Opportunity

Inequality in income and opportunity involves significant economic and social costs. This paper critically reviews the arguments made in the book entitled The Price of Inequality: How Today's Divided Society Endangers Our Future by Professor Joseph Stiglitz. The central theme of this book is that political and economic forces have shaped and reinforced the extent to which concentration of income at the top is generated and protected by institutions in which the rich members of society exert considerable influence in the design and implementation of public policies.

Purpose – This paper aims to complement existing theories of internationalization by studying an
important aspect which has been neglected in previous studies: the process of international
entrepreneurial opportunity recognition. International market entry is conceptualized as an
entrepreneurial, innovative act; and opportunity recognition consists of both discovery as well as
deliberate and systematic search.

Design/methodology/approach – The methodology employed involves eight case studies of small
and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) operating in knowledge-based industries in Australia. The unit
of analysis is the “opportunity-firm” nexus.

Findings – The paper finds that firms with little or no prior international knowledge tend to make
use of opportunity discovery rather than deliberate/systematic search. In contrast, firms with
extensive prior international experience and knowledge were found to deliberately search and discover
their first international opportunity. International opportunity discovery did not occur simply through
serendipitous encounters with new information from networks or referrals but involved interpreting
possible matches between pre-existing means (resources, skills, new technologies) and new ends
(international markets) in a problem solving process. It favours those with the requisite prior
knowledge and entrepreneurial orientation.

Practical implications – The paper offers guidelines on what business practitioners and export
promotion agencies can and cannot do to influence opportunity recognition process. Particular
attention was paid to strategies to avoid costly deliberate search among resource-stricken SMEs.
Originality/value – This study introduces Knightian uncertainty and Kirznerian discovery as the
conceptual cornerstones of internationalization that can help account for the lack of incrementalism
and optimizing logic in internationalization among smaller firms.

This paper addresses the concept of serendipity in entrepreneurship, defined as search leading to unintended discovery. It conceptually delineates serendipity, showing how it is related to the entrepreneurship literature on prior knowledge and systematic search. The paper also discusses how serendipitous entrepreneurship relates to some aspects of evolutionary theory, socioeconomic institutions, and social psychology. It is suggested that serendipity may be a quite prevalent feature of entrepreneurship and thus has implications for both research and practice.

There is plenty of debate in the entrepreneurship literature regarding entrepreneurial opportunity. There also has been a lack of construct clarity. These two issues have combined to stifle progress in understanding this important phenomenon. We believe that across these debates there are many underlying commonalities and potential for more clear constructs. In this paper we review how scholars have defined and operationalized entrepreneurial opportunity and opportunity-related processes in order to better understand what they really mean when they say ‘opportunity’. We found a total of 102 definitions and 51 operationalisations from 105 articles published in leading entrepreneurship and management journals. A total of 81 elements were identified across the definitions and operationalisations and compiled into an integrated process model. The model incorporates what seemed to be disparate views into a single unifying model. Comparison between conceptual definitions and operationalisations reveals many elements that are missing either conceptual or empirical attention. The model will help scholars more easily identify and build upon prior research. To that effect, numerous suggestions for future research are discussed and are summarized in a table.

The purpose of this study is to advance the idea that low self-control—one of the strongest known predictors of crime—likely has effects that are conditional on the supply of criminal opportunities. Some scholars initially interpreted the theory to make this exact prediction, but Gottfredson and Hirschi (2003) have rejected this interpretation. They have insisted that the simplistic nature of most crimes ensures that opportunities are limitless and that variation in opportunity simply reflects variation in self-control. We trace the history of this uncertain position of opportunity in self-control theory and argue that it should play a significant role in the theory, even if Gottfredson and Hirschi did not originally envision this. Next, we draw on routine activities theory and applications of it to individual offending to offer a theoretical statement of how opportunity should be incorporated into self-control theory. Last, using data from a national sample of juveniles, we test the arguments that have been made. The analysis suggests that the effects of low self-control on delinquency partially depend on the availability of criminal opportunities, as indicated by the time juveniles spend with their friends or away from the supervision of their parents.

