Space

A ‘nonplace’, in Marc Augé’s view, may be defined in contrast to what he refers to as anthropological place’. It is spaced that cannot be defined as relational, historical, or concerned with identity. This article explores the sense of (non)place by answering these questions: if it is true that ‘who’ we are is defined by ‘where’ we are, insinuating that places do have an important role in shaping our identities, then what do these nonplaces tell us about us? In places that lack any defining features and reflect little of the unique local geography in which they are in, can we still develop a sense of place? What is needed now is a shift from the initial prioritizing of ‘cultural contexts’, to the ‘context of the ‘embodied’, emplaced, individual subject, a context that precedes any cognitive framework. Bearing in mind this shift in focus to the body, a phenomenological analysis of nonplaces then becomes necessary. The experiential value of a place must be assessed according to a lived, embodied engagement with it. Rem Koolhas’ view of a ‘generic city’ in which urban dwellers now live has worldwide reverberations. This paper argues that a phenomenological analysis that emphasizes on subjective, embodied, lived experience is a necessary step to make. By focusing on the body, the strict categorisations that have led to negative connotations to nonplaces begin to lose their rigidity.

Keywords: Nonplace, space, identity, urban environment, a sense of place, embodiment, generic city

The paper I am presenting today entertains the possibility of an understanding of biennials as spaces allowing the production of critical knowledge in and about cities. And will focus on the consequent use and appropriation of these spaces by

The central focus of this paper is the notion that the home can provide a locale in which people can work at attaining a sense of ontological security in a world that at times is experienced as threatening and uncontrollable. The paper builds on and develops the ideas of Giddens and Saunders on ontological security and seeks to break down and operationalise the concept and explore it through a set of empirical data drawn from interviews with a group of older New Zealand home owners. The extent to which home and home life meets the conditions for the maintenance of ontological security is assessed through an exploration of home as the site of constancy in the social and material environment; home as a spatial context in which the day to day routines of human existence are performed; home as a site free from the surveillance that is part of the contemporary world which allows for a sense of control that is missing in other locales; and home as a secure base around which identities are...

The US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Planetary Protection Office, in the Science Mission Directorate, has a long-term initiative under way in communication research and planning. The possibility of extraterrestrial life and efforts to search for evidence of it is one of NASAÕs key missions and a subject of great interest to the public. Planetary protection plays a key role in the search for signs of life elsewhere, and NASAÕs Planetary Protection Office has long recognized the importance of communications in accomplishing its goals and objectives. With solar system exploration missions advancing into the era of sample return and with the science of astrobiology changing assumptions about the nature and boundaries of life, the NASA Planetary Protection Office is expanding its communication research efforts. For the past decade, communication research sponsored by the NASA planetary protection program has focused on reaching members of the science community and addressing legal and ethical concerns. In 2003, the program broadened its communication research efforts, initiating the development of a communication strategy based on an interactive model and intended to address the needs of a broad range of external audiences. The NASA Planetary Protection Office aims to ensure that its scientific, bureaucratic, and other constituencies are fully informed about planetary protection policies and procedures and that scientists and officials involved in planetary protection are prepared to communicate with a variety of public audiences about issues relating to planetary protection. This paper describes NASAÕs ongoing planetary protection communication research, including development of a communication strategy and a risk communication plan.

Acaba anlaşıp aynı anda zıplasak yer yerinden oynar mıydı? Elimizde bir şalter olsaydı ve yer çekimini şıp diye kapatsaydık ne olurdu? Sizin aklınıza da böyle sorular geliyor mu? "Olmaz öyle şey!" deyip geçmeyin. Bunları hayal etmek bile çok ilginç. Hem biliyor musunuz, birçok bilimsel keşif ilk başta hiç de mantıklı durmayan soruların açtığı maceralı yolun sonunda ortaya çıktı. Bu kitapta, Dünya, uzay, teknoloji, yaşam ve daha birçok konuyla ilgili sorular soracak, bu soruların bilimsel ama aynı zamanda son derece şaşırtıcı yanıtlarını birlikte öğreneceğiz. Genç bilimciler, hadi iş başına!

ISHTAR or VENUS ORBITER is a mission to Venus similar to the mission Mars Express to Mars, with the use, possibly, of the same spacecraft and subsystems. This mission has been proposed to ESA for a feasibility study as a small mission (F2, F3). We shall descrii here briefly the scientific objectives of the mission, and how could be implemented. The scientific objectives of the mission are evenly distributed in three broad areas: atmospheric science, planetary interior and sut&ce, and interaction with the solar wind. Ishtar will study the surface and the atmosphere of the planet by making use of remote sensing instruments, and, if possible, by a descending meteorological balloon/lander. The model payload of the orbiter should include an Imaging Spectrometer, a Fourier Spectrometer, a Radar imaging/altimeter, a W spectrometer and a Plasma Package studying also the Energetic Neutral Atoms population resulting from the plasma interaction with the planetary atmosphere.

