Opportunity

Purpose -Corruption is a significant financial crime which is estimated by the World Economic Forum to cost about 5 per cent of global GDP or $2.6 trillion dollars. Explanations of corruption, like explanations of crime, tend to focus on the individuals who commit corruption and the wider conditions which give rise to corrupt behaviour. Approaches designed to reduce corruption usually propose stiffer sanctions, institutional reforms and the passing of new laws. The purpose of this paper is to outline a complementary perspective with which to consider corruption. Design/methodology/approach -Grounded in situational crime prevention and related criminological theory, the paper argues that opportunities in the immediate environment play a causal role in generating corruption. It proposes that corruption can be minimised by removing or reducing opportunities which are conducive to corrupt behaviour. In total, five cases are chosen as illustrative examples of how situational crime prevention might usefully be applied to corruption, focussing on the Type, Activities, Sectors and Places (TASP) that comprise corruption events. Findings -A framework is developed for the empirical study of corruption in local settings. Originality/value -The paper explores how situational crime prevention can usefully inform the analysis and prevention of corruption.

Knowing that the political environment in the MENA region has been favorable to Morocco, to what extent that is an opportunity to the Moroccan ministry of tourism.
According to a report done by The Independent Traveler Journal in 2015, many countries in the Middle East and North Africa are considered unstable and visitors were advised either to take a high degree of caution or not to visit. Morocco, on the other hand, has been described as relatively stable and fairly steady in recent years since the Arab spring demonstrations that hit the streets in 2011 and the terrorist attack on a restaurant in Marrakech (Faust, 2015) . So, on the one hand, Morocco is considered as an example of political stability in North Africa and the Middle East. 
On a related context, some departments of foreign affairs such as the United State of America’s and Canada’s  have warn their citizen who are travelling to Morocco to pay a high degree of caution and that their citizens might be a target to potential terrorist attacks .
Bearing in mind this dilemma, in this study, we wanted to know whether Morocco is privileged by its political stability over its competitor on the Mediterranean region or no. All the indicator say yes, if so, what is the Moroccan Ministry of Tourism strategy? And does the instability of the neighboring countries, effect the flow of tourists to Morocco?
Morocco is described to be modern and open to the outside world, and it also has a strategic location: it is part of the Mediterranean, Atlantic region, one of the first destinations of world tourism and is located near the largest market in the world, which is Europe. It has an exceptional seaside potential on the Mediterranean and another on the Atlantic; it is estimated to have in total 3500 km of coastline. Besides the seaside potentials, the country enjoys having other unique characteristics and landscapes (mountains, valleys and deserts); its imperial cities, medieval medinas, its world well known cuisine, its famous craftsmanship and its renowned hospitality.
With all these geographic and cultural potentials, Morocco lack of a tourism policy for a long time and the prospective of the Moroccan tourism has long been underexploited. However, during the past 20 years, tourism has recorded a modest growth, in light of industry developments in other comparable Mediterranean countries such as Tunisia and Egypt...
For a long time, tourism in Morocco suffers from structural problems (taxation, finance, etc....) which are obstacles to its development. But, having a direct impact on the other segments of the economy, the Moroccan ministry of Tourism have adopted multiple strategic to takeoff and upgrading this sector and with it all other related fields of economy in Morocco.
Our research work is to fully understand and answer the questions assuming that Morocco is politically stable comparing with its direct competitors in the Mediterranean basin, namely Tunisia, Egypt and Turkey; whether it is an opportunity for the country to seize and attract more tourists and with them more foreign currency to the country, and what is the strategy of the Moroccan ministry of tourism under these circumstances (study of current strategy) .

The purpose of this study is to advance the idea that low self-control—one of the strongest known predictors of crime—likely has effects that are conditional on the supply of criminal opportunities. Some scholars initially interpreted the theory to make this exact prediction, but Gottfredson and Hirschi (2003) have rejected this interpretation. They have insisted that the simplistic nature of most crimes ensures that opportunities are limitless and that variation in opportunity simply reflects variation in self-control. We trace the history of this uncertain position of opportunity in self-control theory and argue that it should play a significant role in the theory, even if Gottfredson and Hirschi did not originally envision this. Next, we draw on routine activities theory and applications of it to individual offending to offer a theoretical statement of how opportunity should be incorporated into self-control theory. Last, using data from a national sample of juveniles, we test the arguments that have been made. The analysis suggests that the effects of low self-control on delinquency partially depend on the availability of criminal opportunities, as indicated by the time juveniles spend with their friends or away from the supervision of their parents.

