Corruption, Anti-Money Laundering, Criminal Organizations

Know Your Customer (hereinafter referred to as “KYC”) refers to monitoring, auditing, collecting, and analyzing information about a customer before getting into a contractual relationship.  In general, banks and other financial institutions adopt KYC policies for several reasons including: managing credit risk and default on debt payments in the banking law framework; acting as a faithful agent in the securities law context; as well as, evading fraud, money laundering, and terrorist financing in supporting law enforcement agencies.  In addition, KYC programs enhance banks compliance with several acts and regulations set by the US Congress and supervisory agencies.  Total compliance by financial institutions with KYC principles would most likely diminish the severity of financial illegal activity.

This document provides a review of literature that is concerned with describing and analyzing the nature and characteristics of money laundering (ML) with emphasis on Canada and British Columbia. This includes literature that provides a conceptual and theoretical overview of ML, its relationship with profit-oriented organized crime and criminal groups, a breakdown of ML methods and techniques, the commercial and financial sectors and professionals used to launder money, how the informal (underground) economy is used, as well as the effects that ML may have on organized crime, the economy, and society. These issue areas are applied to Canada and B.C. specifically and include a discussion of the so-called “Vancouver Model,” in addition to an analysis of the factors that put the country, the province, and the Lower Mainland at risk of ML.

Günümüzde bankalar ve diğer finansal kuruluşlar, karaparanın aklanmasında aracı olarak kullanılan kurumların başında gelmektedir. Teknolojinin gelişmesi bu kurumlar açısından
bazı risk unsurlarını da arttırmıştır. Bu risklerden bir tanesi de banka ve diğer kurumların, operasyonel işlemlerinin yoğunluğu arasında online suçlarla da sıkça karşılaşır hâle gelmesidir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, bilişim teknolojilerinin kötüye kullanılması sonucu ortaya çıkan
aklama suçuna karşı bankaların alması gereken önlemlerin belirlenmesidir. Ayrıca bu çalışmada siber suçlarla aklama suçunun bir araya gelmesinin etkileri açıklanmaya çalışılmıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Karapara, Siber-aklama, Bankalar.

Decades of political backroom deals of a small political cast has resulted in a political system vulnerable to abuse of office, a weak legal system as well as a very frail anti-corruption framework. Numerous corruption scandals, including dubious privatisation deals at Austrian Telekom, BUWOG, police radio etc.,scandals at Vienna airport, bank Hypo Alpe Adria and Kurier, as well as the conviction of Mr Strasser, a former minister, on corruption charges, are compounded by strong criticism from GRECO, the Council of Europe's anti-corruption committee.

The exposure of Saradha Group’s mega financial scam in Bengal popularly known as “chit fund scam” has had a devastating effect on the economy of the state, leaving the common people with trauma and severe investment phobia. Ironically, the chit fund scam pays tribute to the thrift and industry of Bengali workers where ‘get rich quick’ promises easily lured people to the trap of these kinds of funds. It severely indicts the negligence, greed and encouragement of our rulers. It would never have mushroomed to these enormous proportions if small people throughout the country side had the benefit of safe saving schemes according to their convenience. With each passing day, investigators dig deeper into the Saradha scam and new revelations send shock waves across Bengal. The paper seeks to portray how politics has been controlling the scam and attempts to highlight the political blame game of the Chief Minister and her team who refute charges hurled at them, while their political foes cry foul.

2. Money Laundering like many other illegal acts has become an ever-growing menace in the world of today. International crimes like; human trafficking, drug trafficking, smuggling and other illegal acts, have been on a steady rise ever since the war on these crimes really started as early as the 1970s. One certain fact is that these crimes altogether result in illegal money thus leading to the problem of how to keep the illegal proceeds. It is not an understatement to opine that making money from these other crimes is easier compared to keeping the illegal money and or legitimizing the money. It should also be noted that money laundering comes in various forms and it ranges in types such as; physically laundering the money through the airports, seaports to legitimizing the money by legally staking it in an investment.