A study has been done in Luvuvhu Catchment to develop a framework for effective community participation in water quality monitoring and management. Community participation and involvement in development has since the 1970s gathered momentum among the non-governmental organisations (NGOs) fraternity but has never gained clear status with Governments world over. In South Africa the policy and legal frameworks for community consultation, involvement and participation are clearly spelt out on paper starting with the country's constitution. The division of the country into Water Management Areas (WMA) and the formation of Catchment Management Agencies (CMA), Water User Associations (WUAs) for example, was meant to increase participation of stakeholders including communities in the management of water resources. These efforts have not translated into effective participation by local communities in the management of water resources because there is no link between the national water quality management frameworks and community based development structures.

This commentary accompanies the portfolio of electroacoustic works realised at the NOVARS Research Centre, and intends to provide insight into methodologies for acousmatic composition as researched at the University of Manchester between 2013 and 2016. Six compositions are presented in order of realisation, as follows: Frictions/Storms, Rise, Glitches/Trajectories, Transmissions/Intercepts, Reductions/Expanses, and Iteration/Banger. An analysis of each work in relation to research-specific topics is provided, adopting Denis Smalley's concepts of spectromorphology and space-form as appropriate syntax in the elaboration of compositional methodologies and overall outcomes.

The research focuses primarily on the appropriation of transformed and synthesised sound materials in acousmatic spatial composition. Resulting works are intended for presentation in concert via the practice of live sound diffusion performance. The portfolio documents an arc of development working in fixed media formats incorporating live electronics processes into the realisation of multi- channel compositions, to finally arrive at a methodological merging of fixed media studio composition and live electronics performance practices.

Additional supplementary materials in support of the portfolio and commentary are provided including Max coding patches, video tutorials, technical information and related audio materials.

1965 yılında Samsun'da doğdu. 1988'de OMÜ İlahiyat Fakültesi'ni bitirdi. Yüksek lisans çalışmaları esnasında aynı fakülteye İslam Felsefesi Ana Bilim Dalı'nda Araştırma Görevlisi olarak atandı. 1993 yılında doktora çalışmalarını sürdürmek üzere gönderildiği Amerika'da "Interpretation and the Problem of Authorial Intention" adlı doktora teziyle doktor unvanını aldı. Doktora tezi İngilizce ve Türkçeye aktarılmış şekilleriyle Amerika'da ve Türkiye'de yayımlandı. Farklı felsefi konularla ilgili olarak muhtelif makaleleri yayımlanmış bulunmaktadır. 2002 yılında İslam Felsefesi alanında Doçentlik unvanını aldı. 2008 yılında aynı alanda Profesörlüğe yükseltildi. Halen OMÜ İlahiyat Fakültesi'nde öğretim üyesi olarak çalışmaktadır. Ulusal ve uluslararası birçok yayını söz konusudur. Öncelikle mekân kavramı hakkında konuşmak isteriz. Mekân ne demektir, insan ve mekân arasında nasıl bir ilişki vardır?

Results from the feasibility study of the "GiZero" free falling capsule are reported. GiZero is a capsule designed to perform experiments in free fall from ballooning at stratospheric altitude. It is shown that the residual gravitational disturbances inside GiZero during 20 s of free fall are smaller than 1 O-l2 g / &.

A radio heliograph operating in the frequency range of 1200–1700 MHz is planned by INPE, Brazil, for investigations of time evolution of active regions, which will lead to better understanding of the physics of the flares energy release and particle acceleration, in order to suggest better criteria for the prediction of solar flares, Coronal Mass Ejections (CME), and solar terrestrial relations, such as geomagnetic storms and radio blackouts. In the first phase, the Brazilian Decimetric Array (BDA) will be a T shaped array 256 m by 144 m, consisting of 26 parabolic dish antennas of 4 m diameter. This array will produce full disk images of the sun with a spatial resolution of 3 by 5 arc minutes at 1420 MHz with a time resolution of 100 ms and sensitivity of ∼ 10 Jy. In the second phase, in addition to the compact T array there will be 6 more 7 m diameter antennas on an East-West baseline of 2560 m to obtain higher spatial resolution and better sensitivity. Thus, finally this radioheliograph will have wide field of view and couple of arcsec spatial resolution and high time resolution (100 ms).