Monetary extortion is generally spoken to by the utilization of illicit practices where they can intercede from ranking directors until finance representatives, turning into a wrong doing deserving of law. There are numerous systems created to dissect, distinguish and forestall this conduct, being the most significant the misrepresentation triangle hypothesis related with the exemplary monetary review model. So as to play out this examination, a study of the related works in the current writing was completed, to build up our own structure. Right now, paper presents Fraud Find, an applied structure that permits to distinguish and diagram a gathering of individuals inside a financial association who submit extortion, upheld by the misrepresentation triangle hypothesis. Misrepresentation Find works in the methodology of nonstop review that will be accountable for gathering data of specialists introduced in client's hardware. It depends on semantic strategies applied through the assortment of expressions composed by the clients under investigation for later being moved to a vault for later examination. This proposal encourages contributing with the field of cyber security, in the reduction of cases of financial fraud.

The Uppsala internationalization process model is revisited in the light of changes in business practices and theoretical advances that have been made since 1977. Now the business environment is viewed as a web of relationships, a network, rather than as a neoclassical market with many independent suppliers and customers. Outsidership, in relation to the relevant network, more than psychic distance, is the root of uncertainty. The change mechanisms in the revised model are essentially the same as those in the original version, although we add trust-building and knowledge creation, the latter to recognize the fact that new knowledge is developed in relationships.

Poultry farming comes as a trigger for the growth of rural economy and a fortune changer for farmers in the district. Poor families in particular are taking it as a boon, while many educated youths are taking poultry rearing as a vocation to become small entrepreneurs. The farming businesses have created opportunities of jobs to unemployed boys and girls. A good number of rural people have improved their lifestyle with improved socioeconomic condition within a short period of time. To expand the farming business, different public and private banks and also some financial institutions are extending short-and long-term loans.

Inequality in income and opportunity involves significant economic and social costs. This paper critically reviews the arguments made in the book entitled The Price of Inequality: How Today's Divided Society Endangers Our Future by Professor Joseph Stiglitz. The central theme of this book is that political and economic forces have shaped and reinforced the extent to which concentration of income at the top is generated and protected by institutions in which the rich members of society exert considerable influence in the design and implementation of public policies.

Promising upward social mobility, the American Dream epitomizes freedom, opportunity, ambition, and individuality. This thesis explores how Broadway’s portrayal of the Dream during the twentieth century evolved from a happy-go-lucky idolization of the Dream to an enlightening reflection on American politics. It examines how fourteen Broadway shows portray three aspects of the Dream: 1) the Dream’s unequal treatment of ethnic minorities; 2) its path to corruption; and 3) its fleeting nature. This thesis argues that, before the civil rights movement, ethnic minority characters functioned solely to enable the Dreams of their white counterparts. By the late twentieth century, however, minority characters were re-characterized as undefeatable troopers, effortlessly conquering every obstacle. Through such utopian characterizations, Broadway ignored real-life social inequities. Further, this thesis displays how no character nor American could achieve the Dream without resorting to alcoholism, prostitution, gambling, or drug abuse. These tropes were pinned on ethnic minority characters especially, exemplifying how ethnic minority stereotypes fed into Broadway’s “White Way.” By examining fame’s ephemerality in Broadway’s mid-twentieth century works, this thesis also argues that the Dream does not provide one with the lasting upward social mobility it promises. Ultimately, this thesis analyzes how each show’s book and score characterizes the Dream, and evaluates primary reviews and advertisements from each show, as well as comments from the cast and creative team. In doing so, it shows that Broadway’s portrayal of the American Dream transcends mere entertainment, and is, instead, a rich response to American politics.