Pro-poor tourism studies often highlight the need for altering institutional restraints and creating policies that enhance freedoms for the poor. However, few studies have evaluated local-level strategies by which the poor seek to alter such restraints to improve their lives within evolving tourism arrangements. This study applies Jessop’s strategic-relational approach to analyze the cases of two tourism associations in Peru’s Valle Sagrado (Sacred Valley), qualitatively assessing local-level strategies for addressing specific institutional concerns. Sen’s capability approach is subsequently applied to assess the potential for these strategies to improve individual and collective functioning for associations and their members. Findings draw attention to a kind of institutional poverty alleviation that may occur when identifiable institutional limitations are strategically altered by local people, contributing to enhanced functioning. This study suggests that pro-poor tourism studies may benefit from considering poverty alleviation as both an opportunity-dependent and an opportunity-generating process, stressing the interplay between structure and agency as local people maneuver to improve their lives through small-scale institutional change.

Purpose -Corruption is a significant financial crime which is estimated by the World Economic Forum to cost about 5 per cent of global GDP or $2.6 trillion dollars. Explanations of corruption, like explanations of crime, tend to focus on the individuals who commit corruption and the wider conditions which give rise to corrupt behaviour. Approaches designed to reduce corruption usually propose stiffer sanctions, institutional reforms and the passing of new laws. The purpose of this paper is to outline a complementary perspective with which to consider corruption. Design/methodology/approach -Grounded in situational crime prevention and related criminological theory, the paper argues that opportunities in the immediate environment play a causal role in generating corruption. It proposes that corruption can be minimised by removing or reducing opportunities which are conducive to corrupt behaviour. In total, five cases are chosen as illustrative examples of how situational crime prevention might usefully be applied to corruption, focussing on the Type, Activities, Sectors and Places (TASP) that comprise corruption events. Findings -A framework is developed for the empirical study of corruption in local settings. Originality/value -The paper explores how situational crime prevention can usefully inform the analysis and prevention of corruption.

This paper analyzes the theory of “entrepreneurial incentives” in the work of Israel Kirzner. It argues that there is a logical problem with the notion of profit opportunities as exogenous causal agents: Without additional assumptions, the existence of opportunities alone does not sufficiently explain the alertness of entrepreneurs. The paper considers both stronger and weaker versions of this problem. It also questions the relation between entrepreneurial incentives and the tendency toward entrepreneurial success. Finally, it provides some commentary on the relevance of entrepreneurial incentives for an overall theory of the entrepreneur, and identifies several potential solutions to the problems discussed.

This paper examines how opportunity structures for learning, income, and status emerge in a global space shaped by local stakeholders aspiring for strategic positions in international competition. The case-study of Hong Kong suggests that moving up the pyramid of college and university degrees provides opportunities for higher income and reduces turbulence in times of global recessions and layoffs. However, low socio-economic status students are more likely to sustain their upward movement if their learning experiences are enriched with boundary-crossing competencies provided by studies abroad, foreign language training, cross-disciplinary programs, etc. While outbound mobility enhances opportunities for upward mobility, it also challenges the established cultural patterns of learning. This paper discusses the tensions and ties between outbound and upward mobility by analyzing local–global disequilibria in human and institutional agencies of higher education working across social, economic and political boundaries.

