Private Space

Racetrack Sluzewiec is an example of a place of constant form, which is undergoing profound sociological changes. The article contains a characteristic of Racetrack Sluzewiec social functions in times of: Polish People’s Republic, political transformation and nowadays.
They are shown from two dominant perspectives of description contemporary urban spaces. The first results from the idea of public space understood as a fundamental common good: available to all, which should be the arena of meetings with "the other" and the source of satisfaction of various social needs. The second elucidates urban spaces through the prism of free market competition. Maximization of profits is per-ceived as a fundamental mechanism for regulating socio-spatial processes.
In the second part, the article questions if these perspectives are useful in getting closer understanding of social functions of this site for its users – employees and residents of “race town”, as well racing audience. Argument: Above perspectives arise from general perception of urban residents as a setting of atomized and heterogeneous individuals. Racetrack Sluzewiec social functions cannot be described by just observing who and how uses this area. Ethnographic perspective, focused on social actors real experience, needs to employ the sociological definition of social space, proposed, among others, by Alexander Wallis. Although the hippodrome and the "race town" extends to almost 140 hectares it reminds a tip of the huge iceberg invisible in the Warsaw area which is the complex social and economic institution of breeding of racehorses and goes far beyond Warsaw and modernity.

Negotiating Space in Latin America, edited by Patricia Vilches, is an interdisciplinary volume that treats the politics of space in Latin America. From street protests, through national monuments, films, theatre, street art, tourism, etc., contributors examine perceptions and negotiations of space in various points of Latin America.

Female perspective and agency in Delhi from the 1920s to the 1940s do not usually find mention with regard to novels written about that significant period. Much celebrated novels such as Twilight in Delhi by Ahmed Ali and The Heart Has Its Reasons by Krishna Sobti are usually viewed as nostalgic evocations of the lost past of the city as it was moving out of colonial rule and into a new era. This paper examines the complexities of gender relations and segregation as offered in the novels, which mirror and showcase the gradual intensification of the colonised city shifting into a space of independence, although at first with timid hesitation. It displays the novels as structuring and perpetuating gendered relationships between women and men as also, importantly, between women in the household and those outside it. While published in markedly different times, the everyday lived realities of the time as explored in Delhi's literary landscape by Ali and Sobti exhibit great similarities in the gendered ramifications of female dispossession as per policy, and the economic implications of women's property being in the hands of "their" men. Transformations in the city space influence domestic spaces, impacting the female characters. In examining these socio-spatial segregations in early urban Delhi literature, the paper opens the field for further research on economic systems in literary texts.

ÖZET

Kamusal mekanlar, kentte tüm kentlilerin kullanımına açık, herkesin erişebildiği mekanlardır. Kamusal mekanlar, bir kentin sosyal hayatının sürdüğü, her türlü kollektif etkinliğin gerçekleştirildiği, kentte olmazsa olmaz mekanlardandır. Bir kentin sokakları, kaldırımları, meydanları ve her türlü kamusal mekanı o kentin sosyal, ekonomik, kültürel ve mekansal özellikleri ile şekillenmekte ve aynı zamanda da içerisinde bulunduğu kenti şekillendirmektedir. Kamusal mekanlar, özellikle 1980’lerden itibaren kentleri etkilemeye başlayan neoliberal politikalar nedeniyle kentte ve mekanda yaşanan değişimden etkilenmiştir.
İstanbul’un merkezi Beyoğlu’na yakınlığı, tarihi yapı stoğu, çokkültürlü yapısı ve farklı kamusal mekan pratikleriyle önemli bir kent parçası olan Tarlabaşı, 1950’lerden beri önemli sosyal, ekonomik, kültürel ve mekansal değişimler yaşamaktadır.

Günümüzde ise bölge, Tarlabaşı Yenileme Projesi ile dönüştürülmekte, soylulaştırılmaktadır. Bu süreç, Tarlabaşı’nın mekansal özelliklerinde ciddi değişikliklere neden olmaktadır.