The role of different processes which could be responsible for deceleration of the solar wind upstream of the martian bow shock is discussed. It is shown that the geometry of the foreshock strongly controls variations of the solar wind velocity. Deceleration of the solar wind was observed on three elliptical orbits when the spacecraft approached the planet inside the foreshock. Variations of the solar wind speed are not consistent with the ones expected for ring-like distribution of pickup protons. Effects related with deceleration in the foreshock and transient phenomena (Alfven waves) dominate and mask mass-loading effects if they do exist.

The INTEGRAL satellite observed the binary black hole system Cygnus X-1 on 2003 June 7-11. The source was detected up to 800 keV, its spectrum beeing compatible with a power law of photon index 2.3. In the framework of the accreting black hole phenomenology, the source was in an unusual state, probably the so-called ''intermediate state''. Using the results of the analysis performed on these INTEGRAL data, we present here the spectral properties of our observations over the whole energy range covered by the high-energy instruments on board INTEGRAL. We then compare them with those obtained from earlier observations of Cygnus X-1 performed during the INTEGRAL performance and verification phase in the fall of 2002. At that time, the source was found in the low/hard state, indicating that Cygnus X-1 underwent a transition towards a softer state in 2003 June. We discuss the spectral parameters obtained from a Comptonization model.

Optical observations in astronomy have been revolutionized by the use of solid state CCD detectors. Their enhanced sensitivity combined with digital image processing opened new prospects for automated sky surveys. Such techniques may be used for space debris surveys. Ground based optical surveys of the geostationary ring and the geostationary transfer orbit region outperform Radar observations in terms of minimum detectable object size, even when using telescopes of moderate size. On the other hand, automated optical surveys-given the large data volume produced by the sensors-ask for a high degree of on-line processing. Furthermore carefully planned observation scenarios are mandatory. We discuss different detection techniques and survey types. Optical surveys may yield a wide variety of results. In the simplest case a correlation with catalogued objects on the basis of observed positions is performed. It is also possible to aim for precise orbits, visual magnitudes, albedo, geometrical size, attitude motion, etc. The techniques will be illustrated by results from three surveys conducted with the 1 m Zimmerwald Laser and Astrometry Telescope (ZIMLAT) in the geostationary orbit region.

The dispersive nature of the ionosphere makes it possible to measure its total electron content (TEC). Thus Global Positioning System, which uses dual-frequency radio signals, is an ideal system to measure TEC. When data from an ionosonde situated in polar region was observed, the height of an approximated thin shell of electrons (shell height) used in GPS studies was seen not to be fixed but rather changing with time. Here we introduce a new method in which we included the varying shell heights derived from the ionosonde to map the slant total electron content from GPS to obtain a more precise vertical total electron content of the ionosphere contrary to some previous methods which used fixed shell heights. In this paper we also compared the ionosonde derived TEC with the GPS derived vertical TEC (vTEC) values. These GPS vTEC values were obtained from GPS slant TEC (sTEC) measurements using both fixed shell height and varying shell heights (from ionosonde measurements). For the polar regions, the varying shell height approach produced better results than the fixed shell height and compared to exponential function, Chapman function seems to be a better function to model the topside ionosphere.

We study the interannual variability of dust storms on Mars in an assimilation of thermal profiles and dust opacity observations into a general circulation model for the Martian atmosphere. The observations have been provided by the thermal emission spectrometer aboard the Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft during the scientific mapping phase over more than two complete Martian years, which include three dusty seasons in southern spring. A comparison between dust seasons which are characterized only by regional storms and the global, planet-encircling dust storm of 2001 is performed, focusing on the meteorological conditions which can trigger the onset and development of the global storm, and its effects on the global circulation.

The upcoming fleet of lunar missions, and the announcement of new lunar exploration initiatives, show an exciting ''Journey to the Moon", covering recent results, science, future robotic and human exploration. We review some of the questions, findings and perspectives given in the papers included in this issue of Advances in Space Research.