STUDI KASUS DI RESTORAN CEPAT SAJI McDONALD'S) PERIODE OKTOBER -DESEMBER 2011 Disusun Oleh: Drs.Onny Juwono, MM ABSTRAKSI Keyword: swot (strength; weaknesses; opportunity; threats) Tren yang sedang berkembang pesat pada saat ini yaitu munculnya unit usaha yang menggunakan sistem waralaba (franchising). Dasar unit usaha waralaba ini yaitu membeli tata pola manajemen dari perusahaan induk (franchisor) yang harus digunakan atau dilaksanakan oleh perusahaan pengguna sistem waralaba (franchisee); kecuali manajemen dalam arti tata administrasi, akuntansi, tata letak (layout), bahan baku; sehingga dapat dikatakan tata kelola harus dalam pengawasan perusahaan induk (franchisor). Unit usaha waralaba bermodal besar dapat diberikan contoh: Carrefor, Giant, Hypermart; McDonald's, Wendys, Sizzler, Dunkin Donat, dll.; pewaralaba kelas menengah, misalnya: Alfamidi, Alfamart, Indomart, Yomart, Yogya, dll; pewaralaba kelas kecil, misanya: ayam bakar Mas Mono, ayam bakar Sabana, pempek Palembang 23 Ulu, rumah makan masakan padang, dll. Dalam kesempatan penelitian ini, peneliti mengambil studi kasus di unit usaha waralaba McDonald's dengan menggunakan alat analisa SWOT (Strength; Weaknesses; Opportunity; Threats) untuk mengetahui posisi perusahaan pada saat diadakan penelitian pada Oktober -Desember 2011. Sebagai hasil perhitungan pada tabel EFAS (External Factors Analysis Summary) menunjukkan score 3.00; sedangkan hasil perhitungan pada table IFAS (Internal Factors Analysis Summary) menunjukkan score 2.65. Dari kedua tabel tersebut, maka posisi perusahaan terletak di Kwadran I yang berarti mendukung Strategi Agresif. Swebagai kesimpulannya, bahwa unit usaha waralaba McDonald's menerapkan strategi manajemen secara tepat, sehingga disarankan tetap mempertrahankan posisi tersebut dan diusahakan dapat meningkatkan strategic management sehingga tetap menduduki ranking sebagai market leader dibidangnya. I. PENDAHULUAN 1.1 Latar Belakang Perkembangan perekonomian saat ini sangat pesat seiring dengan pertumbuhan ekonomi di segala bidang terutama bidang perdagangan yang mulai menawarkan produk investasi seperti franchise (Waralaba), lisensi, dan lain-lain. Diantara sekian banyak produk investasi yang ditawarkan, franchise merupakan salah satu alternatif investasi yang dipilih karena proses pengoperasiannya yang mudah, dan sistem manajerial yang sudah jelas serta sesuai dengan standar operasi yang telah dilaksanakan di perusahaan secara umum. Mari kita perhatikan gerai-gerai peritel, mulai dari peritel modal besar, misalnya Carrefour, Giant, Hypermart; peritel menengah yang bermunculan dimana-mana, sampai-sampai berada di kompleks perumahan, di pinggir jalan misalnya: AlfaMidi, Alfamart, Indomart, Yomart, Ceriamart, Yogya, Griya; semuanya beroperasi dalam satu naungan manajemen waralaba. Sampai ke waralaba klas UKM, misalnya ayam bakar Mas Mono, ayam bakar Sabana, pempek Palembang 23 Ulu. Waralaba yang bergerak di bidang makanan cepat saji, misalnya: KFC, California Fried Chicken, Texas Fried Chicken, Wendys, Sizzler, PizzaHut, Dunkin Donat dan masih banyak lagi yang tidak disebutkan disini. Apalagi kalau kita memperhatikan tumbuh dan menyebar waralaba berciri khas warna hijau-merah-jingga-putih, Seven-Eleven; anak-anak muda selalu menyebut Sevel, sepertinya waralaba ini muncul dikhususkan untuk para kawula muda.

The decisions to go to college and where are life-altering. Accordingly, college choice theory has been a necessary framework for understanding access and destinations in postsecondary education. The author argues for the need to depart from framing college-going around “choice” and puts forth a timely and context-driven alternative to previous college choice frameworks. In particular, the Iloh Model of College-Going Decisions and
Trajectories illuminates the bidirectional relationship among three dimensions (information, time, and opportunity). The paper . concludes with new directions for researchers, community members, leaders, and practitioners across the P–20 education pipeline.

Objectives: Most research on the Entrepreneurial Intention Model (EIM) has drawn on college students and other accessible populations that see entrepreneurship largely as an opportunity. Research reported here explores necessity-driven entrepreneurship in a peripheral region of Northern Scotland, where UKAEA's decision to wind-down operations at Dounreay Nuclear Power facility are resulting in loss of 1,500 employee/contractor jobs over several years. The remote rural location in northern Scotland is unable to provide sufficient employment to absorb this number of workers, creating, for many, a condition of entrepreneurial necessity.

Purpose – This paper aims to complement existing theories of internationalization by studying an
important aspect which has been neglected in previous studies: the process of international
entrepreneurial opportunity recognition. International market entry is conceptualized as an
entrepreneurial, innovative act; and opportunity recognition consists of both discovery as well as
deliberate and systematic search.

