E-Banking

The proliferation and penetration of internet has opened new horizons and scenarios for the retail banking industry. The retail banks are now providing their products and services through the electronic medium; e-banking. E-banking is considered to have a substantial impact on banks' performance. The aim of this paper is to examine the impact of e-banking on the profitability of Pakistani banks, in particular. This paper covers twelve banks across Pakistan. The study is qualitative in nature which examines different objectives which determine the performance of banks mainly in terms of profitability. It also discusses the effect of customers' literacy on provision of services from banks' perspective. It also discusses the basic motive of banks to adopt e-banking services.

A robust and high throughput Agrobacterium genetic transformation procedure has been developed for perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). Embryogenic callus lines were selected and maintained as plants in vitro. Embryogenic calli derived from meristematic regions of the vegetative tillers were co-cultivated with Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain EHA101 carrying the plasmid pCAMBIA 1305.1 in the presence of acetosyringone for 3–4 days. The calli were grown under 94.8 and 151.6 μM hygromycin selection, respectively for two cycles of 2-weeks each, followed by transfer to regeneration medium with 47.4 μM hygromycin. Regenerated plants were rooted and successfully transferred to soil. The transgenic nature of the regenerated plants was confirmed by DNA gel blot analysis and gene expression demonstrated by GUS histochemical assay and/or reverse transcription PCR. After development of the transformation procedure, we used Agrobacterium strain EHA101 carrying a modified binary plasmid pMH bearing genes of interest. In the past 2 years, we have produced more than 1,000 plants with constructs encoding different genes of interest from perennial ryegrass.

The beginning of the E-Business age has been shivering the business environment and breaking out innovative and unconventional ways of doing business. One of the latest outcomes of this E-Business is internet banking or E-Banking. Banking sector is now reengineering it to adopt the change and to be in the race of globalization. Thus it has become imperative for the banking industry to better gauge the E-Banking phenomenon. This study painstakingly attempts to bestow the evolution, competitive forces, strategy, present status, and prospect of E-Banking, so that the existing banks and potential e-banks could better understand this opportunity and could reap the best benefit from it.

Online banking is a substantial service in the enlargement strategy of the modern bank sector. Nevertheless, this service has not been widely used, because of users are still scared of the risks of online transactions. Thus, the in-depth and distinct works of risks in risk awareness are an essential and meaningful assignment for the banking sector. This study investigates the role of perceived risk on intention to use online banking. The results of SEM (structural equation modelling) evidence risk factors (privacy risk, security risk, social risk, time risk, and financial-performance risk) in perceived risk, which has a negative effect on intention to use online banking in Vietnam. Research results can help to propose solutions for enhancing the safety and mitigating the risks in online banking.

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to formulate a multiple regression model by considering those factors which are positively affecting the growth of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in India.
Methodology: The data used in this study are primary in nature which are collected through questionnaire method. The questionnaire involves the nature and size of business and opinion of the owners and managers of 454 MSMEs in Katihar district, a semi-urban area of Bihar in India, regarding the various favourable factors of digital banking on a Likert scale of 1 to 10. Findings: The findings of the study suggest the various favourable factors of digital banking with significant coefficients
i.e. Level of Easiness in accepting payments, Level of Easiness in making payments, Level of Easiness in Managing the expenditure of Business, Level of Time Saving, and Level of Check on Misappropriation or Theft of Cash are contributing towards the growth of MSMEs in India.
Research Implications: This research will be helpful to the bank managers and policymakers to encourage the MSMEs of semi-urban areas to use digital banking by stressing on only significant favourable factors and also to take necessary steps so that the MSMEs could reap the full benefits of digital banking. The study could give a new insight regarding the extent of contribution of digital banking towards the growth of MSMEs in rural and semi-urban area.

Abstract Despite the recent improvements in Internet Banking or Online Banking, there are still some constraints, mainly security related issues and some other factors, which contribute to the hesitations of individuals' Internet Banking adoption. Instead of widely used behaviorist models our study utilizes panel data and explores why Internet Banking is very common in some Turkish provinces but not in the others.

This study examines the cashless economic system so as to assess its feasibility in Nigeria vis-à-vis: timeless, preparedness and adequacy against the backdrop of our level of development both technologically and educationally. Nigeria has continued to evolve in different realms. The economy is being reformed, the institutions are being reshaped and legislations are being re-examined so as to reposition the nation to take its rightful position in the international community. As a way of fast-tracking the Nigerian economy so as to be among the first 20 world economies come 2020, Nigeria has proposed that come 2012 it will adopt the cashless economic system. The study used structured questionnaire as a means of data collection and the collected data were analyzed using simple percentage procedure. The results indicate that: majority of Nigerians are already aware of the policy and majority agree that the policy will help fight against corruption/money laundering and reduce the risk of carrying cash. Major problems envisaged to hamper the implementation of the policy are: cyber fraud and illiteracy. Based on the findings some recommendations made are: the government should adopt a different strategy to educate the non-literate Nigerians about the cashless economy; and a framework should be worked out to provide cyber security in Nigeria.

