Videos

We explore a location-based approach for behavior modeling and abnormality detection. In contrast to the conventional object-based approach where an object may first be tagged, identified, classified, and tracked, we proceed directly with event characterization and behavior modeling at the pixel(s) level based on motion labels obtained from background subtraction. Since events are temporally and spatially dependent, this calls for techniques that account for statistics of spatio-temporal events. Based on motion labels, we learn co-occurrence statistics for normal events across space-time. For one (or many) key pixel(s), we estimate a co-occurrence matrix that accounts for any two active labels which co-occur simultaneously within the same spatio-temporal volume. This co-occurrence matrix is then used as a potential function in a Markov Random Field (MRF) model to describe the probability of observations within the same spatio-temporal volume. The MRF distribution implicitly accounts for speed, direction, as well as the average size of the objects passing in front of each key pixel. Furthermore, when the spatio-temporal volume is large enough, the co-occurrence distribution contains the average normal path followed by moving objects. The learned normal co-occurrence distribution can be used for abnormal detection. Our method has been tested on various outdoor videos representing various challenges.

This paper introduces a successful approach for distinguishing abandoned luggage in surveillance recordings. We join short-and long-term foundation models to concentrate on closer view of objects, where every pixel in an information picture is named a 2 bit code. In this manner, we acquaint a structure with recognized static frontal areas in light of the worldly move of code designs, and to figure out if the applicant districts contain surrendered protests by breaking down the back-followed directions of baggage proprietors. The trial comes about acquired in light of video pictures from 2006 performance evaluation of tracking and surveillance, and 2007 advanced video and signal-based surveillance databases demonstrate that the proposed approach is successful for identifying relinquished gear, and that it outflanks past techniques.

El vídeo en el aula no es un recurso obsoleto. Con los avances de las tecnologías y el surgimiento de nuevas metodologías, el vídeo propicia una mejora en el proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje de nuestros alumnos de Educación Secundaria, estamos ante un recurso que les motiva y apasiona, y más cuando son ellos los creadores de dichos vídeos. A partir de una serie de experiencias sobre la integración del vídeo en el aula de alumnos de ESO demostramos como su buen uso propicia en el aula de nuestros días un extra de motivación, interés y creatividad de nuestros alumnos.

We designed and constructed a system that includes aircraft, ground vehicles, and throwable sensors to search a semi-forested region that was partially covered by foliage. The system contained 4 radio-controlled (RC) trucks, 2 aircraft, and 30 SensorMotes (throwable sensors). We also investigated communications links, search strategies, and system architecture. Our system is designed to be low-cost, contain a variety of sensors, and distributed so that the system is robust even if individual components are lost.

Es gibt viele Fragen rund ums Thema Film und Video, und das aus einem guten Grund: Die Welt des Bewegtbilds wird immer vielfältiger, realitätsgetreuer, einfach bedienbarer und auf vielen Geräten abspielbarer. Das liegt einerseits an den zahlreichen Formen, die aus der Kreativität der Menschen entstehen, die Filme und Videos machen, andererseits an den neuen Technologien, die es immer leichter machen, Videos selbst herzustellen. Obwohl Filme ursprünglich für das Kino entwickelt wurden, werden sie mittlerweile auf der ganzen Welt verwendet. Den Grundstein dafür haben Smartphones und Tablets gelegt, mit deren Hilfe Filme einfach aufgezeichnet oder durch Aneinanderreihungen und Vertonung verschiedener (bewegter) Bilder erzeugt werden können.

Daher sollen in diesem Beitrag grundsätzliche methodisch-didaktische Überlegungen zur Konzeption, Gestaltung und Erstellung von Videos mit Smartphones und Tablets, im Speziellen iPhone und iPad, angestellt werden. Der Beitrag ist bewusst allgemein gehalten und beschränkt sich auf Tipps aus der Praxis der Autorin. Er erhebt keinen Anspruch auf Vollständigkeit und auch nicht auf vollkommene Aktualität.