Çalışmada, Tarlabaşı bölgesi, kamusal mekan açısından incelenmekte, kamusal mekanda ‘80 sonrasında yaşanmaya başlanan değişimlerin, günümüzde soylulaştırma süreci yaşanan bölgede ne gibi etkiler doğurduğunun, bölgenin kamusal mekan açısından ne gibi bir değişim yaşadığının araştırılması amaçlanmaktadır.

Çalışmada, Tarlabaşı’nda gerçekleşen mekansal değişim, Tarlabaşı Yenileme Projesi öncesi ve sonrası olmak üzere iki aşamada ele alınmış ve 2003-2013 yılları arasını kapsayan 10 yıllık süreçte yaşanan kamusal mekan değişimi karşılaştırmalı olarak değerlendirilmiştir.

ABSTRACT

Public spaces are opened and accessible spaces for all the citizens where city’s public life and lots of different kinds of collective activities take place. A city’s streets, pavements, plazas and all the other public spaces are shaped by and are shaping the city’s social, economic, cultural and spatial dynamics. Thus especially after 1980’s public spaces are effected by the changes in cities and spaces because of the neoliberal politics.
Tarlabaşı, which is facing social, economic, cultural and spatial changes since 1950’s, is a significant city part of İstanbul because of its close location to Istanbul’s center, Beyoğlu, its historical building reserve, its multicultural social structure, and its different public space usages. Today, the region is gentrificating by Tarlabaşı Renewal Project which is making significant changes on Tarlabaşı’s spatial features.

In this work, Tarlabaşı region is examined by its public space dynamics. It is intended to investigate the changes occurred in public space beginning from the 80’s, especially after the today’s gentrification process, and their effects.

This work aims to explain the spatial changes in Tarlabaşı on two stages: before and after the Tarlabaşı Renewal Project. It focuses on a ten year time period -between 2003-2013- and tries to explain the changes occured in the public spaces comparatively.

Human spatial behavior has been the focus of hundreds of previous research studies. However, the conclusions and generalizability of previous studies on interpersonal distance preferences were limited
by some important methodological and sampling issues. The objective of the present study was to compare preferred interpersonal distances across the world and to overcome the problems observed in previous studies. We present an extensive analysis of interpersonal distances over a large data set (N = 8,943 participants from 42 countries). We attempted to relate the preferred social, personal, and intimate distances observed in each country to a set of individual characteristics of the participants, and some attributes of their cultures. Our study indicates that individual characteristics (age and gender) influence interpersonal space preferences and that some variation in results can be explained by
temperature in a given region. We also present objective values of preferred interpersonal distances in different regions, which might be used as a reference data point in future studies.

Elena Olariu, Boieri și aristocrați români în secolul al XIX-lea. Studiu de mentalitate și moravuri în spațiul privat, Editura Oscar Print, București, 2019. Cartea are 223 de pagini, bibliografie și este ilustrată cu picturi deținute de Muzeul Municipiului București.

The article deals with the revolution which took place during the 19th century and which affected the way people organized and furnished their private flats in apartment houses in Warsaw. It gives answers to the question of social impact of the bacteriological theory on the writings of the proponents of the hygienic movement, and architectural theoreticians.

Informal sector is generally a larger source of employment for women in the developing world. Measuring and defining informality is a challenging task and its definition varies over space. The objective of this paper is to highlight the conceptual and theoretical issues related to informal sector at global and national level. The paper also attempts to highlight the macro level analysis of data on employment in the informal economy and highlight the role of women in urban informal sector. The paper reveals the fact that definition of informal sector workers is more about the characteristics of the enterprise rather than the characteristics of the worker and proportion of people in informal employment in non-agricultural activities is significant in south east countries. It also reveals that a large section of women workers are unorganized and unpaid, and therefore does not enter into standard labour force and employment indicators which put them on the margin of the economic system. Present paper is divided into three segments. First segment deals with the conceptual and theoretical issues of urban informal sector. Second segment revolves round the states of informal sector at the global level with focus on SouthEast Asian region and third segment discusses the issues related to women working in informal sector in India.