The significance of adopting online service and using in the banking industry has attracted researchers' attention in the past decade. In such condition that banks use online services to provide easiness and safety in the internet banking transactions for their customers, it is natural that studying on the factors affecting customer satisfaction in internet banking system has utmost importance in banking industry, today. Hereupon, this research attempts to study the key factors affecting customer satisfaction in internet banking system to prioritizing based on cause and effect relationships. For this purpose, according to the literature, seven main factors were identified as most important factors affecting customer satisfaction in internet banking which totally include 27 measurement items. Then, to evaluate the cause and effect relationships of factors an online questionnaire link distributed to professors and students as a group of potential expert users of internet banking and finally 20 completed questionnaires collected. To analyze interactions between the factors using Grey-based DEMATEL method, first experts' opinions of grey numbers are converted to crisp numbers and all opinions are unified into a single view. Then the crisp numbers normalized in DEMATEL and total matrix of each factor is calculated. At the end, the values of R, D, R+D and R-D are calculated, which based on these criteria the cause and effect relationships of factors analyzed and factors affecting customer satisfaction in internet banking system prioritized.

Internet banking is changing the banking industry, having the major effects on banking relationships. Banking is now no longer confined to the branches were one has to approach the branch in person, to withdraw cash or deposit a cheque or request a statement of accounts. In true Internet banking, any inquiry or transaction is processed online without any reference to the branch (anywhere banking) at any time. Providing Internet banking is increasingly becoming a "need to have" than a "nice to have" service. The net banking, thus, now is more of a norm rather than an exception in many developed countries due to the fact that it is the cheapest way of providing banking services.

South African retail banks, like retail banks elsewhere in the world, are investing significant amounts of capital into the provision of e-banking services in the hope that this will translate into higher returns and market penetration. However, the rapid adoption of these e-banking services is still in doubt. Any strategy aimed at achieving widespread adoption and use of these e-banking services rests on solid understanding of factors that influence customers’ adoption and use
of the services. This study adds trust in the e-banking system, customer awareness of e-banking services and perceived
self-efficacy, together with the TAM constructs of perceived usefulness and ease of use to improve the understanding
of the predicators of Internet and cellphone banking services adoption in South Africa. For this study, a cross-sectional descriptive survey design was used to obtain data from 394 customers of the four major retail banks in South Africa through self-administered questionnaires. The findings of the study confirm that the factors mentioned above contribute significantly to Internet and cellphone banking adoption and use. In this study, customers’ trust in the e-banking system
was found to be the strongest predicator of Internet and cellphone banking services adoption, unlike previous studies in
different environmental-contexts where perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use were widely held to affect the adoption of Internet and cell phone banking. This paper highlights the managerial implications of the findings on the efforts by retail banks in South Africa aimed at encouraging widespread adoption of e-banking services

This study aims at defining the role of the marketing factors in affecting the Jordanian student choice of a private university. Through asking a random sample consists of 25 females and 25 males about the factors according to their point of view, the financial cost has the most significant effect on their selection of the universities, but between females this factor was not significant word of mouth and university branding has higher degree in influencing the students choice of the university among females.

Although cell phone banking was preceded by Internet banking, recent statistics in South Africa show that more customers are adopting cell phone banking compared to Internet banking. Customers’ attitude significantly influences their behaviour in accepting or rejecting technology. This study employs customers’ trust of the Internet and cell phone banking systems and subjective norm together with the TAM’s constructs of perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use to simultaneously ascertain retail banking customers’ attitude towards Internet and cell phone banking services and to determine whether significant differences exist in their attitude
towards these services.
Results of this study indicate that although customers have a positive attitude towards both Internet and cell phone banking services, their overall attitude towards cell phone banking is more positive than that of Internet banking and they are not only more emphatic in their intention to start/continue using cell phone banking, but also to increase their frequency of usage. Hence a more rapid adoption and usage of cell phone banking services are envisaged in South Africa. The study also provides key insights for policy makers, retail banks and marketers responsible for designing, implementing and promoting a more kindly disposed adoption of Internet and cell phone banking in South Africa

However, result of SEM analysis indicates that, data supports to eBankQual model and dimensions Compensation, Convenience, Contact Facilities, Easy to Use, Responsiveness, Cost Effectiveness and System Availability including brand perception and perceived value were found more significant factors in the eBankQual model.