Design/methodology/approach – The methodology employed involves eight case studies of small
and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) operating in knowledge-based industries in Australia. The unit
of analysis is the “opportunity-firm” nexus.

Findings – The paper finds that firms with little or no prior international knowledge tend to make
use of opportunity discovery rather than deliberate/systematic search. In contrast, firms with
extensive prior international experience and knowledge were found to deliberately search and discover
their first international opportunity. International opportunity discovery did not occur simply through
serendipitous encounters with new information from networks or referrals but involved interpreting
possible matches between pre-existing means (resources, skills, new technologies) and new ends
(international markets) in a problem solving process. It favours those with the requisite prior
knowledge and entrepreneurial orientation.

Practical implications – The paper offers guidelines on what business practitioners and export
promotion agencies can and cannot do to influence opportunity recognition process. Particular
attention was paid to strategies to avoid costly deliberate search among resource-stricken SMEs.
Originality/value – This study introduces Knightian uncertainty and Kirznerian discovery as the
conceptual cornerstones of internationalization that can help account for the lack of incrementalism
and optimizing logic in internationalization among smaller firms.

Globalisation is the process that is linking people, neighbourhoods, cities, regions and countries. The process of

conducting business according to both local and global considerations is known as glocalisation.

According to

KPMG (2016),

the global sports market is estimated at USD 600–700 billion; accounting for approximately 1 percent

of the global Gross Domestic Product (GDP). It exercises a significant impact on the global economy due to its

close association with education, real estate, tourism and other sectors.

The objective of the study was to analyse critically some opportunities of social development for the future youth generations through the medium of sports in two developing countries from the BRICS.

Keywords: Globalisation, sports, youth.

Equality of opportunity is a popular ideal, both for assessing access to specific goods, such as jobs, education and health, and as a more general principle of distributive justice. This chapter provides an overview of existing discussions of equality of opportunity in relation to religion. Many of these discussions have proceeded under the heading of multiculturalism, where minority religious practices have often been the focus of debate, e.g. in discussion of religious exemptions from generally applicable laws. The focus is on conceptions of equality of opportunity involved in such debates and on possible ways in which religion might raise issues relevant for the understanding of equality of opportunity as a general principle. Distinctions are made between different ways in which religion and equality of opportunity might relate to one another. Religion and equality of opportunity can be viewed as possible obstacles to each other. The chapter provides examples of this but focuses on other types of relations where considerations concerning the status of religion contribute to the understanding of what equality of opportunity requires as an ideal. Religion is then viewed as a distinct class of opportunities, which people should have equal access to, or as a factor affecting what equal access means, e.g. because access to some types of opportunities carries special weight. The most prominent positions regarding these debates are presented and linked to debates about the theoretical status of religion in liberal political philosophy.

This paper analyzes the theory of “entrepreneurial incentives” in the work of Israel Kirzner. It argues that there is a logical problem with the notion of profit opportunities as exogenous causal agents: Without additional assumptions, the existence of opportunities alone does not sufficiently explain the alertness of entrepreneurs. The paper considers both stronger and weaker versions of this problem. It also questions the relation between entrepreneurial incentives and the tendency toward entrepreneurial success. Finally, it provides some commentary on the relevance of entrepreneurial incentives for an overall theory of the entrepreneur, and identifies several potential solutions to the problems discussed.

A remittance is a transfer of money by a foreign worker to his or her home country. Remittance can also refer to the accounting concept of a monetary payment transferred by a customer to a business (Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia). Remittances have been playing a very significant role for the overall economic development ofBangladesh. Therefore, this paper attempts to explore the actual remittance income and its impact on overall economy ofBangladesh. Recently, the world has suffering from the global financial crisis. That is why, the job opportunities are shrinking drastically for the last couple of years. As a result, the government ofBangladeshis now facing tremendous challenges to send people abroad for employment. Thus, this paper also attempts to clearly articulate the opportunities and challenges of remittance income inBangladeshand suggested some possible courses of action to face these challenges with smart at hand.

This chapter uses comparative spatial analysis and Critical Race Theory to outline an overview of systemic and institutional barriers impeding academic achievement of racialized students from lower socioeconomic backgrounds living in under-resourced racialized communities in Toronto, Canada. Youth Association for Academics, Athletics, and Character Education (YAAACE), a nonprofit community organization in the Jane and Finch neighborhood, is examined as a case study in closing the achievement gap in the community by investing in minimizing the inequality of opportunity impacting young children, youth, and families in the area. The collaborative synergic model of YAAACE from a Social Inclusion Strategy framework that takes into consideration participants’ identities and developmental needs and the community’s spatial dynamics and demographics exemplifies an effective approach to mitigating systemic and structural barriers impeding academic achievement of racialized students for upward social mobility. YAAACE’s unique model for teaching and learning and offering holistic services can be used as a tool and a spark for further discussion in how we can use alternative approaches to close the achievement gap and expand the limited hegemonic definition of success that is normalized and perpetuated in schools focusing exclusively on academics which marginalizes and oppresses racialized identities and their needs.