This study explores the socio-cognitive processes involved in the production of Pakistani music videos with political narratives. The time period of the research is for ten years starting from 2007 to 2017. This study suggests that music video is a newest and powerful tool to construct political narratives through integrative and disintegrative themes in Pakistan, and these narratives are used to stimulate the audience. The study rests upon qualitative analysis through in-depth interviews of the producers of music videos, lyricists and singers. Five respondents are selected for the interviews using purposive sampling technique. Then the themes are extracted from the answers of the respondents. The theoretical perspective integrated to interpret the results, is Rick Altman’s approach to film Genre (1987). The findings suggest an extension in Altman’s ideological approach. Findings also show that the positive themes are mostly portrayed in Pakistani sociopolitical music videos with the sponsorship of state institutions.

The Baobab is a storybook app for the iPad that was designed and developed based on research in visual learning, visual phonology, bilingualism, and Deaf children's cognitive development by the National Science Foundation-funded Science of Learning Center on Visual Language and Visual Learning (VL2) at Gallaudet University. Developed by an all-Deaf team, the storybook app is designed for early and emerging readers, bridging design principles in ASL storytelling and English text to research foundations, in order to facilitate reading and language acquisition for children who rely heavily on the visual modality for learning.

ARTÍCULOS Un proyecto innovador en arqueología. El uso de material audiovisual como recurso didáctico en la enseñanza universitaria 1 Daniel Casado Rigalt 2 Recibido: 07 de septiembre de 2018 / Aceptado: 30 de noviembre de 2018 Resumen. Los mecanismos de aprendizaje necesitan ser replanteados. El aula física se ha convertido en un espacio limitado de generación del conocimiento y la universidad ha caído en una trampa burocrática que lastra la viabilidad académica. La vídeo-lección y la vídeo-entrevista se están revelando como dos herramientas de enorme potencial, que complementan las clases presenciales y dinamizan la transferencia de contenidos. Permiten economizar recursos a largo plazo y rentabilizar el tiempo invertido por profesores y alumnos, dejando atrás el sistema de la toma de apuntes en las aulas. En el presente artículo se exponen las infinitas posibilidades del vídeo en la educación superior, así como la distinta acogida que está teniendo entre el estamento universitario. A modo de muestreo ha sido sondeada la aceptación del vídeo entre historiadores y arqueólogos del ámbito científico-universitario-de 180 universidades y 30 países-cuyas opiniones han generado interesantes reflexiones y debates. Palabras clave: cultura audiovisual; Plan Bolonia; sociedad de la comunicación; sociedad de la información; TIC (tecnologías de la información y la comunicación); universidad; vídeo; vídeo-entrevista; vídeo-lección; virtualización. [en] An innovative project in archeology. The use of audiovisual material as a didactic resource in university education Abstract. Learning mechanisms need to be rethought. The physical classroom has become a limited space for the current generation to acquire knowledge and the university has fallen into a bureaucratic trap that hampers academic visibility. The video-lesson, as well as the video-interview, are revealing themselves as two tools of enormous potential, which complement face-to-face classes and stimulate the transfer of content. They also allow an economization of resources in the long term as well as making time invested by professors and students profitable, leaving behind a system like "note-taking" in the classroom. In the present article the infinite possibilities of the use of video in higher education are exposed, as well as the contrasting reaction it is receiving in the university establishment. As a sampling, the acceptance of the use of video among historians and archaeologists from the scientific-university sphere-180 universities from 30 countries-have generated interesting reflections, opinions and debates. Sumario: 1. Introducción. Estado de la cuestión. 2. El vídeo como alternativa a la clase presencial. 3. La vídeo-entrevista: un género con gran proyección académica. 4. Un proyecto de innovación docente en el área de la arqueología. El poder de la imagen en la transferencia académica. 5. ¿Vídeo versus academia? Encuesta a nivel mundial entre historiadores y arqueólogos. 6. Desafíos para el futuro. 7. Conclusiones. 8. Bibliografía. Cómo citar: Casado Rigalt, D. (2018): Un proyecto innovador en arqueología. El uso de material audiovisual como recurso didáctico en la enseñanza universitaria Complutum, 29(2): 427-450. Francis Bacon: "el que no aplique nuevos remedios debe esperar nuevos males, porque el tiempo es el máximo innovador. Saber escoger el tiempo es ahorrar tiempo" 1 El presente artículo ha sido concebido en el marco del grupo de investigación en ciencias sociales tecnológicas (GICSO

