BOP

Un adecuado valor de presión de apertura y cierre dentro de las cámaras le permite al pistón
moverse y variar de acuerdo a la tipología del BOP.En la mayoría de los casos oscila entre
700 y 1500 psi (50 - 105 kg/cm2). La máxima presión de trabajo es la presión máxima del
pozo que el BOP puede soportar y controlar en condiciones de trabajo. Respecto a la presión
de cierre, las siguientes afirmaciones son generalmente válidas:
- a mayor diámetro de la tubería, menor presión inicial de cierre;
- en caso de cierre de un pozo vacío, el BOP se cerrará con la presión máxima permitida
(1500 psi para todos los tipos excepto el Cameron D que, en caso de emergencia, puede ser
cerrado a 3000 psi.)

This study explored entrepreneurship in BOP markets in Ghana. The study used a quantitative approach with data collected using returned questionnaires from micro entrepreneurs in BOP markets in Ghana. The data was analysed using inferential statistics (mainly exploratory factor analysis and regression analysis). The study found a significant relationship between the antecedents of entrepreneurship and the market characteristics while a significant relationship exists between the BOP market characteristics and the entrepreneurial benefits was observed. Again, a significant relationship was found between the antecedent factors and the entrepreneurial benefits. The study concludes that BOP market psychodynamic factors are more critical than trait factors.

The idea that business can play a role in alleviating poverty has caught the imagination of academics and practitioners alike. An emerging consensus points to the critical importance of partnerships in market initiatives addressed to the base of the pyramid (BOP). But despite the calls for cross sector partnerships in BOP initiatives, our collective understanding of how these actually work has not advanced proportionally. This study attempts to address this issue by examining the dynamics at play in nine networks that integrated the BOP with mainstream markets in nine developing nations. The paper is structured in three broad issue-areas: alliance formation (drivers that compelled companies to engage in strategic partnerships); alliance implementation (choice of governance mechanisms, resources for enhancing trust and reciprocity between partners, and conflict-resolution mechanisms); and performance outcome (the extent to which an organization's commitment to an alliance impacted its performance and its societal context).

The most recent papers describing the stereoselective synthesis of cyclic quaternary α-amino acids are collected in this review. The diverse synthetic approaches are classified according to the size of the ring and taking into account the bond that is formed to complete the quaternary skeleton.

Building design optimization techniques are described. Advances and obstacles in building design optimization are outlined. Bibliographic information related to building design optimization is analyzed. New research directions are introduced.

The idea that business can play a role in alleviating poverty has caught the imagination of academics and practitioners alike. An emerging consensus points to the critical importance of partnerships in market initiatives addressed to the base of the pyramid (BOP). But despite the calls for cross sector partnerships in BOP initiatives, our collective understanding of how these actually work has not advanced proportionally. This study attempts to address this issue by examining the dynamics at play in nine networks that integrated the BOP with mainstream markets in nine developing nations. The paper is structured in three broad issue-areas: alliance formation (drivers that compelled companies to engage in strategic partnerships); alliance implementation (choice of governance mechanisms, resources for enhancing trust and reciprocity between partners, and conflict-resolution mechanisms); and performance outcome (the extent to which an organization's commitment to an alliance impacted its performance and its societal context).

The most recent papers describing the stereoselective synthesis of cyclic quaternary α-amino acids are collected in this review. The diverse synthetic approaches are classified according to the size of the ring and taking into account the bond that is formed to complete the quaternary skeleton.

Benzoannelated heterocycles such as benzodiazepines and indoles can be prepared efficiently through cyclization on solid supports, although no single approach is currently universal for the preparation of all benzoannelated N-heterocycle chemistries. In this review, a number of synthetic strategies for the generation of benzoannelated nitrogen heterocycles using resin-bound substrates have been described. Classical heterocycle forming reactions such as the Fischer indole, the Bischler-Napieralski tetrahydroisoquinoline, the Pictet-Spengler tetrahydro-b-carboline, the Tsuge, the Nenitzescu and the Richter cinnoline reaction are presented. In addition, the Heck, Sonogashira, Wittig, Diels-Alder, and olefin metathesis reactions have been also used. Multicomponent reactions such as the Grieco three-component assembly have been exploited for the synthesis of heterocycles. Cyclative cleavage from the solid support is particularly suitable for the synthesis of heterocycles while particular emphasis has been focused on the synthesis of libraries and the use of combinatorial chemistry techniques. In addition, the most relevant pharmacological properties of benzoannelated nitrogen heterocycles are included. #