The abiotic formation of aliphatic lipid compounds (i.e., fatty acids, alcohols, and acylglycerols) has been reported to occur at elevated temperatures and pressures under simulated hydrothermal conditions. Although abiotic synthetic chemistry can occur under these conditions, the prebiotic self-assembly of micelles to bilayer to vesicles (protocells) may have occurred elsewhere. Amphiphilic compounds such as fatty acids are important candidates for micelle/bilayer/vesicle formation, because they are abundant products of Fischer-Tropsch-type reactions and are also found in carbonaceous meteorites. Thus, it is of interest to determine whether more complex amphiphilic precursor compounds, capable of assembling into stable membrane structures, can be synthesized under hydrothermal conditions. Hydrothermal experiments were conducted to study condensation reactions of model lipid precursors in aqueous media, i.e., glycerol and alkanoic acids, to form acylglycerols (glyceryl alkanoates) at elevated temperature under confining pressure. Nine different alkanoic acids ranging from C 7 to C 16 (except C 8 ) were used in these experiments. The condensation products were two isomers each of monoacylglycerols and diacylglycerols, as well as the corresponding triacylglycerol. The results indicated that: (1) condensation (dehydration) reactions are possible under aqueous pyrolysis conditions; (2) abiotic synthesis and subsequent condensation reactions of aliphatic lipid compounds are possible under hydrothermal conditions; and (3) such molecules have robust properties of self-assembly into membranous structures that would be suitable boundary structures for primitive forms of cellular life.

The Grain Detection System (GDS) is part of the instrument GIADA (Grain Impact Analyser and Dust Accumulator), included in the scientific payload of the ESA Rosetta mission towards comet 46PiWirtanen. GIADA is aimed at analysing the grain dynamic properties and the dust flux evolution in the cometary environment. The GDS is devoted to the detection of single grains entering the instrument, to measure their velocity and to obtain information about their morphology and possibly composition. In this paper we describe the design of the GDS instrument and give some predictions on GDS performances at the comet. In particular, the simulation shows that the GDS will be able to count a total of 4.7 x lo5 particle "events" during all the GIADA operating phase and so satisfy scientific requirements for a statistically reliable analysis of cometary grains. 0 2002 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

It is possible to wholly exist at multiple spatial locations at the same time. At least, if time travel is possible and objects endure, then such must be the case. To accommodate this possibility requires the introduction of a spatial analog of either relativising properties to times — relativising properties to spatial locations — or of relativising the manner of instantiation to times — relativising the manner of instantiation to spatial locations. It has been suggested, however, that introducing irreducibly spatially relativised or spatially adverbialised properties presents some difficulties for the endurantist. I will consider an objection according to which embracing such spatially relativised properties could lead us to reject mereology altogether in favour of a metaphysics according to which objects are wholly present at every space-time point at which they exist. I argue that although such a view is coherent, there are some good reasons to reject it. Moreover, I argue that ...

The ALTEA program is an international and multidisciplinary collaboration aimed at studying particle radiation in space environment and its effects on astronauts, in particular the anomalous perception of Light Flashes. This paper describes ALTEA space facility scheduled to fly in the International Space Station (ISS) after July 2006, what kind of data are produced and how data are transmitted to Earth, processed and analyzed.

Aims: The statistics of the photospheric granulation pattern are investigated using continuum images observed by Solar Dynamic Observatory (SDO)/Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) taken at 6713 Å. Methods: The supergranular boundaries can be extracted by tracking photospheric velocity plasma flows. The local ball-tracking method is employed to apply on the HMI data gathered over the years 2011-2015 to estimate the boundaries of the cells. The edge sharpening techniques are exerted on the output of balltracking to precisely identify the cells borders. To study the fractal dimensionality (FD) of supergranulation, the box counting method is used. Results: We found that both the size and eccentricity follow the log-normal distributions with peak values about 330 Mm 2 and 0.85, respectively. The five-year mean value of the cells number appeared in half-hour sequences is obtained to be about 60 ± 6 within an area of 350 ′′ × 350 ′′. The cells orientation distribution presents the power-law behavior. Conclusions: The orientation of supergranular cells (O) and their size (S) follows a power-law function as |O| ∝ S 9.5. We found that the non-roundish cells with smaller and larger sizes than 600 Mm 2 are aligned and perpendicular with the solar rotational velocity on the photosphere, respectively. The FD analysis shows that the supergranular cells form the self-similar patterns.

Polyethylenimine is a popular DNA transfection reagent, and many approaches have been explored to further enhance its transfection efficiency. Substitution of branched polyethylenimine's primary amine groups is an attractive approach because it is amenable to a variety of chemistries and is also implicated as a primary factor in its cytotoxicity. The purpose of this work was to serially substitute saturated hydrocarbons to branched polyethylenimine and determine what structure/function relationships exist between the hydrocarbon length and its degree of substitution, relative to transfection efficiency in multiple cell lines. Specifically, acetate, butanoate and hexanoate were conjugated to branched polyethylenimine (M w = 25,000) using an aqueous condensation protocol. Transfections were performed in culture using HeLa, NIH/3T3 and Clone 9 cell lines. Biophysical characteristics of the polyelectrolyte complexes were also measured (hydrodynamic diameter, relative binding affinity) and correlated to transfection efficiency. The results show that substitution of the primary amines generally increases transfection efficiency relative to unconjugated polyethylenimine, but increasing the degree of substitution beyond ∼ 25 mol% generally decreases transfection efficiency from the optimum. Additionally, increasing hydrocarbon length generally decreased transfection efficiency. There was little correlation between particle size and binding efficiency to transfection efficiency.