This study perused the impact of E-banking services on customer satisfaction of selected bank customers in bank branches located in Challenge, Dugbe, Agbeni, Gbagi, Ojoo, and Secretariat districts in Ibadan metropolis. The study employed a cross-sectional survey design and convenience sampling technique. One hundred (100) bank customers were surveyed through a self-report questionnaire. Four research questions and two hypotheses were tested using Pearson correlation analysis and, t-test for independence at p≤ 0.05. The results revealed high utilization of electronic banking products (ATM (98%), internet banking (85%), electronic transfer (97%). Constraints experienced include internet network failure, bank fraud and business loss due to failed e-transactions. Customers were satisfied with e-banking due to its cashless nature, cash accessibility, saves time from bank visitation and seamless transactions. The study exhibited that customers used and were glad with e-banking products. Customers' segmentation and more investment in e-banking infrastructure were advised for promoting electronic banking services. .

This Article directs scholarly and regulatory attention to an overlooked sub-category within online and mobile entities that offer financial services – big data and social netbanks. Recently, big data companies like Google, Amazon and Apple, as well as social networks like Facebook and Twitter, have been making forays into the financial services market, capitalizing on their massive troves of user data and social information. Providing the first in-depth study of big data and social netbanks, this Article analyzes these players’ entry into the financial services market and surveys the current regulatory framework for those new bank-like entities.

Despite the large numbers of technology companies offering financial services and their massive pool of subscribers, regulation of online nonbanks currently consists of a hodgepodge of statutes and regulations. In particular, as this Article shows, existing regulation does not differentiate between this recently emerging form of bank-like services and other online/mobile nonbanks. As big data and social netbanks increasingly eat at the edges of the traditional banking market, this Article makes a key descriptive contribution by presenting a comprehensive analysis of the new entrants. This Article also makes a significant normative contribution by listing the distinctive characteristics of big data and social netbanks and other issues that regulators should be mindful of when designing an appropriate regulatory scheme. These characteristics and issues include consumers’ access to financial services, social consequences, competition in the financial market, cybersecurity, privacy, and specific consumers’ rights.

E-Banking as the wave of the future, provides enormous benefits to consumers in terms of cost of transactions, either through internet, telephone or other electronic delivery channels. E-Banking is now widely practiced in Bangladesh. There are various types of e-banking services like SMS banking, Tele Banking, Push and Pull services, ATM, Fast Track etc. that have been introduced by the commercial banks in Bangladesh. This study attempts to explore various forms and characteristics of e-banking and finds out the merits and demerits of e-banking in selected commercial banks of our country. The major findings of the study show that all the commercial banks selected for the study have been practicing e-banking successfully and Dutch-Bangla Bank Ltd. is providing electronic banking services more effectively than other commercial banks selected in this study. Besides, there is a positive impact of e-banking on the socio-economic development in Bangladesh. There should be diversification of such activities in rural areas of Bangladesh.

Sažetak Predmet ovog rada je uticaj elektronskog poslovanja na poboljšanje usluga u bankarstvu-sagledavanje načina na koje se mogu poboljšati i unaprediti usluge u bankarstvu primenom novih savremenih elektronskih tehnologija, pre svega interneta, ali i drugih veb servisa, kao i mobilne telefonije, a sve u cilju postizanja višeg nivoa zadovoljstva klijenta, kao i pridobijanja njegovog poverenja. Neophodno da postoji tehničko-tehnološka podloga, tj. informatička infrastruktura, kvalitetan i pouzdan kompjuterski informacioni sistem, brz, širokopojasni pristup internetu, kako u banci, tako i na strani klijenata. Sledeće što je neophodno je osloboditi klijente straha od nepoznatog, dakle, treba raditi na opštoj informatičkoj pismenosti nacije i demistifikovati internet i kompjuterske tehnologije. Naravno, ovo je pitanje za društvo i državu u celini a ne samo stvar pojedinačnih banaka. Ono što banka može i treba da uradi je da ponudi klijentima brz, jednostavan, pouzdan i jeftin način poslovanja – pristup svojim računima i karticama, mogućnost raspolaganja svojim sredstvima na računima, elektronska plaćanja (bez provizije, ako je moguće), kao i da popularizuje ovakav način poslovanja koji je na opštu korist – kako klijenata, tako i banaka. Abstract This paper analyzes the impact of e-business on improving services in the banking itself-considering ways in which they can enhance and improve the services in the banking industry by new modern electronic technology, particularly the Internet, and other web services and mobile telephony, with the aim of achieving higher levels of customer satisfaction, and winning his trust. It is necessary to have technical and technological base, ie. IT infrastructure, quality and reliable computer information systems, fast broadband Internet access on disposal to banks, as well as to clients.