Aminopeptidase N (APN/CD13) plays an important role in tumor neoangiogenic process and the development of metastases. Furthermore, it may serve as a potential target for cancer diagnosis and therapy. Previous studies have already shown that asparagine-glycine-arginine (NGR) peptides specifically bind to APN/CD13. The aim of the study was to synthesize and investigate the APN/CD13 specificity of a novel (68)Ga-labeled NOTA-c(NGR) molecule in vivo using miniPET. c[KNGRE]-NH2 peptide was conjugated with p-SCN-Bn-NOTA and was labeled with Ga-68 ((68)Ga-NOTA-c(NGR)). Orthotopic and heterotopic transplanted mesoblastic nephroma (NeDe) bearing Fischer-344 rats were prepared, on which biodistribution studies and miniPET scans were performed for both (68)Ga-NOTA-c(NGR) and ανβ3 integrin selective (68)Ga-NODAGA-[c(RGD)]2 tracers. APN/CD13 receptor expression of NeDe tumors and metastases was analyzed by western blot. (68)Ga-NOTA-c(NGR) was produced with high specific activity (5.13-5.92GBq/μm...

ACADEMIA, REVISTA LATINOAMERICANA DE ADMINISTRACIÓN, 43, 2009 EMPRESA Y SOCIEDAD EN AMÉRICA LATINA: UNA INTRODUCCIÓN la familia EyS, que se acercan cada vez más al corazón de la estrategia de las organizaciones públicas, privadas y sociales. Pese a los matices diferenciales de los campos revisados, en todos ellos lo ético, lo social, lo ambiental y lo comercial parecen estar cada vez más alineados -aun reconociendo que el camino por recorrer es todavía largo y pleno de desafíos.

ACADEMIA, REVISTA LATINOAMERICANA DE ADMINISTRACIÓN, 43, 2009 EMPRESA Y SOCIEDAD EN AMÉRICA LATINA: UNA INTRODUCCIÓN la familia EyS, que se acercan cada vez más al corazón de la estrategia de las organizaciones públicas, privadas y sociales. Pese a los matices diferenciales de los campos revisados, en todos ellos lo ético, lo social, lo ambiental y lo comercial parecen estar cada vez más alineados -aun reconociendo que el camino por recorrer es todavía largo y pleno de desafíos.

EMPRESA Y SOCIEDAD EN AMÉRICA LATINA: UNA INTRODUCCIÓN la familia EyS, que se acercan cada vez más al corazón de la estrategia de las organizaciones públicas, privadas y sociales. Pese a los matices diferenciales de los campos revisados, en todos ellos lo ético, lo social, lo ambiental y lo comercial parecen estar cada vez más alineados -aun reconociendo que el camino por recorrer es todavía largo y pleno de desafíos. Palabras clave: empresa y sociedad, responsabilidad social de la empresa, RSE, responsabilidad social corporativa, RSC, ciudadanía corporativa, filantropía empresarial, desarrollo sostenible, gobierno corporativo, gobernanza, ética y moral, negocios inclusivos.

The most recent papers describing the stereoselective synthesis of cyclic quaternary α-amino acids are collected in this review. The diverse synthetic approaches are classified according to the size of the ring and taking into account the bond that is formed to complete the quaternary skeleton.

The idea that business can play a role in alleviating poverty has caught the imagination of academics and practitioners alike. An emerging consensus points to the critical importance of partnerships in market initiatives addressed to the base of the pyramid (BOP). But despite the calls for cross sector partnerships in BOP initiatives, our collective understanding of how these actually work has not advanced proportionally. This study attempts to address this issue by examining the dynamics at play in nine networks that integrated the BOP with mainstream markets in nine developing nations. The paper is structured in three broad issue-areas: alliance formation (drivers that compelled companies to engage in strategic partnerships); alliance implementation (choice of governance mechanisms, resources for enhancing trust and reciprocity between partners, and conflict-resolution mechanisms); and performance outcome (the extent to which an organization's commitment to an alliance impacted its performance and its societal context).

Rural markets are an important and growing market for most products and services including telecom. The characteristics of the market in terms of low and spread out population and limited purchasing power make it a difficult market to capture. The Bottom of the pyramid marketing strategies and the 4 A's model of Availability, Affordability, Acceptability and Awareness provide us with a means of developing appropriate strategies to tackle the marketing issues for marketing telecom services in rural areas. Successful cases like the Grameen Phone in Bangladesh and Smart Communications Inc in Philippines also provide us with some guidelines to tackling the issue.