We compared the judgment of distance between two simultaneous tactile stimuli applied to different body parts, with judgment of intensity of skin contact of the very same stimulation. Results on normal subjects showed that both tasks bilaterally activate parietal and frontal areas. However, the evaluation of distances on the body surface selectively activated the angular gyrus and the temporo-parieto-occipital junction in the right hemisphere. The different involvement of the brain areas in the two tactile tasks is interpreted as the need for using a Mental Body Representation (MBR) in the distance task, while the judgment of the intensity of skin deflection can be performed without the mediation of the MBR. The present study suggests that the cognitive processes underlying the two tasks are supported by partially different brain networks. In particular, our results show that metric spatial evaluation is lateralized to the right hemisphere.

We have measured charged nuclear fragments produced by 1 GeV/nucleon 56 Fe ions interacting with aluminium, polyethylene and lead. These materials are relevant for assessment of radiation risk for manned space flight. The data will be presented in a form suitable for comparison with models of nuclear fragmentation and transport, including linear energy transfer (LET) spectrum, fluence for iron and fragments, event-tack-and event-dose-averaged LET, total dose and iron contribution to dose. Ó 2005 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of COSPAR.

The purpose of this paper is to describe some unusual whistlers (doublets and triplets) and VLF hiss emission recorded simultaneously on February 18, 1998 during nighttime at a low latitude Indian ground station Jammu (geomag. lat., 22°26 0 N; L = 1.17), and to make some discussions about their origin. The detailed structures of the observed VLF hiss emission clearly show that these emissions confined to a narrow continuous frequency band. Some times the frequency of hiss band oscillates and subsequently touches the upper edge of the first whistler component of the doublet. Detailed structures of the dynamic spectra of whistler and VLF hiss emission are briefly presented. From the dispersion analysis of the whistler doublets and triplets, it is found that the individual whistlers of the doublets and triplets simultaneously observed on the same day are one-hop whistlers having propagation path along higher and closely spaced L-values. Our result also shows that VLF hiss has been generated in the equatorial region of higher L-values. Generation and propagation mechanisms are briefly discussed.

The topside ionosphere modeling suffers from the relative scarcity of experimental electron density data. Different modeling approaches have been applied in empirical models, like IRI, and profilers, like NeQuick. Comparing ISIS-2 topside electron density profiles with IRI and NeQuick models weak points in their topside formulation are identified and analysed. The IRI topside consists in two constant gradient sections, with a transition height kept at a fixed height in its domain. Tests of transition height and gradient modifications are presented, based on experimental evidences and model efforts. NeQuick model has a topside formulation based on a semi-Epstein layer, governed by an empirical shape parameter k. An alternative formulation is presented based on k values derived from experimental profiles.

With 5-7 month long duration missions at 51.6°inclination in Low Earth Orbit, the ionizing radiation levels to which International Space Station (ISS) crewmembers are exposed will be the highest planned occupational exposures in the world. Even with the expectation that regulatory dose limits will not be exceeded during a single tour of duty aboard the ISS, the ''as low as reasonably achievable'' (ALARA) precept requires that radiological risks be minimized when possible through a dose optimization process. Judicious placement of efficient shielding materials in locations where crewmembers sleep, rest, or work is an important means for implementing ALARA for spaceflight. Polyethylene (C n H n ) is a relatively inexpensive, stable, and, with a low atomic number, an effective shielding material that has been certified for use aboard the ISS. Several designs for placement of slabs or walls of polyethylene have been evaluated for radiation exposure reduction in the Crew Quarters (CQ) of the Zvezda (Star) Service Module. Optimization of shield designs relies on accurate characterization of the expected primary and secondary particle environment and modeling of the predicted radiobiological responses of critical organs and tissues. Results of the studies shown herein indicate that 20% or more reduction in equivalent dose to the CQ occupant is achievable. These results suggest that shielding design and risk analysis are necessary measures for reducing long-term radiological risks to ISS inhabitants and for meeting legal ALARA requirements. Verification of shield concepts requires results from specific designs to be compared with onboard dosimetry.

