element should ideally be transposed in a target language with corresponding terms and expressions which allow the spectators to catch all the connotations conveyed by its use in the original versions. The analysis of the Italian dubbed versions of five mafia movies released between the years 1990 and 1997 has revealed that in the case of some films the translation can be considered successful, as it manages to transpose both the diatopic and the diastratic connotations of the source texts, while in other films many of the slang expressions have been generalized or standardized, therefore implying a substantial loss in characterization.

Against some recent publications, this chapter portrays the occidental image of the ›moor‹ as undergoing a chequered history of representations. Emerging as a sanctified knight in late medieval iconography and visually included in a Christian realm opposing Muslim enemies, the ›moor‹ of the Middle Ages was all but a racist stereotype. Noble families like the Tuchers of Nuremberg incorporated portrayals of a dark-skinned saint in their coat of arms, while art and literature allowed for black characters to be chivalrous and gallant. With the establishment of transatlantic slavery, the ›moor’s‹ noblesse was reduced to his extravagant oriental appearance, while he was attributed the social role of a servant in equivalence to the African slave in the colonies. Eventually, when Enlightenment thought fostered scientific justifications for plantation slavery, the ›moor‹ like the ›negro slave‹ was classified as racially inferior. Thus, in 1855, as the Tucher family started to promote beer with the ›moor’s head‹, this heraldic figure was long emptied of its initial positive attributions. Amidst other advertising ›moors‹ of the 19th century, it both benefitted from and contributed to the popularisation of racism. The preservation of the trademark symbol during the Nazi era, when other traditional representations of ›moors‹ were abandoned, further illustrates that a commodified and racialised image of the black had overwritten an icon of intercontinental œcumene.

The book is devoted to the works of James Baldwin, one of the most compelling writers of the twentieth century. The authors examine his most important contributions – including novels, essays, short stories, poetry, and media appearances – in the wider context of American history. They demonstrate the lasting importance of his oeuvre, which was central to the Civil Rights Movement and continues to be relevant at the dawn of the twenty-first century and the Black Lives Matter era.

Digital literacy undermines the domineering authority of mediascapes or any other forums that transmit and appropriate knowledge. Blogging, as an offspring of digital literacy, can be used to rediscover identities and dismantle presuppositions. This paper argues that apart from using blogs in schools to integrate technology and motivate students, blogs can be seen as forms of knowledge that challenge conventional venues of information such as textbooks or mainstream media.  Blogs by Iraqi citizens, namely, Riverbend and Pax, are discussed as potential sources of postcolonial expression that students may read to discuss the identity or the perspective of the other and to question conceptions sustained by mediascapes. This paper examines the question of using blogs as a remedy for students’ nonchalance on matters that are less relevant to them. In effect, blogging can be utilized to unpack their sheltered worlds or challenge the world as they know it through the media.

RESUMO Até o início do século XIX, o sistema escravagista foi o principal pilar das economias brasileira e cubana. Contudo, a partir das primeiras décadas desse século, o escravismo foi transformando-se paulatinamente em um símbolo de atraso econômico e moral. Iniciou-se, assim, um assíduo debate do qual participaram intelectuais de todas as áreas. Cabia à elite brasileira e à cubana repensar as estruturas socioeconômicas de seus países. Nesse período, ganharam importância ideologias de cunho racial que vincularam o desenvolvimento das nações a sua composição étnica. Influenciados por essas ideias, os intelectuais brasileiros e cubanos abordaram o tema do futuro racial de seus países. É assim que, em Cuba e no Brasil, a figura do negro, até então marginalizada na literatura, foi deslocada para o centro da ficção. Nas literaturas brasileira e cubana, a representação do negro acontece de forma ambígua. Enquanto os escritores abolicionistas buscaram defender os escravos, fazendo deles os heróis de seus romances, eles deixaram, ao mesmo tempo, transparecer o preconceito que dominou as sociedades oitocentistas latino-americanas. Observamos, assim, um posicionamento controverso desses intelectuais em relação à população negra. Propõe-se, com esse artigo, analisar a representação literária de personagens negros em romances selecionados da literatura abolicionista cubana e brasileira, considerando as tensões históricas e as ideias sobre etnia em voga nas respectivas sociedades. UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE RONDÔNIA CENTRO INTERDISCIPLINAR DE ESTUDO E PESQUISA DO IMAGINÁRIO SOCIAL REVISTA LABIRINTO ANO XVI VOLUME 25 (JUL-DEZ) 2016 PP. 75-100.