Context: Traditional medicine information system (TMIS) is a substructure founded on the targeted application of technology. It also serves as a tool supporting the decisions in traditional medicine (TM). However, due to following a different approach in the treatment process, the TM has faced some challenges. Aims: To review the universal progresses and challenges in TMIS. Methods: This study was conducted using systematic search and review. The resources were retrieved through searching the key words related to the TMIS in the available databases including Science Direct, WOS, ProQuest, PubMed and IEEE. The findings were classified in to two distinct categories of progresses and challenges relating to the TMIS. Results: As many as 28 studies conducted from 2000 to 2017 were included in this research. The majority of the studies were related to 2010 or after 2010 conducted in China. Progresses identified in this TMIS were categorized into four types including the development of the...

This paper examines how opportunity structures for learning, income, and status emerge in a global space shaped by local stakeholders aspiring for strategic positions in international competition. The case-study of Hong Kong suggests that moving up the pyramid of college and university degrees provides opportunities for higher income and reduces turbulence in times of global recessions and layoffs. However, low socio-economic status students are more likely to sustain their upward movement if their learning experiences are enriched with boundary-crossing competencies provided by studies abroad, foreign language training, cross-disciplinary programs, etc. While outbound mobility enhances opportunities for upward mobility, it also challenges the established cultural patterns of learning. This paper discusses the tensions and ties between outbound and upward mobility by analyzing local–global disequilibria in human and institutional agencies of higher education working across social, economic and political boundaries.

There is plenty of debate in the entrepreneurship literature regarding entrepreneurial opportunity. There also has been a lack of construct clarity. These two issues have combined to stifle progress in understanding this important phenomenon. We believe that across these debates there are many underlying commonalities and potential for more clear constructs. In this paper we review how scholars have defined and operationalized entrepreneurial opportunity and opportunity-related processes in order to better understand what they really mean when they say ‘opportunity’. We found a total of 102 definitions and 51 operationalisations from 105 articles published in leading entrepreneurship and management journals. A total of 81 elements were identified across the definitions and operationalisations and compiled into an integrated process model. The model incorporates what seemed to be disparate views into a single unifying model. Comparison between conceptual definitions and operationalisations reveals many elements that are missing either conceptual or empirical attention. The model will help scholars more easily identify and build upon prior research. To that effect, numerous suggestions for future research are discussed and are summarized in a table.

Purpose – This paper aims to complement existing theories of internationalization by studying an important aspect which has been neglected in previous studies: the process of international entrepreneurial opportunity recognition. International market entry is conceptualized as an entrepreneurial, innovative act; and opportunity recognition consists of both discovery as well as deliberate and systematic search.

Design/methodology/approach – The methodology employed involves eight case studies of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) operating in knowledge-based industries in Australia. The unit of analysis is the " opportunity-firm " nexus.

Findings – The paper finds that firms with little or no prior international knowledge tend to make use of opportunity discovery rather than deliberate/systematic search. In contrast, firms with extensive prior international experience and knowledge were found to deliberately search and discover their first international opportunity. International opportunity discovery did not occur simply through serendipitous encounters with new information from networks or referrals but involved interpreting possible matches between pre-existing means (resources, skills, new technologies) and new ends (international markets) in a problem solving process. It favours those with the requisite prior knowledge and entrepreneurial orientation.

Practical implications – The paper offers guidelines on what business practitioners and export promotion agencies can and cannot do to influence opportunity recognition process. Particular attention was paid to strategies to avoid costly deliberate search among resource-stricken SMEs.

Originality/value – This study introduces Knightian uncertainty and Kirznerian discovery as the conceptual cornerstones of internationalization that can help account for the lack of incrementalism and optimizing logic in internationalization among smaller firms.