This chapter uses comparative spatial analysis and Critical Race Theory to outline an overview of systemic and institutional barriers impeding academic achievement of racialized students from lower socioeconomic backgrounds living in under-resourced racialized communities in Toronto, Canada. Youth Association for Academics, Athletics, and Character Education (YAAACE), a nonprofit community organization in the Jane and Finch neighborhood, is examined as a case study in closing the achievement gap in the community by investing in minimizing the inequality of opportunity impacting young children, youth, and families in the area. The collaborative synergic model of YAAACE from a Social Inclusion Strategy framework that takes into consideration participants’ identities and developmental needs and the community’s spatial dynamics and demographics exemplifies an effective approach to mitigating systemic and structural barriers impeding academic achievement of racialized students for upward social mobility. YAAACE’s unique model for teaching and learning and offering holistic services can be used as a tool and a spark for further discussion in how we can use alternative approaches to close the achievement gap and expand the limited hegemonic definition of success that is normalized and perpetuated in schools focusing exclusively on academics which marginalizes and oppresses racialized identities and their needs.

Challenge-based entrepreneurship is a nascent research area that has sought to tackle a long-standing issue of how entrepreneurs may overcome extreme challenges. We seek fresh insights into this issue by researching entrepreneurs who face one of the most extreme physical challenges, namely of acute sight loss ("blindness"). While this condition carries social perceptions of extreme physical incapacity and performance limitations, there continue to be notable examples of entrepreneurs with permanent blindness. How do blind entrepreneurs overcome barriers resulting from their impairment? By observing and conversing with two blind serial entrepreneurs, we offer preliminary answers to this question by generating insights into processes of opportunity formation in which ideas are conceived and developed out of the entrepreneurs' challenges. Our chief finding is that our blind entrepreneurs instrumentalized their impairments for commercial or social purposes by creating ventures that leveraged public perceptions of blindness and disability. Accordingly, in their ventures, our entrepreneurs drew on distinctive attributes of their physical and social challenges as a means of exploiting narrow conceptions of disabled people's capabilities. These entrepreneurs therefore overcame their challenges by capitalizing on public conceptions of their limited capabilities. The subsequent Discussion offers research opportunities in and beyond challenge-based entrepreneurship by considering a number of theoretical and practical implications of the adaptive skills and attributes of our entrepreneurs that have enabled them to engage with popular "ableist" and medical, or "tragic", perceptions of disability in original and positive ways.

This paper uses "tools" to include the computer hardware, software, and connectivity that we lump together under the title Information and Communication Technology (ICT). ICTs facilitate the creation, storage, management and dissemination of information by electronic means. This definition includes radio, television, telephone, fax, computer and internet. Newspaper and other print media do not fall under that definition but are strongly influence by electronic means (online news). In recent time, the understanding of poverty has undergone significant changes. It's no longer viewed as being restricted to material deprivation, but encompasses intangible aspects, such as lack of access to schooling or health care, vulnerability towards external events, or being excluded from decision making processes. This approaches to poverty is also reflected in the MDGs, which addresses the multiple and interrelated dimension of poverty and development. Poverty eradication in this study is looked at eradication of poverty in terms of facilitating empowerment, promoting opportunity and enhancing security. The paper then proposed how ICTs can be used to eradicate poverty and promote economic growth towards empowerment, opportunity and security.

Background and aim: Researchers, in qualitative researches, both influences on and take effect from the research process. One of the main issues in qualitative research is validity of the researcher as an instrument of data collection. If the researcher does not have enough validity in the data collection, the results of the study will also not be cited. The researcher as instrument provides an opportunity for researchers to enter into the unknown world of individual about the phenomena in question and sometimes faced many challenges in reaching this goal. This study has been reviewing the opportunities and challenges of researchers as an instrument in the qualitative research.
Materials and methods: This was a review study on the methodology of qualitative research. Using keywords including qualitative research, instrument, challenges, and opportunities, articles and available books were investigated in PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Proquest, Magiran، SCI، IranDoc, SID, Medlib, IranMedex databases with no time limit. The Quality of the articles was assessed by using the McMaster Critical Review Form for Qualitative studies.
Findings: Studies over 12 books and 18 articles showed that the role of the researcher can be varied in different qualitative research designs such as phenomenology researches, grounded theory, ethnography, and content analysis researches. Also previous experience and skills in the process of observation and interview, having effective communication and asking the appropriate questions have an important impact on the role of researchers as a key factor in qualitative research.
Conclusions: Researchers have the main role, especially in data gathering of different types of qualitative researches. Actually they are factors that validate the data. Experience and skills, ability to communicate, asking the right questions are the most important factors that have an influence on doing qualitative research in an appropriate ways.