Across the world urban semioscapes emerge from multiple and mutually interlocking social activities of the members of sociocultural groups and are established through the deployment of layered configurations of semiotic resources and discourses which index patterns of these activities as well as the underlying norms and values of these groups. A particularly conspicuous semiotic practice which has established itself as a distinct semiotic layer in Slovakia's urban semioscape is one through which social agents declare certain segments of space as private. By erecting 'private property' signs they impose a certain 'power regime' on a physical territory but also imprint upon that space a particular ideological meaning. This practice is particularly salient in Slovakia's geopolitical environment in which the notion of 'privateness' was excluded from official ideology under socialism. As language is a principal semiotic mode for the construction of the practice of constructing private space, the practice can also be looked upon as a sociolinguistic phenomenon indexing the post-1989 political and economic transformation processes in Slovakia; that is, the re-establishment of 'private ownership' within the larger processes of 'rectification' which post-socialist societies underwent in the transformation period. My argument is that the practice is a manifestation of geocultural globalisation on a local scale-level which leads to the emergence of new forms of locality. In the paper I employ Blommaert's (2010) innovative conceptual toolbox of the sociolinguistics of globalisation' along with the analytical practices and procedures of geosemiotics and linguistic landscape, and apply them to the corpus of signs which I believe index this practice and establish the topography of private space' in the urban semioscape examined.

‫یادداشت‬ ‫تصویری‬ ( 2 :) ‫اروپا‬ ‫در‬ ‫بارور‬ ‫های‬ ‫پنجره‬ : ‫شهر‬ ‫به‬ ‫خانه‬ ‫که‬ ‫آنجا‬ ‫نزدیک‬ ‫می‬ ‫شود‬ ‫بیشتر‬ ‫حتی‬ ‫ها‬ ‫اروپایی‬ ‫پن‬ ‫اگر‬ ‫یش‬ ‫خانه‬ ‫های‬ ‫جره‬ ‫ببندند‬ ‫را‬ ‫ان‬ ‫چیزی‬ ، ‫از‬ ‫برای‬ ‫بالکن،‬ ‫یا‬ ‫و‬ ‫پنجره‬ ‫پشت‬ ‫را‬ ‫خانه‬ ‫درون‬ ‫حیات‬ ‫شهر‬ ‫و‬ ‫خیابان‬ ‫گذارند‬ ‫می‬ ‫باقی‬ . ‫دهند‬ ‫می‬ ‫اجازه‬ ‫آنها‬ ‫شوند‬ ‫شهر‬ ‫از‬ ‫جزوی‬ ‫بیرون،‬ ‫فضای‬ ‫از‬ ‫جزوی‬ ‫خانه،‬ ‫درون‬ ‫از‬ ‫هایی‬ ‫بخش‬ . ‫آباژور‬ ‫اند،‬ ‫رفته‬ ‫کنار‬ ‫یا‬ ‫و‬ ‫اند‬ ‫شده‬ ‫بسته‬ ‫دالبر‬ ‫که‬ ‫هایی‬ ‫پرده‬ ‫ها،‬ ‫خواب‬ ‫چراغ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ها‬ ‫گرمتر؛‬ ‫های‬ ‫فصل‬ ‫در‬ ‫بالکن‬ ‫توی‬ ‫های‬ ‫گلدان‬ ‫پنجره‬ ‫پشت‬ ‫های‬ ‫گلدان‬ ‫سردتر؛‬ ‫های‬ ‫فصل‬ ‫در‬ ‫و‬ ‫و‬ ‫شوند‬ ‫می‬ ‫ملحق‬ ‫شهری‬ ‫منظر‬ ‫به‬ ‫ها‬ ‫عروسک‬ ‫حتی‬ ‫گاه‬ . ‫با‬ ‫عناصر‬ ‫این‬ ‫بزرگتر‬ ‫جمعشان‬ ‫میالدی،‬ ‫نوی‬ ‫سال‬ ‫و‬ ‫کریسمس‬ ‫شدن‬ ‫نزدیک‬ ‫و‬ ‫ها‬ ‫شمع‬ ‫ها،‬ ‫بابانوئل‬ ‫شود؛‬ ‫می‬ ‫گل‬ ‫های‬ ‫حلقه‬ ‫بقیه‬ ‫به‬ ‫می‬ ‫پیوندند‬ . ‫کن‬ ‫می‬ ‫نگاه‬ ‫که‬ ‫ها‬ ‫ساختمان‬ ‫به‬ ‫و‬ ‫بنا‬ ‫معماری،‬ ‫با‬ ‫تنها‬ ‫ید‬ ‫عناصر‬ ‫ساختمان‬ ‫حیات‬ ‫از‬ ‫نماهایی‬ ‫نیستید؛‬ ‫مواجه‬ ‫خانه‬ ‫درون‬ ‫با‬ ‫و‬ ‫پنجره‬ ‫پشت‬ ‫عناصر‬ ‫طور‬ ‫همین‬ ‫و‬ ‫کنند‬ ‫می‬ ‫تر‬ ‫زنده‬ ‫را‬ ‫شهر‬ ‫و‬ ‫زنده‬ ‫را‬ ‫ساختمان‬ ‫اند،‬ ‫شده‬ ‫انتخاب‬ ‫سلیقه‬ ‫و‬ ‫فکر‬ ‫با‬ ‫که‬ ‫لکن‬ .