Background and aim: Researchers, in qualitative researches, both influences on and take effect from the research process. One of the main issues in qualitative research is validity of the researcher as an instrument of data collection. If the researcher does not have enough validity in the data collection, the results of the study will also not be cited. The researcher as instrument provides an opportunity for researchers to enter into the unknown world of individual about the phenomena in question and sometimes faced many challenges in reaching this goal. This study has been reviewing the opportunities and challenges of researchers as an instrument in the qualitative research.
Materials and methods: This was a review study on the methodology of qualitative research. Using keywords including qualitative research, instrument, challenges, and opportunities, articles and available books were investigated in PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Proquest, Magiran، SCI، IranDoc, SID, Medlib, IranMedex databases with no time limit. The Quality of the articles was assessed by using the McMaster Critical Review Form for Qualitative studies.
Findings: Studies over 12 books and 18 articles showed that the role of the researcher can be varied in different qualitative research designs such as phenomenology researches, grounded theory, ethnography, and content analysis researches. Also previous experience and skills in the process of observation and interview, having effective communication and asking the appropriate questions have an important impact on the role of researchers as a key factor in qualitative research.
Conclusions: Researchers have the main role, especially in data gathering of different types of qualitative researches. Actually they are factors that validate the data. Experience and skills, ability to communicate, asking the right questions are the most important factors that have an influence on doing qualitative research in an appropriate ways.

Objectives: Most research on the Entrepreneurial Intention Model (EIM) has drawn on college students and other accessible populations that see entrepreneurship largely as an opportunity. Research reported here explores necessity-driven entrepreneurship in a peripheral region of Northern Scotland, where UKAEA's decision to wind-down operations at Dounreay Nuclear Power facility are resulting in loss of 1,500 employee/contractor jobs over several years. The remote rural location in northern Scotland is unable to provide sufficient employment to absorb this number of workers, creating, for many, a condition of entrepreneurial necessity.

Context: Traditional medicine information system (TMIS) is a substructure founded on the targeted application of technology. It also serves as a tool supporting the decisions in traditional medicine (TM). However, due to following a different approach in the treatment process, the TM has faced some challenges.

Aims: To review the universal progresses and challenges in TMIS.

Methods: This study was conducted using systematic search and review. The resources were retrieved through searching the key words related to the TMIS in the available databases including Science Direct, WOS, ProQuest, PubMed and IEEE. The findings were classified in to two distinct categories of progresses and challenges relating to the TMIS.

Results: As many as 28 studies conducted from 2000 to 2017 were included in this research. The majority of the studies were related to 2010 or after 2010 conducted in China. Progresses identified in this TMIS were categorized into four types including the development of the database, universal standardization of the TM, development of the clinical data warehouse, and application of information technology in the TM. The challenges were classified into four distinct categories, namely the lack of treatment protocols in TM, the necessity of developing a universal unified terminology, the necessity of creating a medical ontologies and the necessity of ensuring the data quality.

Conclusions: Information technology forms a significant aspect of the TM modernization. To develop both the TMIS and the knowledge sharing tools, it is necessary to remove the problems and challenges involved in the data record process in the TM.

Pro-poor tourism studies often highlight the need for altering institutional restraints and creating policies that enhance freedoms for the poor. However, few studies have evaluated local-level strategies by which the poor seek to alter such restraints to improve their lives within evolving tourism arrangements. This study applies Jessop’s strategic-relational approach to analyze the cases of two tourism associations in Peru’s Valle Sagrado (Sacred Valley), qualitatively assessing local-level strategies for addressing specific institutional concerns. Sen’s capability approach is subsequently applied to assess the potential for these strategies to improve individual and collective functioning for associations and their members. Findings draw attention to a kind of institutional poverty alleviation that may occur when identifiable institutional limitations are strategically altered by local people, contributing to enhanced functioning. This study suggests that pro-poor tourism studies may benefit from considering poverty alleviation as both an opportunity-dependent and an opportunity-generating process, stressing the interplay between structure and agency as local people maneuver to improve their lives through small-scale institutional change.

Purpose – The aim of this paper is to offer agent-based modelling (ABM) as an alternative approach to advance research in entrepreneurship. It argues that ABM allows entrepreneurship researchers (i.e. the designers) to find better ways in generating entrepreneurial outcomes by understanding alternative histories and examining a plausible future.

Design/methodology/approach – This paper begins with an overview of ABM, and discusses the shared conceptual foundations of entrepreneurship and ABM as the motives for the adoption of ABM as an appropriate methodology to study entrepreneurship. It offers a roadmap in using ABM approach for entrepreneurship research and illustrates this using a contemporary research question in entrepreneurship: the study of success/failure in business venturing.

Findings – This paper suggests the shared foundations between ABM and entrepreneurship as the basis for bringing the methodology and research domain closer. It offers a roadmap for advancing entrepreneurship research using agent-based simulation approach and explains the contribution of ABM to further advance entrepreneurship research.