LABform
LAB Group
LAB Group Pty Ltd
LAB Group Services Pty Ltd
EV
EIDV
Electronic Verification
Electronic Identity Verification
AML
CTF
KYC
Know Your Customer
Customer Acquisition
Customer On-boarding
Customer Registration
Anti-Money Laundering
Counter-Terrorism Financing

É com inconteste satisfação que descortino à apreciação da comunidade jurídica o livro “Lavagem de Dinheiro e Crime Organizado: diálogos entre Brasil e Portugal”, da autoria dos Professores Fillipe Azevedo Rodrigues e Liliana Bastos Pereira Santo de Azevedo Rodrigues. Cuida-se de uma instigante seleta de capítulos envoltos na temática expressa no título, extraídos das reflexões dos autores, postos sob o crivo do direito nacional dos autores, valendo aqui lembrar que o Professor Fillipe é brasileiro e a Professora Liliana é lusitana; ele graduou-se em Direito em Natal-RN, onde também cursou o Mestrado na UFRN (e foi meu destacado aluno) e ela é graduada e mestra em Ciências Jurídico-Empresariais pela Universidade Portucalense Infante Dom Henrique. Ambos, pelo viés da pesquisa, estão unidos no doutoramento em Ciências Jurídico-Criminais, nos domínios acadêmicos da vetusta Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de Coimbra. Assim, a ótica do brasileiro oferecida ao contraponto da pesquisadora portuguesa celebra um amálgama da melhor qualidade, produzido a partir de componentes essenciais a essa rama do Direito Penal que se ocupa da criminalidade organizada e, notadamente, de uma das suas mais repetidas manifestações, a lavagem de valores e capitais. A opção pela comparação entre dois microssistemas sediados em países que sustentam ligações históricas e culturais, de inegável utilidade para ambos, passa ao largo da discussão acadêmica negativista encetada por Harold Cooke Gutteridge ou da intransigente defesa da cientificidade desse paralelismo formulada por Felipe de Solá Cañizares. Não cuidaram os autores da presente obra desse viés. Ingressaram sim, com afinco, na análise dos institutos e do material legislativo eleitos para objeto do livro. No exórdio, os autores cuidam das dificuldades na eleição do bem jurí- dico tutelado no âmbito do microssistema penal que trata do branqueamento de capitais, bem assim do estágio de perplexidade dos dois modelos penais – o brasileiro e o ultramarino – quanto a esse objeto da tutela, concluindo pela fragilidade dos elementos teóricos que dão suporte à política criminal da área. Criticam, com razão, as três principais correntes que orientam o assunto: a proteção da ordem econômica; ou da administração da justiça; ou a híbrida, que ajunta as duas primeiras. Adiante, versando sobre o fenômeno da criminalidade organizada no Brasil e em Portugal, expõem uma seleta de questões de fundo e de forma que conduzem a essa lamentável cifra da vida em sociedade cotidiana. Reportam a evolução legislativa específica do tema, a partir de diplomas genéricos (Código Penal e Código de Processo Penal) até as manifestações legislativas mais específicas – e nem por isso mesmo perfeitas – como as leis de combate ao crime organizado e o decreto que internaliza a Convenção de Palermo no nível infraconstitucional do Brasil. No âmbito português, analisam a mesma inclinação da política criminal no afã de debelar o crime organizado, a partir da Constituição daquele país, que reservou para o seu texto a tarefa de dar sede elevada à chamada “criminalidade altamente organizada”, ao tempo em que relativiza a inviolabilidade de domicílio, mediante autorização judicial para os casos em que presentes indícios dessa prática, incluindo o terrorismo, o tráfico de pessoas, de armas e de estupefacientes. Em outra passagem – destacam os autores – a Carta Política prevê exce- ção ao funcionamento do tribunal do júri para os casos dessa criminalidade estruturada, emparelhando-a