La desconfianza, la inseguridad, la incomodidad son tres sensaciones que muchos autores contemporáneos caracterizan como propias de las sociedades actuales. Las tres son intrínsecas al que es el eje de este trabajo, nos referimos al concepto de desahucio. Tomando éste como metáfora de la condición del ser humano en la actualidad, la presente investigación desarrolla tres proyectos de producción artística en relación a tres de los significados comunes que adopta: el desahucio como pérdida del espacio público, como pérdida del espacio privado, ambos implicados en la disolución de los márgenes de sus esferas o en su interpretación sólo en base a una relación de propiedad, con la pérdida del concepto de lo íntimo. Por último, el desahucio como pérdida del cuerpo propio, la ausencia de territorio del cuerpo desahuciado.
En este trabajo se busca, a través del recorrido por los significados de la palabra desahucio, establecer una relación entre los tres campos de acción y las conexiones que se han producido con los modos de hacer de los movimientos sociales que han apostado por el cambio. Se ha profundizado en la producción artística, trascendiendo las disciplinas, para comprobar cómo las individualidades forman comunidades para solventar propósitos personales y repensar todas esas actitudes de manera crítica.

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Mistrust, insecurity and discomfort are three feelings that a lot of contemporary authors say to be owned by current societies. All three are inherent to the core of this thesis, which is the concept of eviction. Taking this as a metaphor of the condition of the human being nowadays, this dissertation develops three projects of artistic production regarding three of the common meanings it adopts: the eviction as a loss of the public space, as a loss of private space, both involved in the fading of the limits of their spheres or their interpretation only when related to property, with the loss of the concept of the intimacy. Finally, the eviction as a loss of one’s own body, the absence of territory of the evicted body. This thesis, after going through the different meanings of the word eviction, aims establish a relation between the three fields of action and the connections that exist with social movements involved with Change. We have deepened in the artistic production, fading away disciplines, to check how individualities become together in communities to solve personal purpose and rethink all those attitudes in a critical way.

Human spatial behavior has been the focus of hundreds of previous research studies. However, the conclusions and generalizability of previous studies on interpersonal distance preferences were limited by some important methodological and sampling issues. The objective of the present study was to compare preferred interpersonal distances across the world and to overcome the problems observed in previous studies. We present an extensive analysis of interpersonal distances over a large data set ( N = 8,943 participants from 42 countries). We attempted to relate the preferred social, personal, and intimate distances observed in each country to a set of individual characteristics of the participants, and some attributes of their cultures. Our study indicates that individual characteristics (age and gender) influence interpersonal space preferences and that some variation in results can be explained by temperature in a given region. We also present objective values of preferred interperso...