In the current technological age, once traditional means of delivering services to customers are losingitsdominantposition,theapplicationoftheInternethasevolvedasaninnovativelysupporting alternativeforattractingcustomers,especiallyinbankingservice.Inthataspect,customers'perception ofonlinebankingservicethroughthedeliveryofwebsitequality(Webqual)remainsthemainconcern forbank'smanagersinVietnamesebankingsystembecausecustomersareeasilyinclinedtoanother bankingserviceproviderduetotheirpoorwebsite-operatedexperience.Basedontheevaluationof factorsinfluencingonbankingwebsitequality,itsrelationshiptocustomersatisfactionandretention, thisarticlesuggeststhemeasurementofelectronicCustomerSatisfactionIndex(e-CSI)ofperceived bankingwebsitequalitybythreemostdevelopedbanksofVietinbank,VietcombankandBIDVin centralVietnam,fromwhichprovidesinsightsthatmaybeusefulforimprovingthequalityofonline bankingservice.

This case study examine the awareness level of people of rural areas in India about e-banking facilities and how much it has increased after demonetization. The present study is conducted to investigate the use of e-banking facilities for purposes post demonetization in India. An awareness level scale and an operation level scale are administered about simple transaction activities like amount transfer to other person's account on a sample of 100 people of rural and urban areas of India. An ANNOVA test was conducted which shows that rural people differ significantly with urban people in their awareness level as well as usage level of e-banking. The survey was done on rural and urban customers of both public and private sector banks. It is observed that urban male youth have higher awareness and usage of e-banking whereas rural women have noticeable awareness about e-banking but level of using it is very low. Further stepwise regression analysis determines the factors that contributed in creating awareness and use pattern of e-banking. Finding of the study are helpful for banks to improve their e-banking facilities, making their websites user friendly and improving awareness and usage of e-banking.

The banking industry have experience tremendous changes ranging from structural changes to technological advances which have turned the industry into self service industry where customer's problems can be solved at any moment despite their location. Since the banking industry is intensely competitive, complex and dynamics due to the fact that all the banks offers same products and services that can easily be copied, as such the only way to differentiate oneself in this complex and dynamic banking environment is to offer same product and service brand with high quality at a cheaper price. However, the study examines how product brands influences customer loyalty in the banking industry in Nigeria. The study adopted the descriptive survey to study twenty two (22) commercial banks in Nigeria. Quarterly data ranging from 2009 through 2014 was collected from the CBN statistical bulletin and the analysis was conducted using mean, median, graphs and pie chart. The results obtained showed that product/service brand with high quality plays a critical role in influencing customers' satisfaction and customers' involvement which leads to customer loyalty.

This research paper sought to analyse the benefits and risks of electronic banking for commercial banks in Zimbabwe. A cross sectional survey was used to address the objectives and hypothesis of the study. The results revealed that e-banking in Zimbabwe has five critical success factors which are the use of e-banking for cutting costs, to enhance customer loyalty, to offer convenience, to improve profitability and competitive marketing. The study showed that the major benefits of e-banking are improved convenience to customers, cost reduction and an improvement in customer loyalty. The perceived risks of e-banking were revealed to be low levels of computer literacy, low security levels, lack of access to the internet for the majority of the population and operational problems associated with computer systems for most banks. The findings of the study imply that banks should invest more in improving customer awareness of e-banking products and reduce perceive risks of e-banking. The government and monetary authorities must improve legislation and infrastructure to encourage faster adoption of e-banking technologies.

The research work was conducted with the objective to find the significant metrics for biometrics deployment in e-banking through an assessment of the concerns, opinions and perceptions of bank customers regarding the implementation of biometrics in e-banking. This paper is pursued by collecting information through survey of customers the branches of scheduled banks from the area of research chosen by researcher.The researcher has used probability stratified sampling and scheduled banks categorized by RBI have been divided into groups referred to as strata on the basis of the total turnover, then the banks are selected from the various groups using random sampling and finally a branch of the selected bank with the one of highest turnover is randomly selected and the customers of the branch are chosen using non-probability convenience sampling.The study suggests that the overall significant metrics for the deployment of Biometric technology in E-Banking with the bank customer " s perspective

mong all technological innovations, Internet banking for customers was a concept that changed the way. Not only did it generate a great deal of interest within the industry, it was adopted at a time when the Internet as a medium was slow to take-off. Banks in India are already using new technologies to improve their standards for survival, although different banks are at different stages of technology adoption. For example branch based internet banking, ATMs, multiple delivery channels such as mobile banking, call centers.

In this paper, I have studied the impact of online banking on customers. The reason why I chose this paper was because Internet banking has gained wide acceptance internationally and seems to be fast catching up in India with more and more banks entering the fray. The Internet banking is changing the banking industry and is having the major effects on banking relationships. Net banking offered by Indian banks has been found useful by NRIs for whom it is expensive and time consuming to have physical contact for conducting their transactions through the Indian banking system. But compared to banks abroad, Indian banks offering online services still have a long way to go.