A remittance is a transfer of money by a foreign worker to his or her home country. Remittance can also refer to the accounting concept of a monetary payment transferred by a customer to a business (Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia). Remittances have been playing a very significant role for the overall economic development ofBangladesh. Therefore, this paper attempts to explore the actual remittance income and its impact on overall economy ofBangladesh. Recently, the world has suffering from the global financial crisis. That is why, the job opportunities are shrinking drastically for the last couple of years. As a result, the government ofBangladeshis now facing tremendous challenges to send people abroad for employment. Thus, this paper also attempts to clearly articulate the opportunities and challenges of remittance income inBangladeshand suggested some possible courses of action to face these challenges with smart at hand.

Context: Traditional medicine information system (TMIS) is a substructure founded on the targeted application of technology. It also serves as a tool supporting the decisions in traditional medicine (TM). However, due to following a different approach in the treatment process, the TM has faced some challenges.

Aims: To review the universal progresses and challenges in TMIS.

Methods: This study was conducted using systematic search and review. The resources were retrieved through searching the key words related to the TMIS in the available databases including Science Direct, WOS, ProQuest, PubMed and IEEE. The findings were classified in to two distinct categories of progresses and challenges relating to the TMIS.

Results: As many as 28 studies conducted from 2000 to 2017 were included in this research. The majority of the studies were related to 2010 or after 2010 conducted in China. Progresses identified in this TMIS were categorized into four types including the development of the database, universal standardization of the TM, development of the clinical data warehouse, and application of information technology in the TM. The challenges were classified into four distinct categories, namely the lack of treatment protocols in TM, the necessity of developing a universal unified terminology, the necessity of creating a medical ontologies and the necessity of ensuring the data quality.

Conclusions: Information technology forms a significant aspect of the TM modernization. To develop both the TMIS and the knowledge sharing tools, it is necessary to remove the problems and challenges involved in the data record process in the TM.

This research conducts to determine the practice of academic cheating by raising one component of diamond fraud, namely, opportunity. The involvement of religious motivation is expected to be a deterrent variable in suppressing the influence of opportunity on the practice of academic cheating among accounting students. This research was conducted on 235 samples of accounting students registered in the Bogor, West Java, Indonesia. By using quantitative descriptive methods, this study successfully revealed the role of spiritual motivation in the relationship between opportunity and academic cheating. Following the diamond fraud theory, this study revealed the positive influence of opportunity variables on the practice of academic fraud among accounting students. The existence of spiritual motivation is proven to reduce the correlation coefficient between opportunity and academic cheating. This study requires experimental social research on the object of research, namely accounting students, to see the practice of treating the variables studied.

National priority of the developing country for rapid economic development and reducing growing unemployment problems may be encouraging entrepreneurship developments and entrepreneurial characteristics to the younger people. Either through University education or through different government’s policy it should be ensured that the investment friendly environment as well as youth’s energy should be divert in entrepreneurial way to creating opportunity for self-economical development of the people. Scholars as well as academician’s attention also should be concentrates on the matter. Thus the article focuses to fill that gap of national priority of developing nation like Nepal.