In recent times there is an accelerated movement in the privatization of public land.
Some representative cases are the names of subway stops and central squares being associated with the brands of large corporations. Consequently the city centers are becoming
an ambiguous territory making it unclear what is public and private. Additionally these newly established social practices have consequences and poses questions as where private ground begins (and ends) and how the freedom to use such spaces are affected? The privatization of public land appears to be an encroaching process and standard as similar patterns were found in other European cities. In our research, we
have observed that a chronotope has been generated and repeated in this process. Similarities in London and Madrid were found during our ethnographic work allowing us to
assert that any change or social transformation happens as a product of its historical context. The purpose of this paper is to present the Occupy Movement as a collective action
and to create an archive that supports collective actions and emotions. The results of this analysis will show how to recognize if a square is private, public or almost–public.

Human spatial behavior has been the focus of hundreds of previous research studies. However, the conclusions and generalizability of previous studies on interpersonal distance preferences were limited by some important methodological and sampling issues. The objective of the present study was to compare preferred interpersonal distances across the world and to overcome the problems observed in previous studies. We present an extensive analysis of interpersonal distances over a large data set ( N = 8,943 participants from 42 countries). We attempted to relate the preferred social, personal, and intimate distances observed in each country to a set of individual characteristics of the participants, and some attributes of their cultures. Our study indicates that individual characteristics (age and gender) influence interpersonal space preferences and that some variation in results can be explained by temperature in a given region. We also present objective values of preferred interperso...

Negotiating Space in Latin America, edited by Patricia Vilches, is an interdisciplinary volume that treats the politics of space in Latin America. From street protests, through national monuments, films, theatre, street art, tourism, etc., contributors examine perceptions and negotiations of space in various points of Latin America.

In cities across the world, public spaces are being reconfigured, and their functions are being appropriated by private areas, such as shopping malls. The aim of the present article was to analyze this problem and, more specifically, to study shopping centers as secure spaces in cities, as well as the antidemocratic and apolitical nature of such malls. The study takes a positivist approach, beginning with the existing theoretical framework and using data from case studies to generate findings. The theoretical framework is established through a review of the literature, while the case study data are drawn from an analysis of news content from digital media and from autoethnography. The findings suggest malls are perceived as safe spaces, also in addition to being home to minor offenses, as well as a number of tragic events and crimes. Additionally, a growing number of demonstrations and political acts are being staged inside malls, which are seen as symbols of consumption and the neoliberal capitalist system. The owners and managers of shopping centers condone and permit the least conflictive acts and ban and repress the remainder, on occasions with the support of state security forces. The relocation of civic life to malls reduces the use of public spaces and erodes the value of the public sphere. The article ends by proposing public actions to reverse this process.

The exclusivity and the current spatial, economic and social segregation of cities are alarming. New strategies are needed to develop welcoming and inclusive structures where all the different interest groups are included in the short- and long-term developments. Stakeholders from marginalized social groups such as migrants and refugees have no voice and power to be heard and therefore cannot participate in the decision making processes. For inclusion, everybody should find their own space and identity in the city, in the society. Welcoming cities and societies have to recognize the value of migration and start including the experience and knowledge of newcomers.
Spaces for equality have to be built where everybody will find their identity; the importance of diversity has to be recognized; and future cities have to be developed together. Equality-based decision making processes in the problem definition-, solution development-, implementation and maintenance phases have to be established where everybody - not only the privileged - has their voice. It would bring more understanding and acceptance into the societies. The spaces and built structures should be implemented by the users or they should have a flexible political-, economic- and cultural framework that allows itself to be modified.
Private-, community- and public spaces which represent and serve the needs of all citizens can be developed in collaborative processes and the marginalized groups can mostly be represented by non-governmental organizations. The built environment has a huge influence on the identity of the users and the identity could and should also have an influence on the built environment. For a healthy well-being, the living spaces should communicate with the users. For real inclusion all the above mentioned characteristics should be achieved which shows the complexity of the situation.