Telebanking is a service provided by a bank or other financial institution, that enables customers to perform an array of financial transactions over the telephone. Telebanking offers convenience for customers while facilitating upliftment of customer service standards from the perspective of banks. Meanwhile, subjective norms refer to an individual's perception about the particular behaviour, which is influenced by the judgment of significant others. Similarly, adoption of innovative technologies, is driven by subjective norms, ease of use, behavioural intentions, among other factors. Effect of subjective norms on telebanking adoption intentions and actions, in the context of Sri Lankan private banks is being examined in this study. Respondents were the telebanking facility using students of Uwa Wellassa University. Finally, 279 duly completed questionnaires were considered for the data analysis. Theory of reasoned action used to postulate conceptual framework and dimensions of the variables were measured by five-point Lickert scale. Tests statistics of MANOVA, ANOVA with contrast tests and discriminant function analysis were used. Empirical evidence supported the significance of subjective norms towards intentions and actions on adoption of telebanking, specifying the importance of subjective norm of the friends, in particular. There were restrictions due to limitation of time and other resources and hence, future researches could be performed in different contexts with improved representation of the tele banking population of private commercial banks. Nevertheless, research findings could be used to uplift the status of self-service banking technologies promoted by commercial banks in Sri Lanka although the research has been conducted with special reference to telebanking since most of such services provides almost the similar facilities with different interfaces such as ATMs, telephones, smartphones, personal computers, tabs etc. As the results has emphasized the significance of the effect of subjective norms, commercial banks could make use of social pressure by way of focusing on influencing existing customers towards making referrals to their friends, family members and relations to canvass new customers for mutually rewarding long-term relationship. Finally, practical and theoretical contribution could be recognized by referring to research method and analysis tools given the particular context of the research.

The necessity of E-Banking services with the new generation's lifestyle today is reached at different levels of technology innovations. This paper aims at directing and contributing to E-Banking by exploring and analysing the current situation of commencement on E-Banking and its acceptance confidently. This paper presents an intensive summary review of a doctorate research by the author about E-Banking acceptance in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq in which 38 studies among 110 published papers were selected on E-Banking between 2002-2016. The studies seek to draw reliable conclusions from their data to identify the influenced factors on the acceptance and adopting of E-Banking system. To analyse the capacity and results of these studies, an analysis was conducted on the most influenced factors, powerful acceptance theories employed in these studies, the sample unit, respondent size and the location of the investigation. The results showed that the factors of security, perceived ease of use and trust had the higher frequencies among the others. The most used model in these studies was TAM model with a great satisfaction results by the researchers and bank institutions. The respondents of these studies were between 44 and 3000 and the major sample unit is bank customers and the majority of studies were from Iran, which are 13 studies. It was found that other theories (UTAUT and UTAUT 2) were less attractive to researchers in their studies. Therefore, the most results are based on the outcomes of TAM models. However, there are limitations of the outcomes by this study for reviewing limited papers, some shortcomings in constructing the links between the E-Banking channels with the influenced factors and there is supremacy of the higher frequency of using TAM on the results. Further works are recommended to study security, perceived ease, and trust using (UTAUT and UTAUT 2) in the countries with large population strata.

In the absence of a literature review for an adoption of internet banking in developing countries, this study was conducted to review and summarize the most evaluated articles in the literature. The significance of this work came from three concepts which are to highlight the concepts of research in developing countries, to accentuate the dominant models which have been used effectively in analyzing the constructs in adopting internet banking, and thirdly, to shed some light on the gaps in the potential applications for the system in the future. The Technology Acceptance Model, Theory of Reasoned Action, Theory of Planned Behaviour, Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology and Self Designed models have been used by most of the researchers in this review with a higher frequency of the Technology Acceptance Model among them. The results from this review are limited to 28 articles which were selected from a total of 110. The sources were from the search engines of Science Direct, Emerald Insight, Growing Science, International Business Information Management Association and Canadian Central of Science and Education and other different types of journal publications. The factors revealed to have important effects on the acceptance and adoption of the system were trust, perceived ease of use, and perceived usefulness, security and privacy and social influences.

1-Abstract: This study attempts to identify the main reasons and barriers of core banking development in banking system of Iran and India, and for this purpose, the research process was implemented after proportional stratified random sampling. The Present study is descriptive-analytical type and the method of research is causal –comparative that has been performed in survey mode. It should be noted that Ferguson's theory has been considered as the theoretical frame work for the present study. And, descriptive statistics and society mean (average) calculation have been used in data analysis. Based on comprehensive review on related thematic literature; organizational barriers, financial barriers and technical-technology barriers are main identified obstacles. According to performed studies, it is concluded that organizational factors as the first and most influential factor and afterward technological factors and ultimately financial factors respectively in Iran and financial factors as the first and most influential factor, afterward technological factors and ultimately organizational factors respectively in India have influenced on improvement and implementation of core banking.