EMPRESA Y SOCIEDAD EN AMÉRICA LATINA: UNA INTRODUCCIÓN la familia EyS, que se acercan cada vez más al corazón de la estrategia de las organizaciones públicas, privadas y sociales. Pese a los matices diferenciales de los campos revisados, en todos ellos lo ético, lo social, lo ambiental y lo comercial parecen estar cada vez más alineados-aun reconociendo que el camino por recorrer es todavía largo y pleno de desafíos.

Following the recent output of scientific publications in the matter of synergic activity between different antioxidants, we have undertaken the present study with the aim to synthesize new molecules with radical-scavengers activity based on the conjugation of bioactive portions (i.e. phenols, cysteine, methionine or tyrosine), characterized by different structures and mechanisms of action, to promote the simultaneous quenching of different radical species in the site of the oxidative damage. In this context, derivatives of phenolic acid, aminoacids and dopamine have been also prepared. The newly synthesized compounds were evaluated in vitro applying specific and complementary antioxidant test such as DPPH assay and ORAC test. As emerged from the evaluation, prerequisites for the activity of the synthesized molecules were: i) the maintenance of at least two hydroxylic groups on the aromatic moiety of phenolic portion, ii) the presence of a spacer between the aromatic moiety and the carbonilic group. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 50 (2012) 383e392 J ¼ 15.6 Hz, 1H, CH ¼ CH b ); 6.78e6.70 (m, 2H, Ar); 7.36 (d, J ¼ 15.6 Hz, 1H, CH a ¼ CH); 7.40e7.43 (m, 2H, Ar); 8.43 (d, J ¼ 7.6, 1H, NH); 9.88 (br s, 1H, OH). MALDI-TOF MS: m/z282.6 Da [M þ H] þ , C 13 H 15 NO 4 S, Mol. Wt.: 281.33. 3.1.23. 2-[3-(3-hydroxy-phenyl)-acryloylamino]-3-mercaptopropionic acid methyl ester (21) Grad.: CH 2 Cl 2 /MeOH, 100/0/98/2, 42% yield, pale-yellow foam. 1 H NMR (DMSO): d (ppm) 2.60 (t, J ¼ 8.4 Hz, 1H, SH); 2.80e2.91 (m, 2H, CH 2 ); 3.67 (s, 3H, CO 2 CH 3 ); 4.57e4.61 (m, 1H, CH); 6.67 (d, J ¼ 16 Hz, 1H, CH ¼ CH b ); 6.78e6.81 (m, 1H, Ar); 6.94e7.01 (m, 2H, Ar); 7.19e7.24 (m, 1H, Ar); 7.36 (d, J ¼ 16 Hz, 1H, CH a ¼ CH); 8.57 (d, J ¼ 8 Hz, 1H, NH); 9.61 (br s, 1H, OH). MALDI-TOF MS: m/z282.5 Da [M þ H] þ , C 13 H 15 NO 4 S, Mol. Wt.: 281.33.

IEEE 802.15.4 standard specifies a beacon-enabled mode which provides a synchronization environment using beacon transmissions. However, this mode is designed for single hop networks and its use in multi-hop networks is not straightforward. The main challenges of using beacon-enabled mode in multi-hop networks are how to efficiently schedule beacon transmissions to avoid direct and indirect beacon collisions and how to make a schedule tolerant to the clock drifts due to the low cost components. In this paper, we present TBoPS, a novel technique for scheduling beacons in the cluster tree topology. TBoPS uses a dedicated period called beacon only period (BOP) to schedule beacons at the beginning of IEEE 802.15.4 superframe. The advantages of TBoPS is that every beacon-enabled node selects a beacon schedule distributively during association. We analysed the robustness of TBoPS to clock drifts. We also show through simulations that all nodes in the network are synchronized and follow the same superframe structure. Slot 0 GB GB Clock drift Clock drift Receive Receive

The expression of membrane proteins for functional and structural studies or medicinal applications is still not very well established. Membranespanning proteins that mediate the information flow of the extracellular side with the interior of the cell are prime targets for drug development methods that would allow screening techniques or high throughput formats are of particular interest. Here we describe a systematic approach to the liposome-assisted cell-free synthesis of functional membrane proteins. We demonstrate the synthesis of bacteriorhodopsin (bR cf ) in presence of small unilamellar liposomes. The yield of bR cf per volume cell culture is comparable to that of bacteriorhodopsin in its native host. The functional analysis of bR cf was performed directly using the cell-free reaction mixture. Photocycle measurements reveal kinetic data similar to that determined for bR in Halobacterium salinarum cell-envelope vesicles. The liposomes can be attached directly to black lipid membranes (BLM), which allows measuring light activated photocurrents in situ. The results reveal a functional proton pump with properties identical to those established for the native protein.