ao terrorismo. No campo infraconstitucional, o tema obteve a ocupação do Código Penal (o vigente e o revogado) e do Código de Processo Penal, bem como das Leis 36/94, 101/2001 e 5/2002. Nesse mesmo capítulo imediatamente acima referenciado, os autores depõem críticas aos arreganhos do Estado – o daqui e o de lá – na busca da prova para a incriminação de quem é acusado por crime organizado. Diz-se, notadamente, das formas dissimuladas para a obtenção dos elementos probantes, tão ao sabor do modelo inquisitorial hipertrofiado, tachando-os de “meios enganosos de obtenção de prova” ou, na linha de Manuel da Costa Andrade, “métodos ocultos de investigação”. Obviamente que isso não se compatibiliza com as mais comezinhas noções de um Direito Penal de índole liberal; pelo inverso, caminha na rota do Direito Penal do Inimigo, objeto de preocupação de Günther Jakobs e Manuel Cancio Meliá, “cujos métodos de repressão são mais gravosos às liberdades individuais”, dizem os escribas. Em tópico da maior relevância, estudam qual é o papel do Estado regulador (definindo-o à satisfação), na intervenção para conter e debelar a lavagem de ativos e valores, indicando, já no princípio da focagem, a descrença na maximização dessa interferência veiculada por um Direito Penal ampliado e ampliativo, assegurando que não é “através de normas penais cada vez mais restritivas, com molduras penais mais elevadas e consequentemente maior privação de liberdade, que se vai obter alguma eficácia na preven- ção geral do problema”. Ao seguir, trazem de forma didática – e profunda – o esboço de uma definição (que entendo ser mais uma conceituação...) do fenômeno criminal do disfarce de capitais de origem criminosa, a partir do histórico da expressão, originariamente vinculada ao ramo empresarial escolhido (laundering), nos anos trintas do século vinte, para dar liceidade a valores apurados em outras atividades criminosas. Nesse ponto os autores voltam à carga a propósito das agruras para a qualificação do bem jurídico no delito de lavagem de valores, delineando o ingresso no tema maior do capítulo, que é a busca pela compreensão, quantum satis, da função do Estado regulador em um quadro em que inegavelmente é ampla a criminalidade econômica através do branqueamento de capitais, destacando que o agir estatal pode ocorrer de forma direta ou indireta, sendo aquela operada através de entes oficiais que controlam os respectivos meios e a última através da produção de normas que afetam o âmbito de atuação dos agentes econômicos, no particular esteados nas ideias de Denise Hammerschmidt e de João Nuno Calvão da Silva. No foco legal, aplicam detalhada análise sobre a Lei 25, de 5 de junho de 2008, portuguesa, que segue a direção indicada pelo Conselho e pelo Parlamento Europeu. Essa abordagem perpassa o espectro de aplicação do mencionado diploma e as obrigações demarcadas às entidades encarregadas do acompanhamento das movimentações financeiras (dever de abstenção, dever de colaboração, dever de segredo, dever de controle e dever de forma- ção), concluindo pela delimitação do papel do Estado-controlador (é dizer, o exercente das prerrogativas e deveres de um Direito Administrativo Sancionador, “quase penal”), estremando a missão desse para poder dar espaço ao Direito Penal clássico, ainda que especializado. Posto assim, em linhas gerais, o conteúdo do livro que ora se apresenta não somente orna o acervo bibliográfico temático acerca de lavagem de dinheiro e criminalidade organizada, como estimula o necessário colóquio entre sistemas penais diversos, inclusive intercontinentais, advindo elogiável contributo para o confronto de ideias que contribuem para o enfrentamento dessas duas preocupantes ocorrências ilícitas, cada vez mais presentes nas relações interpessoais e empresariais atuais.