Originality/value – This paper addresses the methodological gap in entrepreneurship research and develops the argument for a wider adoption of ABM simulation approach to study entrepreneurship. It bridges the gap by examining the possibility of formalizing entrepreneurship processes by grounding an agent-based model on empirical facts and generally-accepted foundations of entrepreneurship. It offers a contribution to the literature by showing that ABM is a useful and appropriate methodological approach for entrepreneurship research in addition to the conventional variance and process approach.

While prior studies have investigated factors, processes and pathways traversed in user innovation and user entrepreneurship within the real world, there is scant attention for user innovation and user entrepreneurship that take place within the virtual world. We report on an exploratory study of a select group of user innovators-entrepreneurs in Second Life, using virtual participant observation and in-depth interviews. Results suggest that the paths traversed by user innovators and user entrepreneurs in the virtual life broadly resemble those in the real life as reported in the literature. Interestingly, our study also suggests that Second Life as a virtual world breeds opportunities leading to entrepreneurial acts in the 'real' world as well as further opportunities in the Second Life. The virtual world itself, as a technological platform, also generates a range of opportunities. We formulate testable propositions and further link our insights to existing research on the drivers and pathways of user innovation and entrepreneurship in the 'real' world (i.e., the role of prior knowledge and networks), Austrian economics theory of entrepreneurial discovery, and creative collective theory.

The Uppsala internationalization process model is revisited in the light of changes in business practices and theoretical advances that have been made since 1977. Now the business environment is viewed as a web of relationships, a network, rather than as a neoclassical market with many independent suppliers and customers. Outsidership, in relation to the relevant network, more than psychic distance, is the root of uncertainty. The change mechanisms in the revised model are essentially the same as those in the original version, although we add trust-building and knowledge creation, the latter to recognize the fact that new knowledge is developed in relationships.

Las Redes Sociales han tenido un gran éxito, desde el punto de vista del gran uso que le da la sociedad, principalmente por la buena oportunidad de ocio que ofrecen y por la ocasión de ingresar a un mundo donde existe una forma diferente de establecer y mantener relaciones (profesionales o personales) más allá de lo físico. Pero las Redes Sociales también promueven la creación de comunidades virtuales, identidades digitales, intercambio de información, opiniones; características que de alguna manera se han tratado de utilizar por las empresas para crear provecho. Se concluye que las Redes Sociales pueden ser fuente de ventaja competitiva para las empresas pero que aún no son tomadas tan seriamente como para dar un giro total a la estrategia corporativa.

Cloud computing has become technological hyped these days by promising plenty of benefits. This hype has also affect government institutions where recently they begun to utilize cloud computing to fulfill their constituents needs. This paper aims to formulate framework for helping Indonesian government institution in choosing the appropriate cloud deployment model. The framework was developed by combining Benefits, Costs, Opportunities and Risks (BCOR) analysis, Entropy and Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). The framework was validated by distributing questionnaires to the IT officers in government institutions. To demonstrate the applicability of the proposed framework, we conducted a case study in the municipality of Depok, a local government in Indonesia, where we found that private cloud as the most appropriate cloud deployment model to be implemented. In addition, our study also revealed that the factor considered the important by governmen...

Societies threatened by terrorism pursue many different strategies to protect themselves from attack. These include: “taking out” terrorists, sometimes through conventional warfare; strengthening laws and legal action to bring terrorists to justice; winning the “hearts and minds” of foreign and local communities that might otherwise support terrorism; persuading certain regimes to abandon their support for terrorists; and strengthening the confidence of home populations, including detailed plans for minimizing harm when attacks are made.

The thought of packing your life and moving to a new city can be overwhelming and frightening. You are leaving the place you are familiar with and you must have called home after birth. There are many uncertainties and concerns that will come to your mind, but this is normal.

Although the number of people working here from the beginning has increased, and many established companies are moving from traditional office setups to remote structures, it is still about to move to a new city. There is a very powerful thing that not only gives birth to creativity but also gives birth to new opportunities. .

When a chapter in your life closes, there is always another opportunity. It doesn’t always fall on your lap or even reach your arms. Sometimes you have to carry it, wherever you are. Your goals will not always come to you. Entrepreneurs who are willing to act fearlessly and recklessly are rewarded with success.

Whether you’re looking for a new opportunity or just need a shot of creativity in your veins, it’s time to consider moving.