On-line keyword searching from documents in Chinese tends to use inverted indexing as the main technique, which has its difficulties. Suffix Array is widely used for processing text in Western languages. However, it fails to get widely used in Chinese processing because of the speciality of Chinese. Suffix Array is a powerful tool. However it costs too much space. That is the major bottleneck of suffix Array. A data
structure called Keyword-driven Suffix Array is proposed in this paper for on-line keyword searching from documents in Chinese, based on observation of on-line search pattern and traits of Chinese. Space efficiency is improved a lot using this data structure. When the document database is large enough, space efficiency is improved by about 5/6 using this data structure without sacrificing its time efficiency.

Safety critical, Internet of Things (IoT) and spacebased applications have recently begun to adopt wireless networks based on commercial off the shelf (COTS) devices and standardized protocols, which inherently establishes the security challenge of malicious intrusions. Malicious intrusions can cause severe consequences if undetected, including, complete denial of services. Particularly, any safety critical application requires all services to operate correctly, as any loss can be detrimental to safety and/or privacy. Therefore, in order for these safety critical services to remain operational and available, any and all intrusions need to be detected and mitigated. Whilst intrusion detection is not a new research area, new vulnerabilities in wireless networks, especially wireless sensor networks (WSNs), can be identified. In this paper, a specific vulnerability of WSNs is explored, termed here the matched protocol attack. This malicious attack uses protocol-specific structures to compromise a network using that protocol. Through attack exploration, this paper provides evidence that traditional spectral techniques are not sufficient to detect an intrusion using this style of attack. Furthermore, a ZigBee cluster head network, which co-exists with ISM band services, consisting of XBee COTS devices is utilized, along with a real time spectrum analyzer, to experimentally evaluate the effect of matched protocol interference on a realistic network model. Results of this evaluation are provided in terms of device errors and spectrum use. This malicious challenge is also examined through Monte-Carlo simulations. A potential detection technique, based on coarse inter-node distance measurements, which can theoretically be used to detect matched protocol interference and localize the origin of the source, is also suggested as a future progression of this work. Insights into how this attack style preys on some of the main security risks of any WSN (interoperability, device limitations and operation in hostile environments) are also provided.

The advent of modernized and new global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) has enhanced the availability of satellite based positioning, navigation, and timing (PNT) solutions. Specifically, it increases redundancy and yields operational backup or independence in case of failure or unavailability of one system. Among existing GNSS, the Chinese COMPASS navigation satellite system (CNSS) is being developed and will consist of geostationary (GEO) satellites, inclined geosynchronous orbit (IGSO) satellites, and medium-Earth-orbit (MEO) satellites. In this contribution, a COMPASS-GPS robustness analysis is carried out for instantaneous, unaided attitude determination. Precise attitude determination using multiple GNSS antennas mounted on a platform relies on the successful resolution of the integer carrier phase ambiguities. The constrained Least-squares AMBiguity Decorrelation Adjustment (C-LAMBDA) method has been developed for the quadratically constrained GNSS compass model that incorporates the known baseline length. In this contribution the method is used to analyse the attitude determination performance when using the GPS and COMPASS systems. The attitude determination performance is evaluated using GPS/COMPASS data sets from a real data campaign in Australia spanning several days. The study includes the performance analyses of both stand-alone and mixed constellation (GPS/COMPASS) attitude estimation under various satellite deprived environments. We demonstrate and quantify the improved availability, reliability, and accuracy of attitude determination using the combined constellation.

Studies of the nonlinear magnetospheric dynamics have led to several directions useful in understanding space physics processes, in particular those related to magnetospheric currents, and making space weather forecasts possible. Four such directions are identified: (a) empirical time series prediction with nonlinear autoregressive moving-average (ARMA) models, for which an example is given in terms of a geosynchronous electron flux index model. (b) Measurement of physical properties of the currents from the coefficients of the ARMA models, such as characteristic time scales and coupling strengths. Using a Dst index model we measure the ring current decay time as a function of storm phase and activity, and identify new oscillation time scales correlating with the substorm injection activity. (c) Spatiotemporal nonlinear modeling predicts the amplitude and location of the disturbance as a function of space, as well as its time evolution. An example is given in terms of predicting the longitudinal and temporal profile of midlatitude geomagnetic disturbances. (d) Nonlinear dynamical models can be coupled to other physical or empirical approaches to build comprehensive space weather models. SWIFT, an ionospheric space weather model, is discussed as an example. Other applications of nonlinear dynamics are briefly discussed.