The colonization of the American Continent many consequences to the development of the global capitalist system we have today. The racial ranking/classification was one of them. During the colonial period, the Whites established themselves as the model of culture and civilization, while different cultures were rejected. In order to legitimize the colonization and the slavery system, the colonizer fabricated the image of the Indian and the Negro as inferior. According to the postcolonial theory, the literary productions were an important ally in the construction process of the Other. Starting from this proposition, we intend, with this paper, to present and analyze the representations of the Negro in the Brazilian literature of the nineteenth century. Keywords: Racial stereotypes; Brazilian Literature of the nineteenth century; Postcolonial theory. Resumo: A colonização do continente americano teve inúmeras consequências para o desenvolvimento do atual sistema capitalista global. A hierarquização racial foi uma delas. Durante o período colonial, o branco se firmou como exemplo de cultura e civilização enquanto culturas divergentes foram rechaçadas. A fim de legitimar a colonização e o sistema escravagista, o colonizador fabricou a imagem do índio e do negro como inferior. Segundo a teoria pós-colonial, as produções literárias foram uma importante aliada no processo de construção do Outro. Partindo dessa premissa, o presente artigo propõe-se expor e analisar as representações do negro na literatura brasileira do século XIX. Palavras-chave: Estereótipos raciais; Literatura brasileira do século XIX; Teoria pós-colonial. Introdução: os estudos pós-coloniais A teoria pós-colonial tem como objetivo estudar as diferentes formas de reconstrução de uma identidade por parte das ex-colônias. Os estudos pós-coloniais se propõem, sobretudo, analisar como as sociedades colonizadas foram manifestando sua

Reference: "Obraz Balkánu v českých internetových cestopisech", In: Lidé města (revue pro antropologii, etnologii a etologii komunikace), vol. 16, nr. 2/2005, pp. 43-61.

SUMMARY:

Internet travelogues are very popular with Czech users of the World Wide Web and their number is constantly growing. Czech internet travelogues dedicated to the Balkans constitute an interesting and yet unexplored sources of images of the other, stereotypes and mental maps. The form of these travelogues varies from short descriptions of the trip accompanied by several pictures to extensive accounts of the journey, often based on personal diaries. The identity of the authors and participants is sometimes impossible to establish since they frequently use only their nicknames and do not provide sufficient personal information. However, it is more or less evident that most authors are young people aged 20-29, often college students or just out of school. Most internet travelogues analyzed for this survey identify Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Macedonia, Montenegro, Romania and Serbia as countries that constitute the region of the Balkans. Greece and Croatia are not regarded as Balkan countries. Instead, they are viewed as typical destinations of Mediterranean summer tourism. The Balkans means much more than a simple geographic term. The terms Balkans (Balkán) and Balkanic (balkánský) as found throughout the analyzed travelogues signify something dangerous, wild, unpredictable, chaotic, absurd, and disorderly. These meanings are not necessarily negative - for many young Czech authors of the travelogues, the characterization of the Balkans as a wild and unpredictable place is in fact quite attractive. The Balkans is also associated with images of poverty, negligence, and visible reminders of the Yugoslav wars in the western part of the peninsula. However, signs of modernization and development can be described as Balkanic, too. The encounter with modernization in the supposedly wild and backward region is often regarded as something absurd - and absurdity is another notion strongly associated with the Balkans by many Czechs. Most travelogues are dedicated to Romania, Bulgaria and Montenegro. Visitors of these lands are attracted by a combination of wild and relatively unspoiled mountains, historical sights (monasteries, old towns...) and the Black Sea or the Adriatic beaches. Serbia, Bosnia and Macedonia have received a more limited attention. These landlocked countries are often closely associated with the images of recent military conflicts. Until recently, the visa regime also made these countries less attractive than the first three for Czech tourists. Albania is definitely viewed as a symbolic heart of the Balkans, a little-known, exotic and dangerous land. For many visitors, however, a trip to Albania was a disappointment in the end  - the country failed to match their highly romantic or negative expectations and turned out to be "too normal" in their eyes.