Human spatial behavior has been the focus of hundreds of previous research studies. However, the conclusions and generalizability of previous studies on interpersonal distance preferences were limited by some important methodological and sampling issues. The objective of the present study was to compare preferred interpersonal distances across the world and to overcome the problems observed in previous studies. We present an extensive analysis of interpersonal distances over a large data set (N = 8,943 participants from 42 countries). We attempted to relate the preferred social, personal, and intimate distances observed in each country to a set of individual characteristics of the participants, and some attributes of their cultures. Our study indicates that individual characteristics (age and gender) influence interpersonal space preferences and that some variation in results can be explained by temperature in a given region. We also present objective values of preferred interperson...

Human spatial behavior has been the focus of hundreds of previous research studies. However, the conclusions and generalizability of previous studies on interpersonal distance preferences were limited by some important methodological and sampling issues. The objective of the present study was to compare preferred interpersonal distances across the world and to overcome the problems observed in previous studies. We present an extensive analysis of interpersonal distances over a large data set ( N = 8,943 participants from 42 countries). We attempted to relate the preferred social, personal, and intimate distances observed in each country to a set of individual characteristics of the participants, and some attributes of their cultures. Our study indicates that individual characteristics (age and gender) influence interpersonal space preferences and that some variation in results can be explained by temperature in a given region. We also present objective values of preferred interperso...

Human spatial behavior has been the focus of hundreds of previous research studies. However, the conclusions and generalizability of previous studies on interpersonal distance preferences were limited by some important methodological and sampling issues. The objective of the present study was to compare preferred interpersonal distances across the world and to overcome the problems observed in previous studies. We present an extensive analysis of interpersonal distances over a large data set ( N = 8,943 participants from 42 countries). We attempted to relate the preferred social, personal, and intimate distances observed in each country to a set of individual characteristics of the participants, and some attributes of their cultures. Our study indicates that individual characteristics (age and gender) influence interpersonal space preferences and that some variation in results can be explained by temperature in a given region. We also present objective values of preferred interperso...

Human spatial behavior has been the focus of hundreds of previous research studies. However, the conclusions and generalizability of previous studies on interpersonal distance preferences were limited by some important methodological and sampling issues. The objective of the present study was to compare preferred interpersonal distances across the world and to overcome the problems observed in previous studies. We present an extensive analysis of interpersonal distances over a large data set ( N = 8,943 participants from 42 countries). We attempted to relate the preferred social, personal, and intimate distances observed in each country to a set of individual characteristics of the participants, and some attributes of their cultures. Our study indicates that individual characteristics (age and gender) influence interpersonal space preferences and that some variation in results can be explained by temperature in a given region. We also present objective values of preferred interperso...

Human spatial behavior has been the focus of hundreds of previous research studies. However, the conclusions and generalizability of previous studies on interpersonal distance preferences were limited by some important methodological and sampling issues. The objective of the present study was to compare preferred interpersonal distances across the world and to overcome the problems observed in previous studies. We present an extensive analysis of interpersonal distances over a large data set ( N = 8,943 participants from 42 countries). We attempted to relate the preferred social, personal, and intimate distances observed in each country to a set of individual characteristics of the participants, and some attributes of their cultures. Our study indicates that individual characteristics (age and gender) influence interpersonal space preferences and that some variation in results can be explained by temperature in a given region. We also present objective values of preferred interperso...

This article attempts to analyze in depth the ways in which Peruvian migrants inhabit their private space from a material culture approach, through the analysis of both home possessions and food. The material culture of home embodies both their experiences and migrant trajectory, and the process of integration into the host society, representing the continuum process of adjustment that they face in cultural, social and material terms. The results show that the ways in which migrants inhabit their homes are related to their processes of settling down,since through the material culture, the belonging to their two worlds, the one they came from and the one they settled into, is daily negotiated, generating the ambivalence of  being here and there simultaneously. Their homes become transnational, where emerges a cultural syncretism between two worlds that coexist: Peru is symbolized by photography and food, both of which allow the reproduction of their belonging and cultural identity, and Chile is represented by technological artifacts, which embody their sacrificing labour and courage, and allow them to feel part of the host society.