A self-tuning image restoration filter based on a simplified version of the Jaffe-McGlamery underwater image formation model is presented. Optimal values of the filter parameters are estimated automatically for each individual image by optimizing a quality criterion based on a global contrast measure. The simplified model is ideally suitable for diffuse-light imaging with limited backscatter, but qualitative tests show good performance in a variety of imaging conditions. In addition, quantitative tests with a large number of frames from six real mission videos indicate a substantial performance improvement when restoration is used as a preprocessor for a classifier detecting man-made objects in unconstrained subsea videos.

The mental health, adaptive behaviour and intellectual abilities of people with Down syndrome (n=129) were evaluated in a population-based survey of social and health care records. Females had better cognitive abilities and speech production compared with males. Males had more behavioural problems than females. Behaviour suggestive of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder was often seen in childhood. Depression was diagnosed mainly in adults with mild to moderate intellectual disability. Autistic behaviour was most common in individuals with profound intellectual disability. Elderly people often showed decline of adaptive behaviour associated with Alzheimer's disease. Case descriptions are presented to illustrate the multitude of mental health and behavioural issues seen from childhood to old age in this population.

This paper presents a new interaction technique for browsing large visual information bases in a collaborative environment. The ATELIER project deals with learning environments for architecture and interaction design students. Since students' attitude is to collect large amounts of data, pictures and videos in particular, an important issue is how to keep information organized according to intuitive criteria has been seriously taken into account. This paper shows how we managed to align different approaches for browsing large image sets and describes the interfaces used to seamlessly switch from one view to another. We also implemented search facilities based both on color layout and on keywords taken from an ontology. Integration was achieved by means of physical handles, i.e., barcodes.

The tremendous success of the iPad has led to a revolution in portable computing. Many universities, high schools, and elementary schools are attempting to capitalize on this revolution by generating curricula that exploit such portable touchscreen computers. One aspect of this effort is the development of interactive textbooks that go beyond the static display of printed words, equations, and figures. Features that distinguish interactive textbooks include: embedded videos that can be viewed with the tap of a finger, picture slideshows, user-controlled simulations, and interactive forms that accept user input and provide immediate feedback. Unfortunately, the skill sets required to generate such books usually do not reside in one person. Professors have the knowledge and skills to produce traditional textbooks, but they usually lack the knowledge, skill, and time to make the interactive elements. Undergraduate and graduate students can be trained to develop the programming skills to develop the interactive elements, but they lack the knowledge and experience to create the traditional aspects of a textbook. This paper describes how a team was formed to produce an interactive textbook, and it documents the features of such a book created for introductory mechanical design students.

This paper addresses current theoretical perspectives on child language development, and their implications for intervention. It is argued that language is a complex system consisting of a number of distinct, interacting, components, and that no single explanation for its development is likely to be adequate: the evidence suggests, rather, that different factors predominate in the development of different parts of the system. Some recent work with deaf children -on the development of sign phonology, and on maternal strategies for presenting signs to their children in context -is then discussed together with its implications for the use of signs with other groups, focusing particularly on the use of signed input with children with Down's syndrome.