This paper deals with prejudiced discourse in mainstream newspapers. It traces the use of loaded questions that reveal unquestioned stereotypes and biased assumptions on the part of the media in matters involving the representation of victims and perpetrators of criminal offences committed by minority groups. The analysis is based on a qualitative critical analysis of two cases that show how the media prejudicially handle the minorities. The first case deals with how the media uselessly probe into family matters in order to evoke the majority group's ethnic stereotypes, thereby putting the minority group on the defensive. The second case shows how proper names and category labels can be used to cancel out negative stereotypes arising from foreign origin, as long as another out-group could be targeted through negative stereotyping. Through the use of specific micro-level discursive strategies, the media contribute to the ethnic profiling of minority groups and contribute to the polarization of the society in terms of "us" vs. "them".

We draw upon the case of Seacrest High School to show that the extensive, physical separation of U.S.-born and immigrant students, as well as targeted supports for immigrant students absent similar attention to the rest of the student body, undermine the conditions necessary for a safe school. Seacrest community members expressed conflicting and conflicted perceptions concerning the extent to which immigrant students should receive differential treatment and the extent to which they should be physically isolated. These perceptions, which evoked concerns about fairness and educational efficacy, put the school’s legitimacy into question and threatened its ability to ensure safety. Despite misgivings, the structure was insulated in part by a web of racial stereotypes about Asian immigrant and African American students. We conclude that educational practices for English language learners should be evaluated by their effects on school culture and particularly on school safety.

Resumo: No decorrer do século XIX, desata no Brasil um assíduo debate em torno da escravidão e do futuro do país. Bernardo Guimarães instrumentaliza a imagem do afrodescendente para divulgar suas ideias sobre nacionalidade. Ao fazer do afrodescendente o protagonista de sua narrativa, o escritor, entretanto, constrói uma série de personagens estereotipados. Propõe-se, por meio do presente artigo, analisar as principais características dos personagens negros em três obras de Bernardo Guimarães. Palavras-chave: Bernardo Guimarães; Estereótipos raciais; Literatura abolicionista. Abstract: In the course of the nineteenth century, an assiduous debate begins in Brazil concerning the slavery and the future of the country. Bernardo Guimarães uses the image of the African descendant to broadcast his ideas about nationality. Nevertheless, while the author makes the African descendant the main character of his narrative, he constructs a sequence of stereotyped figures. We intend, with the present article, to analyze the main characteristics of the negro characters in three works of Bernardo Guimarães. O negro na literatura brasileira até o século XIX Apesar de o negro, desde o início do período colonial, ter desempenhado um papel crucial no desenvolvimento econômico e estrutural da sociedade brasileira, observamos que sua figura é praticamente inexistente em textos literários anteriores à abolição do tráfico negreiro, decretada de forma definitiva apenas em 1850 (CARVALHO, 2006, p. 54; CASTILHO, 2004, p. 104; MARTINS, 1977, p. 26). Essa situação, aparentemente paradoxal, diz muito sobre como o negro era percebido e apreciado pelo branco durante os primeiros séculos de colonização. Até o fim da escravidão, o afrodescendente não havia representado para a elite do país mais que um importante bem material. A coisificação do escravo como aquisição valiosa para o desenvolvimento da economia brasileira teve como consequência a desumanização do afrodescendente que era considerado um ser inferior. Os intelectuais brasileiros não estavam interessados em apresentar o negro como personagem de suas obras, pois ele não era considerado um elemento poético. Consequentemente, o afro-brasileiro permanece praticamente ausente

This article examines the rhetoric of community and charity peddled by Value Village to encourage donations to its stores. I critique the location of Value Village within urban areas without access to more affordable discount clothing stores. I argue that the high prices on donation items make a high profit for the corporation, while further alienating poor urban communities from access to much needed resources. In turn, I question how a more ethical form of consuming second-hand goods can acknowledge the class, race, gender, and heterosexual privilege of those who can "choose" to shop not only at VV, but elsewhere.

Almost every university now has “entrepreneurial” programming that partners with businesses claiming to be creative and innovative. These centers offer curriculum posing as education though, without pedagogical complexity, intellectual rigor, criticality, or historical perspective, and without questioning the social values implicit in the company messaging. These interlopers into education adopt the manner of cheerleaders, rather than of skeptics, carelessly draping collegiate gowns over values, such as white supremacy. This essay analyzes the lecture given by Jacques Panis, then-president of the company Shinola LLC, to hundreds of students enrolled in the Center for Entrepreneurship (CFE)'s Entrepreneurship Hour, a one-credit class offered for elective credit at the University of Michigan.