The Arab Revolutions have multiplied the pathways of activism available to Salafi groups notably in the newly democratised Tunisia. Based on an opportunity-inclusion approach, the literature has not successfully explained this diversification of pathways due to a focalisation on structural opportunities. This approach is unable to account for the variation in pathways taken by different groups facing the same structural opportunities for inclusion. In the light of this limitation, I argue that pre-revolutionary starting points and ideological legacies largely determined groups’ perception of the revolutionary ‘opportunity’ as well as the choice of political activism pathways. Based on secondary literature and interview and social media data, I show that groups that were open to political participation before the revolution (Jabhah Islamiyya) chose to participate, while groups that rejected it (Ansar al-Shariʿa) maintained their rejection, and formerly quietist sheikhs chose to participate 8 years after the revolution while maintaining certain ideological red lines (sheikhs in the coalition Itilaf al-Karama). On this basis, the article proposes to reassess the relationship between ideology and strategy as complementary rather than exclusionary components of an agency by demonstrating how ideological legacies predispose actors to certain strategic choices through the delineation of legitimate and illegitimate paths of activism.

Equality of opportunity is a popular ideal, both for assessing access to specific goods, such as jobs, education and health, and as a more general principle of distributive justice. This chapter provides an overview of existing discussions of equality of opportunity in relation to religion. Many of these discussions have proceeded under the heading of multiculturalism, where minority religious practices have often been the focus of debate, e.g. in discussion of religious exemptions from generally applicable laws. The focus is on conceptions of equality of opportunity involved in such debates and on possible ways in which religion might raise issues relevant for the understanding of equality of opportunity as a general principle. Distinctions are made between different ways in which religion and equality of opportunity might relate to one another. Religion and equality of opportunity can be viewed as possible obstacles to each other. The chapter provides examples of this but focuses on other types of relations where considerations concerning the status of religion contribute to the understanding of what equality of opportunity requires as an ideal. Religion is then viewed as a distinct class of opportunities, which people should have equal access to, or as a factor affecting what equal access means, e.g. because access to some types of opportunities carries special weight. The most prominent positions regarding these debates are presented and linked to debates about the theoretical status of religion in liberal political philosophy.

With the outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic, many essential health services were affected. Rehabilitation services, became partially, or completely disrupted in most of the world countries and communities. However, the pandemic brought with it new opportunities for telerehabilitation design and also a chance for re-evaluating the way the rehabilitation services could be delivered. Based on the literature reviewed, a framework for enhancing the telerehabilitation capacity vs the type of demands expected are reviewed. The paper opens a new way of thinking about what are the value-added services that need to be delivered to ensure productive lean telerehabilitation services spread and can be sustained

Monetary extortion is generally spoken to by the utilization of illicit practices where they can intercede from ranking directors until finance representatives, turning into a wrong doing deserving of law. There are numerous systems created to dissect, distinguish and forestall this conduct, being the most significant the misrepresentation triangle hypothesis related with the exemplary monetary review model. So as to play out this examination, a study of the related works in the current writing was completed, to build up our own structure. Right now, paper presents Fraud Find, an applied structure that permits to distinguish and diagram a gathering of individuals inside a financial association who submit extortion, upheld by the misrepresentation triangle hypothesis. Misrepresentation Find works in the methodology of nonstop review that will be accountable for gathering data of specialists introduced in client's hardware. It depends on semantic strategies applied through the assortment of expressions composed by the clients under investigation for later being moved to a vault for later examination. This proposal encourages contributing with the field of cyber security, in the reduction of cases of financial fraud.

Globalisation is the process that is linking people, neighbourhoods, cities, regions and countries. The process of

conducting business according to both local and global considerations is known as glocalisation.

According to

KPMG (2016),

the global sports market is estimated at USD 600–700 billion; accounting for approximately 1 percent

of the global Gross Domestic Product (GDP). It exercises a significant impact on the global economy due to its

close association with education, real estate, tourism and other sectors.

The objective of the study was to analyse critically some opportunities of social development for the future youth generations through the medium of sports in two developing countries from the BRICS.

Keywords: Globalisation, sports, youth.