Here are  key reasons Relocation Sparks Creativity and Opportunity for Entrepreneurship.

The purpose of this journal is to mention of how the opportunity of internet marketing and the strategy of selling via internet marketing, The community of Indonesian now become the potential buyer because more than 30 million users of internet in Indonesia now. So that, this is the challenge for us to make the business based on e-commerce and application the strategy of selling via internet marketing.

Despite burgeoning research in international entrepreneurship (IE), very little is known about the processes of how entrepreneurs recognize and pursue opportunities in international markets. To provide an answer to this “opportunity process gap,” we drew on the idea sets framework from the entrepreneurship literature to longitudinally examine a serial entrepreneur who achieved international market success with little industry-specific knowledge, networks, and resources. The research demonstrates the efficacy of the new approach as a lens and methodological framework to advance process-driven explanations and research in IE. These preliminary results reveal a new concept labeled here as opportunity portfolio processing, which involves discovery,
creation, prototyping, pruning, and broadening of opportunity sets, that underpins the fundamental processes but not previously documented mechanisms in IE. Our study allowed us to induce a set of IE opportunity portfolio measures—volume, flow rate, novelty, magnitude, and geographical coverage—that offers an alternative framework
for measuring and predicting IE performance. In developing the arguments, we present six findings including the role of prior history that, taken together, move us closer to an opportunity portfolio perspective in IE.

The giant tsunami of December 2004 not only damaged the physical infrastructure of the islands but devastated the agriculture and allied sectors along with the associated livelihood opportunities. An investigation was carried out to assess the damage caused by tsunami to the farming community of Andaman and Nicobar Islands and the impact of the schemes implemented by the A&N Administration. Totally 136 respondents from selected eight villages were interviewed for the study, which revealed that agriculture land affected (which remains dry) per family was to the extent of 0.1-.53ha. The land affected from high tides varies between 0.37and 0.19 ha per family and the inundated land per family from 0.74 to 0.49 ha, during 2005-08. The agriculture crop loss per family was estimated to be Rs. 50,472. Agriculture inputs and farm implement losses were Rs. 15,775. The loss following damage of livestock inputs and assets was also very high with the loss of poultry alone contributing to about R...

The aim of this paper is to set
some scenarios for small and medium
enterprises (SMEs) from a critical
analysis of the provisions in the North
American Free Trade Agreement
(NAFTA) renegotiation, its challenges and
opportunities. The critical analysis
departs from the questionable position of
the withdrawal from NAFTA and their
consequences for SMEs of not giving
continuity through a process of
renegotiation among the three partners.
The method used is the critical analysis
based mainly in some sources of
information, analysis of results of NAFTA,
and the strategic examination of its
challenges and opportunities for SMEs.
Finally, the analysis establish some
possible scenarios post-NAFTA
renegotiation and some strategic
proposals for the SMEs

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This article aims to better understand patterns of rapid internationalization by using the emerging international entre-preneurship paradigm. This involves (1) taking an opportunity-based view (OBV) rather than just the firm as a focal point of analysis, (2) focusing on dynamic entrepreneurial processes, and (3) stressing the importance of history. The authors gathered empirical evidence from 15 case studies of small and medium-sized enterprises in Australia. They find support for the central proposition that behind the gradual or rapid internationalization process lies a path-dependent process of opportunity development and cross-border venturing activities that is shaped by the domestic and international networks in which the key actors and organizations have operated in the past and in which they are currently operating. The evidence leads the authors to question the notion that rapid internationalization is indeed rapid. Importantly , it reveals that rapid internationalization seems to be a truly rapid process only when not taking an OBV. In doing so, the authors demonstrate that the OBV is a fruitful avenue of enquiry to advance knowledge in this area and underscore the importance of the entrepreneurial process and firm history.

We integrate theories from international business, entrepreneurship, innovation, marketing and network economics to develop a four-part typology of ‘consumers as international entrepreneurs’. This broadens the concept of international entrepreneurship and complements the firm-level focus customary in research on international new ventures and entrepreneurs within those ventures. We develop our arguments in the context of the new economy and discuss areas for investigation in this emerging area of inquiry.

This paper addresses the concept of serendipity in entrepreneurship, defined as search leading to unintended discovery. It conceptually delineates serendipity, showing how it is related to the entrepreneurship literature on prior knowledge and systematic search. The paper also discusses how serendipitous entrepreneurship relates to some aspects of evolutionary theory, socio-economic institutions, and social psychology. It is suggested that serendipity may be a quite prevalent feature of entrepreneurship and thus has implications for both research and practice.