This paper will explain:
- What is money laundering?
- International efforts to combat money laundering
- A new tool to launder illicit funds
- Examples of cyber-laundering: Liberty Reserve, Bitcoin, Second Life, Silk Road
- How to combat cyber-laundering?
- The 4-I approach

Bitcoin and the blockchain technology which drives it has emerged as one of the most disruptive digital innovations in recent years. 

These technologies are posited as being potential catalysts of transnational crime on one hand and as potential tools in the fight against corruption on the other. Neither perspective is true in the absolute sense. Bitcoin and other digital currencies can be used to expedite cross-border crime, tax evasion and corruption. However, Bitcoin transactions are meticulously recorded, and digital currencies are increasingly accepted as a legitimate investment. 

Blockchain technology provides huge potential for more transparent, more accountable and efficient ways of storing government data and administering transactions. Yet, there are many challenges to overcome before the technology can be scaled. Legal frameworks need reform to regulate digital currency markets and to harness the full potential of blockchain technology.

When individuals exchange gifts, social bonds are strengthened and reciprocity is created. If the gift and the reciprocation both come from private resources, it is clearly a gift. If what is reciprocated after a gift is given comes from an organization, or is a government resource rather than from " one's own pocket " then it is most likely a bribe. This study reviews the anthropological literature on gift giving and constructs a typology for examining the gift/bribe distinction in public administration. This classification helps distinguish analytically among different gift practices and clarify conceptual ambiguity of the terms gift and bribe.

En momentos que la ciudadanía reclama un serio combate a la criminalidad organizada y la corrupción, existe una figura penal de reciente data, que sirve como instrumento para cortar los tentáculos de estas poderosas organizaciones que actúan al margen de la ley, evitando que su dinero, bienes y otros caudales, ingresen al circuito económico para no ser detectadas y finalmente, poder retroalimentarse y continuar con sus actividades ilícitas. De esta manera como la coyuntura lo amerita, para entender el delito de lavado es necesario conocer de manera muy breve sus orígenes y concepción, así como también su relación con otros tipos de nuestro corpus sustantivo, el cual será abordado en el presente trabajo.

The trend of occurring reality in understanding and practicing corruption is largely dependent upon the mode of its presentation and publicity throughout writing. It is, therefore, essential to look deep into the way that corruption is narrated and revealed in the course of literature. To find the current exhaustive articles, the word ‘corruption’ was typed in the sage database (www.sagepub.com) and five articles were identified that had the word 'corruption' in their titles during period from August to November 2010 (4 months). Out of these five articles, one article entitled Police Corruption: Deviance, Accountability and Reform in Policing, was about the review of several books and lacked the in-depth analysis of the data. Since this article did not serve the purpose of this study, the remaining four articles were reviewed. Only methodological processes of the reviewed articles were taken into account for the purpose of this study.

All four articles published during the period had their ontological standpoints of foundationalism. The research conducted to write these articles were quantitative with descriptive and inferential statistical technique. These techniques provided sufficient information about the relationship between the variables under investigation to enable prediction and control over future outcomes. However, except in an article, to some extent, the methodology dismisses the experiences of the individual as unimportant, which demonstrates and regards human beings as merely reacting and responding to the environment.
In the present context of globalization, every issue is looked at from the lens of capitalist economy and political process. Non-market values such as trust, ethics of care and compassion, a politics of recognition and respect, are not given importance. The grounded reality that the corruption is associated with socio-cultural factors is not given much importance and the differences in terms of time, space, culture and individual are not considered. This masks some vital practices lying in the margin and minority in the form of ideas, emotions and subtle experiences of the people. Thus, this misses subjective dimension of uncovering the truth. As the interaction is based on a particular social setting and the meaning that is shaped in a particular social setting and cultural context has its uniqueness and may not be generalized in another social setting, the present trend of 'only' generalizing the issue and trying to find widely applicable meaning is to be revisited.

This thesis examines Papua New Guinean attitudes to money and modernity through an exploration of contemporary “fast money schemes” (Ponzi scams). The largest of these, U-Vistract Financial Systems, collected millions of Kina from 100,000s of “investors” on the promise of monthly returns on deposits of 100%. The scheme was declared bankrupt in 2000 but its founders escaped imprisonment, fleeing first to Solomon Islands and then to the “no go” zone of Bougainville, where the scheme re-established itself as the Royal Kingdom of Papala.

U-Vistract claimed to be a Christian reform of global finance systems that would deliver abundant prosperity to Papua New Guineans. U-Vistract cultivated a moral vision of its middle-class investors as compassionate Christian patrons whose coming wealth would deliver “development” to a nation disillusioned with social inequality and the postcolonial state.   