The main objective of this research paper is to observe whether the selected Indian Banks have any effective Disaster Management System with reference to Disaster Avoidance, Disaster Recovery Plan (DRP) and Business Continuity Plan (BCP) as per RBI guidelines and other international standards. This was pursued by conducting structured interview of branch heads of the selected 16 scheduled banks of Meerut (U.P.). The researcher with the help of a questionnaire inquired from the branch heads of selected banks and compared the responses with the desired state using GAP Analysis Worksheet. The study indicated that the most of the banks selected by the researcher in his research backup its data at a Remote offsite location, have a BCP / DRP Plan available with them on software but they do not apply Disaster Management System as per RBI-" Guidelines on information security, Electronic Banking, Technology risk management and cyber frauds " and other international standards. The study concludes by providing recommendations to the Indian Banks.

The primary aim of the study was to assess the performance of Ghanaian banks using the CAMELS rating model. The model is an acronym for capital adequacy, assets quality, management efficiency, earning, liquidity, and sensitivity. The rating is based on ratio analysis of the financial statements together with an onsite examination by the regulatory authority. A total of 10 banks were selected for a seven-year period. A standard multiple regression was employed in the study to analyze the effect the various components of the CAMELS model have on the performance of banks in Ghana. The findings from the analysis of the computed ratios from the financial statements of the selected banks indicated that Earning stood out as the highly significant factor that affects the performance of banks in Ghana. A percentage change in earning will result in a whopping 82.5% increment in bank performance measured by ROE. Capital adequacy, assets quality, management efficiency, and liquidity were equally found to be significantly affecting the performance of Ghanaian banks. Sensitivity, on the other hand, was found to be the only insignificant factor of the CAMELS model that affects the performance of banks in Ghana.

Technology based self service banking (TBSSB) includes banking services that customers use independently without any interaction with the bank employees. Though banks have successfully launched TBSSB services (i.e. ATM Banking, Internet Banking, Tele Banking, Mobile Banking etc.), but their adoption among mature customers is still very low in India. In this study people above 50 years of age are considered mature. The purpose of this paper is to find the factors that affect the adoption or intention to adopt TBSSB by mature customers in India. For this purpose, various attributes affecting the adoption of TBSSB by mature customers have been explored. A survey has been used to collect primary data and 152 usable questionnaires were used for the purpose of analysis. Factor analysis procedure was employed to identify the underlying structure among the various explored attributes. This study will help bank managers in gaining insight of the critical attributes and factors affecting adoption of TBSSB, which in-turn will facilitate banks to redesign TBSSB services for mature customer as well as designing promotional activities to convince more and more mature customers to adopt TBSSB.

Internet banking (IB) is the new technology in banking environment that allows the bank customers to do banking activities at any time and from any place. This technology introduced in the Arab world before more than 10 years, but unfortunately the rate of usage of IB services from the customers' side still very weak. This paper gives an overview about IB technology in general, IB services and capabilities, and the adoption of IB in the Middle East and the Arab world.

The increase in computer crime has led to scepticism about the move made by the banks to introduce on-line banking. Some view this as a noble move which has made the banking system more efficient, reliable and secure, while others view it as a risky and insecure way of banking. The aim of this study was to assess whether on-line banking in the developing countries is secure or not. The researcher chose a descriptive-quantitative research design. Data was collected using a self constructed questionnaire.  Convenience sampling and stratified random sampling techniques were used to select the main subjects of the study. Generally on average there was no significant difference between the perceptions of management bank personnel and non-management bank personnel on the security of on-line banking. The study recommends further future studies on the security of on-line banking in developing countries based on the perceptions of the customers themselves, who are using on-line banking services, the Common Criteria for Information Technology Security and also a study of the latent dimensions of on-line banking security as extracted by factor analysis, how they differ from elements of information security as derived from the theoretical framework and literature.  Keywords: on-line banking; on-line banking security; information security; network services; banking system

Tap, click and swipe-these are the new sounds of money. Modern technology is fast replacing paper with computer files, bank tellers with automated teller machines (ATMs) and file cabinets with server racks , and banks too have come a long way from the old days of manually recording transactions in registers and tallying them up at the end of the day. Now, customer can do multiple things from the comforts of home or office with e-Banking - a one stop solution for all banking needs. This study aims to present the factors which are critical for the success of e-banking in India. The top three factors critical for success of e-banking included: cost and promotion; security and privacy; ease of use. Apart from these banks need to pay attention towards enhancing of its services and developing simpler websites with useful content.

The sampling groups in this research are customer who use the banking service via Internet system and the customer of D-Computer Co., Ltd. who usually use Internet Banking services such as inquiry about outstanding balance, fund transfer between accounts, and transfer payment for public utility. The sampling group specification of this research are must use Internet Banking services at least once a month. The research tools are questionnaires in the Web page form. Questionnaires are adapted from the tools that are used to evaluate the service quality called "The dimension of quality by David A. Garvin" by evaluating the quality of eight dimensional services: Performance, Features, Reliability, Conformance, Durability, Aesthetics, Serviceability and Perceived quality. During the sampling survey, we received 300 questionnaires that being answered completely. For information analysis, we use the fundamental statistics to analyze the characteristics of sampling group and test the relative variable factor by means of Chi-square and obtain the result to build a variance factor linear prototype. The results were as follows: 1. The quality level of internet banking service of commercial banks in Thailand in the perspective of performance was different in each bank. 2. By weighting the important of criteria that used to evaluate the Internet Banking service quality in Thailand, the most important was the dimension of reliability, serviceability and durability. The less important was in dimension of perceived quality.