Angiotensin II (AII) is the active octapeptide product of the renin enzymatic cascade, which is responsible for sustaining blood pressure. In an attempt to establish the AII-receptor-bound conformation of this octapeptide, we designed conformationally constrained analogues by scanning the entire AII sequence with an i-(i + 2) and i-(i + 3) lactam bridge consisting of an Asp-(Xaa) n-Lys scaffold. Most analogues presented low agonistic activity when compared to AII in the different bioassays tested. The exceptions are cyclo(0-1a) [Asp 0 , endo-(Lys 1a)]-AII (1) and [Asp 0 , endo-(Lys 1a)]-AII (2), both of which showed activity similar to AII. Based on peptide 1 and the analogue cyclo(3-5)[Sar 1 , Asp 3 , Lys 5 ]-AII characterized by Matsoukas et al., we analyzed the agonistic and antagonistic activities, respectively, through a new monocyclic peptide series synthesized by using the following combinations of residues as bridgehead elements for the lactam bond formation: D-or L-Asp combined with D-or L-Lys or L-Glu combined with L-Orn. Six analogues showed an approximately 20% increase in biological activity when compared with peptide (1) and were equipotent to AII. In contrast, six analogues presented antagonistic activity. These results suggest that the position of the lactam bridge is more important than the bridge length or chirality for recognition of and binding to the angiotensin II AT1-receptor.

If nanotechnology is to play an appropriate role in addressing the health-related challenges faced the world's poorest people in the 21st Century, there will need to be a much greater focus on some of the more equitable ways in which it can be developed.

The aim of this study is to gain an insight on how bricolage is used as a method of innovation in a resource scarce context. Previous studies of entrepreneurship have emphasized the significance of bricolage especially as a way to mobilize resources. Although seen to be essential when entrepreneurs are facing resource constraints, no attention has been paid to bricolage in the context of local entrepreneurs in developing countries. This study is based on the analysis of innovation processes of Kenyan innovator-entrepreneurs who are designing low-cost renewable energy solutions for rural people at the Base of the Pyramid (BOP). In this study, three different types of bricolage were especially recognized: a social mindset combined with resourcefulness; making do with resources at hand; and improvization as way of proceeding. This research provides empirical evidence on how bricolage is used in different parts of the innovation process. The paper contributes significantly to the emergi...

Johnson resumé. Cet article vise à analyser les trois phases de développement de l'initiative Community Cleaning Service, soutenu par SC Johnson dans les bidonvilles de Nairorib. Après le lancement du BoP Protocol, puis le développement d'un système de micro-franchise, CCS est devenue une entreprise sociale à but non lucratif. On observe dans ces trois phases les relations complexes qui se tissent, ausi bien pour l'entreprise que pour les micro-franchisés, entre aide et marché.

tendance à opter pour les entreprises privées, car je crois qu'elles disposent de meilleurs systèmes d'incitation pour garantir une allocation optimale des ressources. Enfin, le commerce est durable et ne dépend ni des subventions ni de l'aide, et la discipline des marchés garantit des corrections rapides des erreurs. Ceci peut sembler évident, mais visiblement cela n'est pas le cas, sans quoi le rôle du commerce serait considéré d'un oeil beaucoup plus favorable. Comme le disait le gourou du management, C.K. Prahalad, « le bon sens n'est pas si commun ! » 3 Avant d'aller plus loin, voici quelques données sur la Chine et la Corée. Le graphique ci-dessus permet d'observer que la crois sance économique en Chine a permis la baisse de la pauvreté la plus spectaculaire de l'histoire de l'humanité, en arrachant à la pauvreté absolue près de 600 millions de personnes en 26 ans. Il faut signaler en particulier la chute qui a suivi l'année 2001, lorsque la Chine a rejoint l'Organisation Mondiale du Commerce (OMC).

Wireless technologies have created an unprecedented opportunity for direct marketing to communicate with customers in an instantaneous, interactive and customized way. At present the number of mobile customers in the world have already exceeded 3 billion and among them two third of the customers are coming from the developing countries where there is high growth of mobile penetration and mobile service consumption. Our study has focused on this developing segment to market mobile information services to the unconnected and deprived customers to solve their problems at the robust pace. The paper has recommended some basic information needs as well as some quality factors and regulatory issues which are significant to customers and influence the flow of this information value chain.