U-Vistract investors emerge from this study as morally engaged members of a transnational Christian civil society. This is a surprising conclusion to draw from studying fraud but it is all the more surprising in Papua New Guinea where anthropological interest has historically constructed the “village” as the central place where social meanings are generated. Here, urban Melanesians demonstrate moral and relational sensibilities that combine global aspirations for prosperity with Papua New Guinean disillusionment with the nation. In doing so, perhaps a more individualistic rendering of Melanesia emerges but these are individuals who are also more cosmopolitan in sentiment.

The paper makes three central arguments: First, sudden influxes of official development aid into countries with unprepared governance institutions hinder their long-term economic and structural development. I analogize to the "resource curse" of countries rich in natural sources that cannot effectively absorb newly realized resource rents stemming therefrom, highlighting recent international experience in this regard; Second, "raining" significant development aid on an economy before helping it develop basic capacity (i.e., competence) to govern is not only counter-productive, but is corrupting. In such cases, the aid is, in effect, a supply-side appeal to (and institutionalization of) monopolistic rent- taking tendencies. Thus, the aid does long-term damage to the country by perverting its governance system and converting localized petty corruption into institutionalized grand corruption – corruption that is difficult (or impossible) to reverse through traditional anti-corruption campaigns. Third, in situations where official development aid has induced the institutionalization of grand corruption, traditional cleanup efforts – focused on ex ante public awareness, anti-corruption committees, and punitive sanctions – have proven to be virtually worthless. Therefore, in cases of grand corruption institutionalism, rather than focus on ineffective punitive sanctions, I propose ex ante anti-corruption cleanup efforts concentrate on regularizing the rent taker’s future behavior. Such inducements to regularization could include amnesty programs designed to bring the underground economy into the open.

Corruption has fierce impacts on economic and societal development and is subject to a vast range of institutional, jurisdictional, societal, and economic conditions. It is this paper's aim to provide a reassessment and a comprehensive state-of-the-art survey of existing literature on corruption and its causes and effects. A particularly strong focus is put on presenting and discussing insights resulting from empirical research and contrasting recent with older findings.

It has been said that organized crime is the dark side of globalization. No country alone is responsible for the problem; in fact, each State plays a role in the entire global criminal puzzle. Nevertheless, organized crime always targets and hits locally, in every corner of our societies, threatening and even destroying what is more precious for every person: health, family, happiness and ultimately life (Medina-Mora 2005). This paper seeks to answer the question as to why it is hard to fight organized criminal groups in the world using Great Britain as the focal point of reference.

This National Integrity System (NIS) Assessment Nepal 2014 describes the status of the 11 pillars of NIS in terms of their capacity, governance, and role besides pointing out the gap between laws and practices. The NIS of Nepal shows the vulnerability of key institutions in a situation marked by political uncertainty, the absence of a legislature, and a worrying gap between law and practice.

This publication sheds light on ways to contribute to the cause of good governance by improving the performance of specific pillars of the NIS: Executive, Judiciary, Public Sector, Law Enforcement Agencies, Electoral Management Body, Supreme Audit Institution, Anti-corruption Agencies, Political Parties, Media, Civil Society, and Business.

This article was published in the Bar Association Law Journal [2008] Vol. XIV – Part I page 32 as a sequel to my previous article entitled “Taking the Profit out of Crime – Sri Lankan Style” published in the Journal of Financial Crime (2003) Vol. 10 No. 4. Both articles focused on the question of how Sri Lanka may prevent the laundering of, or facilitate the recovery of, funds that are plundered by its constitutionally appointed rulers, officials and criminals. In this article, recent legislative initiatives such as the Convention on the Suppression of Terrorist Financing Act No. 25 of 2005, the Prevention of Money Laundering Act No. 5 of 2006 and the Financial Transactions Reporting Act No. 6 of 2006 are examined in great detail in the backdrop of applicable prudential measures.