Financial liberalization and technology revolution have allowed the developments of new and more efficient delivery and processing channels as well as more innovative products and services in banking industry. Banking institutions are facing competition not only from each other but also from non-bank financial intermediaries as well as from alternative sources of financing. As financial institutions increasingly offer online banking services to their customers, they must face issues of consumer confidence in the Internet. Consumers are concerned about identity theft and wonder if the Internet is safe for online banking. The answer is yes-if financial institutions, in cooperation with their customers, make it safe. Therefore, building the best controls to prevent fraud and protect customers is of critical importance. This paper investigates the extent of safety measures followed by customers while e-banking, analyses the awareness of the customers regarding the various online banking scams and suggests safety measures to be followed while e-banking. Primary data was collected from 118 respondents through a structured questionnaire. Secondary data was used to know about the various electronic e-banking products and services and various online scams. The findings are of great help to bankers to enable them to frame proper guidelines for their customers who use e-banking facility. It helps e-banking customers to bank safely using the safety measures.

As a result of changes in approach from traditional to virtual banking system, security in data exchange has become more important; thus, it seems essentially necessary to present a pattern based on smart models in order to reduce fraud in this field. A new algorithm has been provided in this article to improve security and to specify the limits of giving special services to Internet banking users in order to pave appropriate ground for virtual banking. In addition to identifying behavioral models of customers, this algorithm compares the behaviors of any customer with this model and finally computes the rate of trust in customer’s behavior. The hybrid data-mining and knowledge based structure has been adapted in this algorithm according to fuzzy systems. In this research, qualitative data was gathered from interviews with banking experts, analyzed by Expert Choice to identify the most important variables of customer behavior analysis, and to analyze customer behavior and customer bank Internet transaction data for a period of one year by MATLAB and Clementine. The results of this survey indicate that the potential of the given structure to recognize the rate of trust in Internet bank user’s behavior might be at a reasonable level for experts in this area.

All successful business groups are building strong relationships with their Customers. Customer experience is the summing up of all experiences, the customer trials with the business, based on all touch points and opinion about the business concern. Those experiences are enhancing with development of new products and services of the company. Customer experience allows a company to tap into a unique set of reducing unwanted cost and increasing revenue that can deliver more profitability in all aspects of strategic and tactical level. While considering Banking Industry, it is almost experience based. Here the customers are having strong relationship with concern for the longer period of time. It is not only important to build a customer relationship by providing the exact product and service but also provide a superior customer experience throughout the customer life cycle lead. It is again characterized by a longer life cycle of customer loyalty. As a result, the banking Industry has always presented main focus is to fulfilling the required customer's needs and wants with maximum quality can be succeed. As a researcher, it is proposed to strongly focus on Customer Experience in frequently accessing banking Services, on both strategic and tactical level. First, this research would focus on the Strategic Level to develop a customer based strategy by understanding key success drivers of customer satisfaction and loyalty, it would make the banking Service providers to improve their overall business performance and achieve long-term customer retention by understanding the experience of their customers. Changing business processes to equivalent the overall customer experience which helps to make more profitable and sustainable in market. Second, it would be focused on tactical level, to find the various resources to getting back quick feedback from customers' connections with various touch points in addition to enabling a quick response from dissatisfied customers due to faulty service. The main purpose of this study is identifying and prioritizing main success factors from perspective of bank's employees and customers. For this study, the information was collected from the 325 customers and 200 bank employees of various private and public bank in Puducherry and the collected data was analysed with the help of statistical tools like Descriptive analysis, Reliability Analysis, t-test for Independent Sample, One way ANOVA and chi-square test. Major hypothesis of this study is significant differences in extent of CEM Implementation between public sector and private sector banks as perceived by customers is framed and also tested with statistical tools. Being an emerging concept, this research would open up new avenues in the service sector.

he aim of this article is to assess the attitudes of senior citizens towards cashless transactions (with a particular emphasis on mobile banking). The literature on the subject presents the dissemination of non-cash payment strategies as an opportunity to reduce the problem of exclusion. Moreover, the researchers who focus on the topic of financial exclusion diagnose self-exclusion within this social strata who do not use modern technologies for current financial activities, additionally pointing to the significant impact of a group of factors: demographic, economic, psychological and social. The considerations are based on a query of the subject literature and an analysis of selected secondary studies. It is noted that there are huge psychological barriers conditioned by a person’s lifestyle. Moreover, the continuous development of and technological progress in the banking sector hinders certain types of banking and deepens the level of financial exclusion of the oldest generation. Increased life expectancy means that the banking sector should not continue to ignore those who are aged 60+. It is necessary to focus CSR strategy, educational activities and product offers on marginalised groups, even if it may seem to be unprofitable for many banking strategies.
Key words:modern technologies, financial exclusion, senior citizens, cashless payments JEL codes:D18, J14, L86, O31