RESUMEN
Uno de los mayores retos que se plantea en el actual marco de relaciones labora-les es la aplicación de las medidas de acción positiva en cuanto tratamientos pre-ferenciales a favor de las trabajadoras para superar los efectos de la discriminación social. La principal dificultad radica en la delimitación que de las mismas hace el ordenamiento jurídico comunitario europeo, como una excepción al principio de igualdad de trato y de igualdad de oportunidades formal, lo que ha introducido elementos ajenos a su naturaleza, siguiendo la doctrina del Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea, con todo lo que ello supone de pérdida en la lucha para lograr la igualdad de oportunidades real entre los sexos en el ámbito laboral. Palabras clave: discriminación laboral sexos; acción positiva; tratamientos prefe-renciales; igualdad real; interpretación jurisprudencial.

ABSTRACT
One of biggest problems of female workers is to get real equality in their working conditions. Affirmative actions or preferential treatment can be a solution to overcome the effects of social discrimination at work. Nowdays the main obstacle to set up is not the legal delimitation in the European Law but the interpretation of cases law that limit its application in employment contracts. This situation represents a loss in the struggle for equal opportunity and rights for female works.

Objectives: Most research on the Entrepreneurial Intention Model (EIM) has drawn on college students and other accessible populations that see entrepreneurship largely as an opportunity. Research reported here explores necessity-driven entrepreneurship in a peripheral region of Northern Scotland, where UKAEA's decision to wind-down operations at Dounreay Nuclear Power facility are resulting in loss of 1,500 employee/contractor jobs over several years. The remote rural location in northern Scotland is unable to provide sufficient employment to absorb this number of workers, creating, for many, a condition of entrepreneurial necessity.

The giant tsunami of December 2004 not only damaged the physical infrastructure of the islands but devastated the agriculture and allied sectors along with the associated livelihood opportunities. An investigation was carried out to assess the damage caused by tsunami to the farming community of Andaman and Nicobar Islands and the impact of the schemes implemented by the A&N Administration. Totally 136 respondents from selected eight villages were interviewed for the study, which revealed that agriculture land affected (which remains dry) per family was to the extent of 0.1-.53ha. The land affected from high tides varies between 0.37and 0.19 ha per family and the inundated land per family from 0.74 to 0.49 ha, during 2005-08. The agriculture crop loss per family was estimated to be Rs. 50,472. Agriculture inputs and farm implement losses were Rs. 15,775. The loss following damage of livestock inputs and assets was also very high with the loss of poultry alone contributing to about Rs. 19,242 per family. To revive the agriculture and allied sector of Tsunami affected families, Rajiv Gandhi Rehabilitation Programme (RGRP) has been implemented by the Andaman and Nicobar Administrations with total outlay of Rs. 821.88 crores.

Anatomical analysis of Human Memory based on Neural Science, remains an area of great interest for scientists, from time immemorial. The current research may be a Pioneering effort in the area of religious traits of a student at the BOP segment and his capacity to learn. Students aspiring for Professional Education, such as Engineering, Management, belonging to low and mid-income group, are a confused lot. As many Researchers (Jaywalk, Karnani) vehemently argued, whether OPPORTUNITY really exits at the Bottom or Mid of the Pyramid, is of another issue and research, the present Research would endeavor to focus on the mid level of our society. C. K. Prahalad conceptualized and vehemently propagated BOP and stated that there lies a huge market of billions of people in Emerging Markets as potential customer, who earns less than $ 2 a day. Prof. Prahalad also advocated as -we must stop thinking that these billion people are a drag on our economy, rather they are resilient and value-conscious consumers and an unforeseen door of opportunity may be opened. Creating Leaders at the BOP level through various successful experiments by ITC / AMUL/ JAIPUR RAGS / SHAKTI AMMAS -HLL/ICICI BANK -SHG and so on, are there in India. This Co-creation of Leadership culture has made a huge difference in Socio-economic fabric of rural India. Researchers, in this paper, would endeavor to find out empirically, if there is any Co-relation, between Spiritual effects on Student-mind and Memory at BOP segment in India.