Although international asset recovery is one of the key anti-corruption commitments under the United Nations Convention against Corruption and the African Union Convention on Preventing and Combating Corruption, a huge gap remains between commitments and implementation. The shortcomings of international asset freezes in the case of Libya, with billions of dollars unaccounted for, confirm this statement. In this article, I identify the major obstacles for recovering stolen assets in the case of Libya and I argue that the international community needs to enhance asset recovery and mutual legal assistance, as well as to explore bold ideas, such as the reversal of the burden of proof as to the illicit origin of the assets.

En los últimos tiempos se ha discutido sobre el delito previo del lavado de activos y claro está, es un tema de gran relevancia práctica, más aun con reciente jurisprudencia  que originó un acalorado debate en nuestro medio. Así, dentro de la doctrina encontramos posiciones encontradas respecto a éste punto. La terminología utilizada en la normativa penal antilavado es «origen ilícito» (Arts. 1°, 2°, 3° y 10° del D.L. 1106) y «actividades criminales» (Art. 10° del D.L. 1106).

ABSTRACT
Money laundering - autonomous offense. Material object of the offense: archeological goods and amounts of money subject to a recycling process. Material element of the objective side. Alternative ways of committing the offense through acquiring and illegal placing, on the legal antiquities market, as well as changing and transferring through sales, goods previously stolen from archeological sites, while knowing they were the product of qualified theft of goods pertaining to  the national cultural heritage, unauthorized for export.
Subjective side, difference from concealment. Changing or transferring cultural goods, while kowing they are the product of certain offenses, with the purpose of concealing the illicit nature of these goods through forgery and attributing a false origin, as pertaining to private collections - or with the purpose of helping the author of the offense from which the goods originated to evade prosecution, judgement or execution of the sentence; acquiring, holding or using goods by another person beside the active subject of the offense from which the goods originate, while knowing they are the product of crime.
The civil side. Oligation of the defendant to pay the civil damages consisting of the expenses made by the Romanian State as compensation for the repatriation of the artifacts that were stolen, acquired and illegally transferred on the antiquities market. Special confiscation of the product of the crime: archeological artifacts - bronze tables of Roman laws and a lot of Koson gold coins - stolen from sites and recycled as pieces of private collections; money resulted from the valorisation of the stolen artifacts. Ne bis in idem? Decision to end the criminal trial – given by the judicial control court, based on the wrong ascertainment of the inexistance of the special prescription institution of criminal liability. Instruments of international judicial cooperation: European Evidence Warrant (EEW), UNIDROIT Convention. Content analysis of the legal document Lex municipalis Troesmensium. (Alba Iulia Court of Appeal, Criminal Section, decision no. 333/11.06.2020, pronounced in the file no. 1335/97/2017*).
Keywords: money laundering, autonomous offense; material object, archeological goods, amounts of money; false origin, private collections pieces; ne bis in idem, civil damages, special confiscation, Lex municipalis Troesmensium, special prescription, facta praeterita,  instruments of international judicial cooperation, EPPO.

In order to enhance the existing legal framework on asset recovery, the EU will have to apply a "no safe haven" policy to the proceeds of corruption and use all appropriate legal tools. We argue that a new EU instrument on asset recovery, modelled after the Swiss Law on Asset Recovery, would be a valuable addition to the EU legal arsenal against corruption, in compliance with its commitments under the UN Convention against Corruption. Such an EU instrument will deal specifically with the EU's power to block the assets of foreign politically exposed persons (PEPs) and eventually facilitate restitution of these assets. Following the model of Swiss law, a reversal of the burden of proof as to the origin of PEPs' assets could be introduced in the new EU instrument. Judicial review should be wide enough to ensure fairness to the affected PEPs, balancing the new powers of the Council of the EU.

Con fecha 10 de julio de 2020 la Ilustrísima Corte de Apelaciones de Santiago acogió un recurso de apelación presentado por el Ministerio Público en contra del auto de apertura de juicio oral dictado por el 7° Juzgado de Garantía de Santiago, que había excluido temáticamente por supuestas inobservancias a garantías fundamentales, la declaración de testigos funcionarios policiales, quienes habían elaborado informes policiales patrimoniales de distintos acusados, en el marco de la investigación por el delito de lavado de activos en el denominado caso “Fraude a Carabineros” o caso “Verde Austral” (R.U.C. 1601014175-7, RIT N°4730-2017) .