We have studied the application and the feasibility of confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM) in microgravity research. Its superior spatial resolution and 3D imaging capabilities and its use of light as a probe, render this instrument ideally suited for the study of living biological material on a (sub-)cellular level. In this paper a number of pertinent biological microgravity experiments is listed, concentrating on the direct observation of developing cells and cellular structures under microgravity condition. A conceptual instrument design is also presented, aimed at sounding rocket application followed by Biorack/Biolab application at a later stage.

Atmospheric pressure loading is known to generate noise in GPS vertical time series. Even weekly solutions of GPS determined vertical coordinates are correlated with atmospheric loading in more than 70% of the stations investigated. When correcting the GPS coordinates resulting from the different GPS processing centres for atmospheric loading, different variance reductions or augmentations for the same station are found. However, stations in Central and Southern Asia show high variance reductions, whereas nearly all coastal stations and island stations sometimes show a small augmentation in the variance, possibly due to the small variances of the loading signal itself. 0

In this conceptual article, we argue that there is a need for a more elaborated theoretical perspective when discussing dilemmas in teachers' work. Thus, we introduce the conceptual frame of dilemmatic space in educational settings and argue that introducing and analytically using the conceptual frame in an educational context offers a potential to elucidate and deepen the understanding of the complexity of teachers' everyday work practices. Traditional ways of looking at dilemmas infer that they are related to specific situations in which people react to conflicting values, obligations or commitments and where there is often no right way to act. However, the idea of a dilemmatic space offers a more complex understanding of dilemmas and their positioning and relations. Instead of being regarded as specific events or situations, dilemmas are considered as ever-present in people's living space, as in a dilemmatic space. As space is seen as a relational category wherein one object is related to another or others, the spatial dimensions of dilemmatic space highlight the dynamics of dilemmas and dilemmatic spaces. These dynamics are important to recognise, for instance, in relation to the changeable boundaries of the space or issues that conjure up the dilemmas at an individual and social level. These changing conditions of values, decisions, responsibilities and authority change the rules for relations, negotiations and positioning, and thereby the boundaries of the dilemmatic space and the dilemmas themselves. In this article, the theoretical base for the idea of dilemmatic space is elaborated on and connected to conditions for teachers' work. Some conclusions are that new concepts force us to challenge pre-conceptions and involve us in new kinds of sense-making processes. As such, the conceptual frame of dilemmatic space offers a broad theoretical framework with which to conceptualise dilemmas and the complexity of educational contexts.

Current measurements from DIARAD/VIRGO, PMO6V/VIRGO and ACRIM3 radiometers are of the same order of magnitude, but differ from TIM/SORCE by about 4.5 W m À2 . This difference is higher than the sum of the claimed individual absolute uncertainties of the instruments. In this context, the SOLAR payload on the International Space Station embarks the SOVIM package. We give the results of the differential absolute radiometer DIARAD/SOVIM and discuss its associated uncertainties. Compared to DIARAD/ VIRGO, all possible efforts have been made to improve the absolute accuracy. Substantial progress has been made in the aperture area and electrical power measurements. The measured TSI value from the left channel of DIARAD/SOVIM during three days of June 2008 is 1364.50 ± 1.38 W m À2 (Total) or ±0.49 W m À2 (if we combine the individual contributions in quadrature). The right channel gives 1364.75 W m À2 with the same uncertainties. These values are about 1.2 W m À2 lower than DIARAD/VIRGO and about 4 W m À2 higher than TIM/SORCE. The difference between the left and right channels measurements is as low as 0.25 W m À2 which is within the improved uncertainty limits.

A new scaling law for the planetary magnetic field strengths is obtained assuming the magnetostrophic balance. The velocity of the convection current v~in a planetary core is estimated by the geometric mean of the possible maximum and minimum values to be v, c(1~/4ir,w)h/2, where~is angular velocity of the core rotation, c the electric conductivity, c speed of light, and p the magnetic permeability. Overall agreement of the prediction by the present new scaling law with the data on magnetic field strengths of various planets is superior to those by previously proposed scaling laws. The present scaling law is also found to predict well the Neptune's magnetic field recently determined by the Voyager 2 observation.

Résumé – Dans cet article, l’auteur propose de considérer l’errance chez l’adolescent en tant que processus psychique. Les modalités d’expression de ce processus polymorphe ouvrent des voies de compréhension aux parts infantiles non symbolisées. S’appuyant sur une situation clinique, l’auteur fait l’hypothèse qu’en errant l’adolescent exercerait une tentative d’utilisation de l’espace en tant qu’objet. Le processus d’errance tendrait ainsi à essayer de circonscrire l’espace et le temps révélant des rythmes premiers qui n’ont pu s’instaurer jusqu’alors. Ceci conduit à proposer l’idée que l’utilisation de l’espace et du temps serait un autre formant de l’utilisation de l’objet.
Mots clés – Adolescence - errance - espace - temps - utilisation de l’objet

“But where do they run?” Note about the teenager wandering.

