CYBER FRAUD

Computer and internet have converted the entire world into a global village by creating what we call as cyberspace. Cyberspace is the common heritage of mankind but unfortunately some people misuse the common heritage and thus, cyberspace has also become a new frontier of different type of crimes. While Internet has been providing immense opportunities to individuals, organizations and nations in diverse areas, at the same time it has also given birth to a new form of crime-cyber crime. Cybercrime is causing mind boggling financial losses to the order of trillions of dollars worldwide. Unfortunately, most individuals and organizations are not aware of the enormity of this crime and its effects. This is one area where ignorance is not bliss. Although many attempts have been made to control this fast spreading menace of cybercrime at global level yet it has borne little results due to a various reasons. The object of this paper is to have a comprehensive analysis of cybercrimes and offer some suggestions for legal control mechanism.

Electronic or Digital Evidence & Cyber Law in India. The paper also talks of recent case laws and importance of certificate under Section 65B of the Indian Evidence Act. computer printout or CD or DVD as a evidence. Email or CDR or ip address as a evidence in criminal and civil trials

= A NEW DIGITAL VERSION [E-BOOK] OF THIS WORK IS AVAILABLE IN KINDLE STORE | WWW.AMAZON.COM  THIS CONTENT IS SUPLYIED AS A COURTESY TO STUDENTS AND RESERCHERS. IF ADDITIONAL MATERIAL IS NEEDED, PLEASE CONTACT THE AUTHOR AT [email protected] =



"LETTER TO READERS

“WE HAVE TO CONSIDER TERRORISM AS THE USE OF DEATH AS A POLITICAL WEAPON”  [HEDI ENGHELBERG]

Dear Reader,
My name is Hedi Enghelberg.  Since 1999 I have been working to promote public and government agencies awareness to a new threat of these times: The Cyber Terrorism and all its flavors manifested today in our cybernetic-machine-dominated economical, political, social and private life.
I have lectured in many occasions about this subject in important organizations, and in 2003 I wrote one of the first books written in this subject called Cyberterrorism, ISBN 980-07-8518-3.

Most important for these pages is to get the message across and make the public conscious about this danger (CYBER TERRORISM) that will affect us all. This danger will not be eliminated until strong legislation is put in place, respected and enforced. Some 80% of the computing systems we use dally, especially based on early version of the Windows programs*, and other very vulnerable software will have to be reformed and security systems reinforced. Many users have already ditched Windows in favor of Mac, Google OS/Chrome, or Linux as they want to remain productive for longer period of time, virus and Cyber Fraud free. BUT THEY ALL (OPERATIONAL SYSTEMS & SMART PHONES) HAVE UNPATCHED VULNERABILITIES. THEY ALL HAVE! The Cloud Computing will not solve all our problems, as many of the MS systems and early code scripts have been inherited into the cloud.

Terrorism is a tactic, at many levels and in many forms. Every day we register new attacks, by the thousand and the tens of thousands, under different forms of cyber terrorism, cyber crime, cyber fraud, cyber sabotage and economical espionage. The list of targets and points of origin is too long to be listed.
Under the veneer of the good things that internet brings to us all, there are negative and evil forces at work, all the time.
Without any doubt, we have to be conscious that an electromagnetic pulse attack will put all the IT systems on an industrial country out of work for some time, and can be used as a pre-emtive attack.

We are a decade after 9/11 and the main discussion is still centered on individual liberties, the Bill of Rights and the need for more security and how both will work together and influence each other. We don’t have to sacrifice liberty for security but counter-terrorism activities are here to stay!

THIS IS A WORK IN PROGRESS. We are currently revising and updating the English version of this book with Gail Tenzer as the translator of the original 2003 published Spanish book.
We would like to present you the book, and have your brief opinion about this very important, clear and present danger asymmetric war, represented by cyber terrorism.
"

This study examines the cashless economic system so as to assess its feasibility in Nigeria vis-à-vis: timeless, preparedness and adequacy against the backdrop of our level of development both technologically and educationally. Nigeria has continued to evolve in different realms. The economy is being reformed, the institutions are being reshaped and legislations are being re-examined so as to reposition the nation to take its rightful position in the international community. As a way of fast-tracking the Nigerian economy so as to be among the first 20 world economies come 2020, Nigeria has proposed that come 2012 it will adopt the cashless economic system. The study used structured questionnaire as a means of data collection and the collected data were analyzed using simple percentage procedure. The results indicate that: majority of Nigerians are already aware of the policy and majority agree that the policy will help fight against corruption/money laundering and reduce the risk of carrying cash. Major problems envisaged to hamper the implementation of the policy are: cyber fraud and illiteracy. Based on the findings some recommendations made are: the government should adopt a different strategy to educate the non-literate Nigerians about the cashless economy; and a framework should be worked out to provide cyber security in Nigeria.

— The causations of crimes that are relevant in the cyberspace concurrently impact in the physical space and vise versa. This paper aims to explore parents' perceptions of the factors that cause socioeconomic cybercrime in Nigeria. Despite a long-standing view that the juvenile offenders of today could become the hardened criminals of tomorrow, and the conclusions of a number of developmental theories on the stability of delinquency across the life course, the existing data on cybercrimes in Nigeria have principally been derived from studies involving university students. Yet, individuals' moral-standard-levels, which shape their offending capacities, are mostly developed in childhood. The empirical basis for this paper is face-to-face interviews with 17 Nigerian parents regarding children's vulnerability to involvement in cybercrime. Drawing upon qualitative data, this paper argues that a complex web of familial factors and structural forces, alongside cultural forces, explains the degree of cybercrime involvement on the part of Nigerian youths.

When there is fair competition in markets, the profit motive is fulfilled and produced stock is able to diminish through purchases.

Consumers  compete to get "the benefit provided by a good or service" and are "able to reject goods if they do not want them". In addition, there is no information failure and no time lags "between the purchase of the private product and the net benefit derived by consumers", and there are no externalities in terms of "effects on parties not involved in the market transaction". Property rights are respected and protected, and there are incentives for entrepreneurs" (economics online.com).

But when corruption sets in, it sets whole processes crumbling by distorting fair competition in markets, hence, market failure. But how such risks can be mitigated, is provided in this article.

Questo studio è stato condotto dal MISAP, Istituto di ricerca applicata alla prevenzione delle criminalità, col supporto del Centro di Ricercazione per la Prevenzione dell’Antisocialità. È il risultato della collaborazione di un gruppo di ricercatori accademici.

Lo studio fornisce un’immagine accurata dell’attuale status della sicurezza nella Regione Marche mantenendo un dettaglio per le province di: Pesaro-Urbino (PU), Ancona (AN), Macerata (MC), Fermo (FE) e Ascoli Piceno (AP).

Per fare ciò, questa ricerca va al di là del concetto di insicurezza: alla luce delle problematiche e delle differenze riscontrate rispetto al modo di gestire eventuali diversità fra i numerosi reati denunciati alle autorità giudiziarie, esso non fornisce solo delle stime dei tassi di criminalità, ma analizza anche:

I tipi di reati più frequenti
I trend annuali riscontrati tra il 2013 e il 2017
I fattori di contesto che impattano sui reati presi in esame, in termini di caratteristiche socio-demografiche, economiche e ambientali appartenenti alle province
Possibili similarità con altri paesi emerse nella letteratura internazionale