El presente artículo, tiene por objeto analizar los fundamentos de la resolución recurrida y de la sentencia de la Corte de Apelaciones de Santiago, para luego desarrollar someramente el estándar de la exclusión probatoria contemplada en el artículo 276 inciso primero del Código Procesal Penal (en adelante; CPP), refiriéndome a las distintas posturas doctrinales sobre la pertinencia y la conexión de estos desarrollos con el debate jurisprudencial por la existencia o inexistencia de la denominada “exclusión temática” a nivel interno, abordando los escasos pronunciamientos de la doctrina e indicando los argumentos más frecuentes que suelen darse en audiencias al respecto. Finalmente, se realizarán algunas observaciones sobre las denominadas reglas “contra epistémicas” como limitaciones al principio general de inclusión de prueba, para luego señalar cómo es que el hecho de invocar una función depuradora del juez de garantía implicaría -a su vez- estar dispuestos a asumir el riesgo de un potencial incremento de error judicial por falso negativo en el proceso penal -especialmente- en casos con delitos de alta complejidad.

This research work was submitted to the United Nations Interregional Crimes Research Institute (UNICRI) in conjunction with University of Turin (UNITO) in fulfillment of long essay required for the award of Masters of Laws Degree (LL.M) in International Crimes and Justice, 2015.

Money laundering has become the biggest sustainer of underdevelopment in Africa and other third world countries. The situation is even more complex when more than one sovereign states are involved. This research was deliberately carried out as the humble contribution of the author towards strengthening understanding of the issues connected to this transnational crime. The recently released Panama papers have thrown more light on the spate of international decay courtesy money laundering.

For Africa to experience true and sustainable development, it must redefine the concept of 'African Pride' to include cooperation even in the fight against crime. Our desire for foreign investment must also be based on principles.

The author is already working on another research within this subject area, but with more emphasis or focus on the liability of financial institutions and professional bodies whose inputs makes it possible for dirty transnational cash movements.

This book explores the nexus between foreign aid and corruption in post-conflict settings. It particularly focuses on the experiences of some of the countries that have received foreign aid in order to initiate or accelerate their economic  reconstruction and state building efforts after experiencing a violent conflict during the post-Cold War period.

The past twenty years have seen unprecedented international initiatives aimed at combating corrupt practices. Over the same period, Italy has ratified and implemented within its legal system five international anti-corruption treaties and amended its domestic legislation on different occasions. However, despite considerable efforts, corruption remains a serious challenge in Italy. With particular reference to the afore-mentioned conventions, this article explores the main international rules on criminalisation and prevention of corruption in order to, eventually, investigate the achievements and shortcomings of the Italian legislation in light of such provisions. The article is thus divided into four main sections. The first considers the development of the regional and other anti-corruption initiatives which culminated in the United Nations Convention against Corruption whilst the second explores the scope of the substantive criminal provisions contained in these conventions, including those on sanctions and liability of legal persons. The third discusses the main provisions on prevention and other non-criminal rules which have stimulated the recent developments of the Italian legislation. In light of the outcomes of the monitoring procedures set by the anti-corruption conventions ratified by Italy, the last section examines the main achievements and shortcomings of the Italian anti-corruption legislation. The article concludes with some concise remarks.

Abstract:
A comprehensive foray into criminology of investment fraud in Canada is an elusive evaluation given the efficacy of the disparate current system to combat it.  Surely, no authoritative source provides a measure of the size of the problem or its scope. This warrants an all-rounded initiative within the securities industry, and between the industry, government regulators, and policy thinkers to develop a robust what can be termed as problem-oriented policing (POP) to address tactical, strategic and ideological aspects of security fraud to protect investor rights, structure efficient and effective compliance management of the dynamic of ‘unclean’ and illicit money catalyzed through commingling with licit capital market,  advancing cause of crime and terrorism. POP identifies pattern within a typology of securities fraud through analysis; developing a response; implementing the response; and monitoring and evaluating the program.