The most recent papers describing the stereoselective synthesis of cyclic quaternary α-amino acids are collected in this review. The diverse synthetic approaches are classified according to the size of the ring and taking into account the bond that is formed to complete the quaternary skeleton.

The expression of membrane proteins for functional and structural studies or medicinal applications is still not very well established. Membranespanning proteins that mediate the information flow of the extracellular side with the interior of the cell are prime targets for drug development methods that would allow screening techniques or high throughput formats are of particular interest. Here we describe a systematic approach to the liposome-assisted cell-free synthesis of functional membrane proteins. We demonstrate the synthesis of bacteriorhodopsin (bR cf ) in presence of small unilamellar liposomes. The yield of bR cf per volume cell culture is comparable to that of bacteriorhodopsin in its native host. The functional analysis of bR cf was performed directly using the cell-free reaction mixture. Photocycle measurements reveal kinetic data similar to that determined for bR in Halobacterium salinarum cell-envelope vesicles. The liposomes can be attached directly to black lipid membranes (BLM), which allows measuring light activated photocurrents in situ. The results reveal a functional proton pump with properties identical to those established for the native protein.

Resistance to chemotherapy limits the effectiveness of anti-cancer drug treatment. Here, we present a new approach to overcome the setback of drug resistance by designing a conjugate of a cell-penetrating peptide and the cytostatic agent methotrexate (MTX). Two different peptides, YTA2 and YTA4, were designed and their intracellular delivery efficiency was characterized by fluorescence microscopy and quantified by fluorometry. MTX was conjugated to the transport peptides and the ability of the peptide–MTX conjugates to inhibit dihydrofolate reductase, the target enzyme of MTX, was found to be 15 and 20 times less potent than MTX. In addition, in vitro studies were performed in a drug resistant cell model using the 100-fold MTX resistant breast cancer cells MDA-MB-231. At a concentration of 1 μM, the peptide–MTX conjugates were shown to overcome MTX resistance and kill the cells more efficiently than MTX alone. Estimated EC50's were determined for MTX, MTX-YTA2 and YTA2 to be 18.5, 3.8 and 20 μM, respectively. In summary, cell-penetrating peptide conjugation of MTX is a new way of increasing delivery, and thereby, the potency of already well-characterized therapeutic molecules into drug resistant tumour cells.

In this paper, we discuss the importance that macroeconomic management, policies and stability have on promoting the business environment of a country. For this purpose, the analysis of the 1991 Balance of Payments (BoP) crisis in India has been done to show how poor macroeconomic management of the Indian economy during the 1980s precipitated the BoP crisis in 1991 and led to the disruption of business environment during the crisis phase. We then look at how the subsequent corrective macroeconomic management and policies led to the restoration and improvement of the business climate in the economy.

There have been, generally speaking, for many years high expectations that information and communication technologies (ICTs) can make a contribution toward development. However this is not always achieved and, as has been found by several researchers, this unfavourable outcome is, amongst other things caused by partnership problems between partners. The basic argument of this paper is that successful contributions in developing countries that are made with, and through, ICT are partly dependent on the health of the relationship between partners. It would therefore be necessary to study the factors that may influence the health of the relationship between partners in ICT related projects in developing countries. This could eventually serve as a foundation for some form of framework of partnership issues in such projects. This framework could then serve as the foundation for further research into developing a diagnostic instrument for this purpose. The research was conducted in 10 pro...

Malonic acid diamides with two long hydrophobic alkyl chains and a basic polar head group as a new class of non-viral gene transferring compounds have shown high transfection efficiency and moderate toxicity. Based on the results obtained with saturated and unsaturated alkyl residues new derivatives with a more complex head group structure have been synthesized. For this purpose, cationic respectively basic groups were introduced by one or two lysine residues bound via tris(aminoethyl)amine spacer to the malonic acid diamide backbone. By studying in vitro gene delivery an increase of transfection efficacy was observed when using lipids with at least one unsaturated alkyl chain. This leads to cationic lipids exhibiting comparable or even higher transfection efficacies compared to the commercially available transfection agents LipofectAmine TM and SuperFect TM . Phase transitions and phase structures of selected compounds have been analyzed and discussed in terms of transfection abilities. Particle size and zeta potential of liposomes and lipoplexes were also determined.