Summary – In this article, the author suggests to consider the teenager’s wandering as a psychic process. Modalities of expression of this polymorphic process open ways to understand the unsymbolised infantiles parts. Based on a clinical situation, the author makes the hypothesis that when the teenager wanders, he tries to exercise an attempt to use the space as an object. The wandering process aims at trying to contain the space and the time, revealing the first rhythms that they cannot be established yet. This carry to suggest the idea that the use of space and time could be an other component of the use of the object.
Keys-words – adolescence - wandering - space - time - use of the object.

Abstract The thermal subsystem of spacecrafts and payloads is always designed with the help of Thermal Mathematical Models. In the case of the Thermal Lumped Parameter (TLP) method, the non-linear system of equations that is created is solved to calculate the temperature distribution and the heat power that goes between nodes. The accuracy of the results depends largely on the appropriate calculation of the conductive and radiative conductances. Several established methods for the determination of conductive conductances exist but they present some limitations for complex geometries. Two new methods are proposed in this paper to calculate accurately these conductive conductances: The Extended Far Field method and the Mid-Section method. Both are based on a finite element calculation but while the Extended Far Field method uses the calculation of node mean temperatures, the Mid-Section method is based on assuming specific temperature values. They are compared with traditionally used methods showing the advantages of these two new methods.

The trajectory modeling of uncontrolled satellites close to reentry in the atmosphere is still a challenging activity. Tracking data may be sparse and not particularly accurate, the objects' complicate shape and unknown attitude evolution may render difficult the aerodynamic computations and, last but not the least, the models used to predict the air density at the altitudes of interest, as a function of solar and geomagnetic activity, are affected by significant uncertainties.

Available Online August 2014 Coffeehouses have a long history as not only spaces of and for consumption, but also as social settings that facilitate and encourage public sociality even in an epoch in which such spaces for sociability are alleged to be fading away. This paper comprises a study of coffeehouses with analytic perspectives and priorities that are very different from past research on this social form. The empirical focus here is on socalled "third wave" coffeehouses, which view coffee as an artisanal product and which deploy, among other resources, high-end equipment in their beverage creation. This equipment is itself an additional empirical focus, and the ways in which traditional face-to-face sociability and, in particular, interaction between customers and employees is facilitated by those machines is considered here. The theoretical perspective used here is ethno methodological and as such a central concern with describing lived experience at these venues is accomplished by considering photographic evidence of machines and people in situ to see how machines, people, spaces and comestibles interact in these cafes.

Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia is one of the most common serious bacterial infections worldwide. In the UK alone, around 12 500 cases each year are reported, with an associated mortality of about 30%, yet the evidence guiding optimum management is poor. To date, fewer than 1500 patients with S aureus bacteraemia have been recruited to 16 controlled trials of antimicrobial therapy. Consequently, clinical practice is driven by the results of observational studies and anecdote. Here, we propose and review ten unanswered clinical questions commonly posed by those managing S aureus bacteraemia. Our fi ndings defi ne the major areas of uncertainty in the management of S aureus bacteraemia and highlight just two key principles. First, all infective foci must be identifi ed and removed as soon as possible. Second, long-term antimicrobial therapy is required for those with persistent bacteraemia or a deep, irremovable focus. Beyond this, the best drugs, dose, mode of delivery, and duration of therapy are uncertain, a situation compounded by emerging S aureus strains that are resistant to old and new antibiotics. We discuss the consequences on clinical practice, and how these fi ndings defi ne the agenda for future clinical research.

Following the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), the next generation James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is being developed to be launched in a few years. JWST will be a segmented mirror telescope with a design much like that developed for ground-based telescopes over the past 20 years. Several segmented mirror telescopes are currently in operation, and next generation ground-based telescopes of the 30-m class are also being designed using segmented primary mirrors. Regardless of size, segmented primary mirror telescopes often require the use of aspheric segment mirrors. One of the key factors in fabrication of aspheric segment mirrors is feasibility of testing offaxis surfaces with high accuracy. A couple of test methods have been investigated for aspheric off-axis segments. As a case study, we apply these test methods to secondary segmented mirror models of the Giant Magellan Telescope. We derive required dimensions of test set-ups and assess sensitivity of optical alignment. Characteristics of the test methods are also discussed.