Part I walks through the conceptual dimensions of fraud under Criminal Code and Securities Act fraud provisions, types and the extant structures to combat them, besides introducing notions and principles of POP as improvising the manner to combat this. Part-II discusses the scope of problem, the almost-symbiotic equation between organized crimes and securities fraud with malignant consequences for investor protection and money-laundering crimes. Part-III takes a resume of categories of enforcement cases chronicled in the 2014 Enforcement Report of Canadian Securities Administrators  (CSA) as a barometer as to what ails the securities market in Canada having monstrous impact economically, socially, and politically. Part-IV underscores criticality of enforcement to shape up a robust securities regulatory framework. In conclusion, I have flagged recommendations stating that POP is a must to have a coordinated approach to this problem of securities fraud with probably, an optimal national fraud enforcement agency workable through a dynamic data-base based on psychometric analysis of demographic, psychological and behavioral attributes of investors with lateral inputs from other programs like FINTRAC system, investors’ tools, deterrence, whistleblower program, multi-agency co-operation and international enforcement co-operation.

This article concerns the extent to which corrupt behavior is dependent on the organizational power structure and the resources available for illegal exchange. This qualitative study is based on 42 in-depth interviews with organizational actors in different organizations in Hungary. Four core themes emerged from the analysis of the interviews: (a) isolated corruption at the bottom, (b) the middle level’s own corruption, (c) “technicization” when middle-level professionals and expert groups are used to legalize the corruption of the dominant coalition, and (d) “turning-off controls” when organizational elites intentionally deactivate internal and external controls to avoid detection.

Αναφορικά με το «Ξέπλυμα Μαύρου Χρήματος», έχουν διατυπωθεί αρκετοί ορισμοί. Ο πρώτος και πιο ολοκληρωμένος ορισμός δόθηκε το 1986, από τον «President’s Commission on Organised Crime» σύμφωνα με τον οποίο: «Ως νομιμοποίηση εσόδων από εγκληματικές δραστηριότητες περιγράφεται η διαδικασία µέσω της οποίας αποκρύπτεται η ύπαρξη, η παράνομη πηγή ή η παράνομη χρήση εσόδων, τα οποία στη συνέχεια μεταμφιέζονται µε τέτοιο τρόπο ώστε η προέλευσή τους να εμφανίζεται νόμιμη».

In this module, you will learn what is money laundering. The different sources of dirty money, and the various stages of money laundering. Now, let's see what is money laundering? Money laundering is the process whereby criminals attempt to hide and disguise the true origin and ownership of the proceeds of their criminal activities, thereby avoiding prosecution, conviction and confiscation of the criminal funds.

The Jean Monnet Chair of the NUP, with the support and funding of the European Union, welcomes contributions by young and senior scholars for the online publication series "NUP Jean Monnet Working Papers" We accept manuscripts on topics related to economic crime, money laundering, the financing of terrorism, corruption, asset recovery, asset freezes and confiscation, financial investigations, judicial cooperation in criminal matters, etc., with emphasis on the EU law dimension of the topic examined. For more details, please check the attached file.

As Keith Hart (1986) articulated in his neat phrase ‘two sides of the coin’, money and the state are inextricably intertwined. However, academic discussions of the state tend to fall under the heading of ‘governance’, with implicit reference to democratic ideals, while money is regarded as ‘economics’, a field dominated by ideas of the market. In this paper, I use material from U-Vistract, a mass Ponzi scam to show how quasi-magical ideas of money and wealth have grown out of the disillusioning experience of the state in its failure to deliver ‘development’. These imaginings of prosperity entail a different kind of state, based on the moral reform of Christian citizens and political leaders and the reorientation of the banking system to deliver benefits to ordinary people. As the Royal Kingdom of Papala, U-Vistract sought to be seen to be like a Christian state and so deceived its investors into thinking that they were participating in a moral project that would allow them to redress the short-comings of the Papua New Guinean state. As the scam took on the appearance of the state, so the state came to be seen as a scam.