The present research aims at drawing or forming a group of scenarios that a bank might be exposed to know the unexpected probable risks and then draw methodologies for facing and stopping or demolishing them. The present research has tackled one of the important parts in the system of banking-risks management which is represented by "stress testing" whose urgent need has arisen as a result of the global financial crisis and the negative effects accompanying it. Basel Treaty has focused on obliging banks to periodically make stress testing to ensure their being safe and the existence of sufficient capital for facing the shocks of unexpected risks. Obviously, this is also applicable to the traditional and Islamic banks as well. As far as the local environment is concerned, the environment of Iraq in particular and the regional area in general are characterized by political and economic instability, a matter that may expose banks to unexpected probable risks. The results shows that the apply stress testing presented by Basel's committee to some of The Iraqi banks. Stress testing have been useless because all the resultant or verified revenues have been the result of the bank-practicing minor activities that are related to banking-process returns (remittances commission).

This present research is a modest attempt to determine the changes taking place in e-banking and to understand customers’ expectations regarding e-banking. It is very crucial in the outlook of the banks to have the knowledge about the personality trait and the expectations of the customers. So the primary purpose of the research is to explore the personality trait towards the web marketing expectations of the customers in using the e-banking services. The survey collected 231 completed and valid questionnaires. Applying multivariate analysis of variance, Karl Pearson’s correlation coefficient, and linear regression, this study examines the impact of personality factors and the expectations of Web Marketing Mix leading to e-Banking Adoption. The proposed model is evaluated using SEM and found to be consistent with an acceptable degree of model fitness.
Key words: Personality Factors, Web Marketing Mix, E- banking Adoption.

Banking sector has developed and extended the usage of online services in the past decade. In fact, nowadays, Internet-based banking services dominate over other historically provided alternatives. This article discusses private clients' trust in Internet banking in Latvia. The model of trust in Internet banking was developed based on four factors, distinguished in the scientific literature. They are provided information, bank's characteristics, e-banking system and website of a bank. Hence, the goal of the research is to measure the impact of distinguished factors on trust in Internet banking. In order to determine how these attributes affect private customers' trust, correlation and regression analysis were applied. The results showed that the most vital factor affecting private clients' trust in Internet banking is e-banking system. What is more, it was found that provided information is a statistically insignificant factor and, hence, it was removed from the model. Respondents, being private customers, limit the breadth of study, thus the results do not reflect companies' trust in Internet banking.

Electronic banking is a carrier that permits clients to access and carry out economic transactions on their financial institution debts from their web enabled computer systems with net connection to banks' web sites any time 24 Hours. Jordan remains in the early levels of E Banking growth and development. Adjustments in technology and way of life in last the decades have modified the face of Banking. The most significant reason of this article is to explain the major issues and challenges inside the development in the on-line banking industry in Jordan. Keywords: E-banking, challenges, Benefits of E bank and types of electronic banking.

Abstract
The present paper aims at explaining the relationship
between some variables of service quality, overall
quality of e-banking services and customer
satisfaction in Bank Industry in Ahwaz city (Iran).
This paper includes a quantitative survey and in
general includes the development of a hypothesis
testing tool. The data were analyzed by Lisrel
software program using statistical path analysis. The
results shows that there is a significant relationship
between the quality of online service to the customer,
the quality of online system, the quality of banking
services products, overall quality of e-banking
services and customer satisfaction.
Keywords: Service Quality, Overall E-Banking
Service Quality, Customer Satisfaction, Bank
Industry, Ahwaz.

Ngân hàng điện tử (E-Banking) là một xu thế tất yếu của các giao dịch ngân hàng trong tương lai, nó không những đem lại lợi ích cho các ngân hàng mà còn cho cả khách hàng. Các nghiên cứu cho thấy, những mô hình khác nhau về E-Banking để phù hợp với các quốc gia cũng như sự phổ biến rộng rãi các dịch vụ E-Banking là hết sức cần thiết. Trong nghiên cứu này, một mô hình mới được đề xuất là mô hình chấp nhận và sử dụng E-Banking ở Việt Nam (E-BAM, E-Banking Adoption Model). Kết quả nghiên cứu cho thấy các giả thuyết đặt ra của mô hình E-BAM đều được chấp nhận. Mô hình E-BAM giải thích được khoảng 57% những biến động của sự chấp nhận và sử dụng E-Banking.