The study on the Effect of Video Presentation and Printed Reading Materials on the Pupils’ Comprehension skills was conducted on the pupils of St. Scholastica’s Academy in Bacolod City, Negros Occidental Philippines. This study was only limited to the Four Levels of Comprehension namely: Literal, Inferential, Evaluative, and Appreciative Comprehension. Based on the results of the tests, it showed that there was an increase in scores. The pretest scores of the Experimental Group is 4.53 the Controlled Group is 4.47. The posttest score of both groups is 5.08. Results presented that the Controlled Group has a higher mean difference. The Mean and T-Test: Paired Two Sample for Means were used to interpret the data gathered. Comparing the two values, the T-test shows that the difference of 0.056 between the values is not significant wherein the p-value is equivalent to 0.862.

It was recommended that the administrators must ensure that the educators must be prepared in implementing technology inside the classroom. The teachers must check the current standing of the pupils to determine the strength and weaknesses in comprehension. The parents should let their children explore technology and books; and further studies must focus on the upper level to determine if there are changes on the different grade levels as well determine the factors that affect the student’s learning: motivation, learning style and strategies, learning environment, and classroom pedagogy.

The purpose of this paper is to offer a pedagogical road map for an alternative way to engage students when arriving at the torts portion of the business law or legal environment course. It is designed to encourage utilizing sports cases and sport-related videos when teaching torts which can be effective and energizing. My research demonstrates that the prominence of sports related tort cases and examples are much more apparent in the negligence and intentional tort categories than in products liability or strict liability. More specifically, an effective way to relate the concept of negligence in sports is in the context of flying objects such as foul balls, bats, and hockey pucks. Incorporating intentional torts and sports usually begins with hits after the play, a pitcher intentionally hitting the batter, and the incidents of violence involving participants, fans, referees, coaches and parents. One of the best examples of products liability is the safety debate between using wooden baseball bats in professional baseball and the metal or aluminum bats in college baseball. Strict liability involving ultra-hazardous activities has its place for discussion in sports torts, but the breadth of litigation on the subject is clearly the least common of the four major tort categories rendering it virtually non-existent. Instructors are given hints as to how to engage students with sports torts regardless of their educational generation. Contemporary and classic cases are provided as examples.

This paper explores the feasibility of automated question answering from lecture video materials used in conjunction with PowerPoint slides. Two popular approaches to question answering are discussed, each separately tested on the text extracted from videotaped lectures: 1) the approach based on Natural Language Processing (NLP) and 2) a self-learning probabilistic pattern matching approach. The results of the comparison and our qualitative observations are presented. The advantages and shortcomings of each approach are discussed in the context of video applications for e-learning or knowledge management.

Deep learning has been successfully applied to solve various complex problems ranging from big data analytics to computer vision and human-level control. Deep learning advances however have also been employed to create software that can cause threats to privacy, democracy and national security. One of those deep learning-powered applications recently emerged is "deepfake". Deepfake algorithms can create fake images and videos that humans cannot distinguish them from authentic ones. The proposal of technologies that can automatically detect and assess the integrity of digital visual media is therefore indispensable. This paper presents a survey of algorithms used to create deepfakes and, more importantly, methods proposed to detect deepfakes in the literature to date. We present extensive discussions on challenges, research trends and directions related to deepfake technologies. By reviewing the background of deepfakes and state-of-the-art deepfake detection methods, this study provides a comprehensive overview of deepfake techniques and facilitates the development of new and more robust methods to deal with the increasingly challenging deepfakes.

Se puede considerar como recurso didáctico todo tipo de medio que facilita las tareas de enseñanza-aprendizaje y, en términos generales, el desarrollo del proceso didáctico globalmente considerado. A partir de esta conceptualización tan amplia podía procederse a realizar distintas clasificaciones de medios. Una de las que presentan mayor aceptación contiene cuatro categorías:

VidMate is a fast online HD video downloader app for Android. VidMate app allows to download install apps, watch movies, listen songs in high quality, browse hundreds of video sites like Facebook, YouTube, DailyMotion, Vimeo and many other sites. VidMate allows the users to convert the videos files into audio file. VidMate allows to download from more than 200 platforms.

Seeking for knowledge is one of the most important problems that learners frequently face during their learning process. In this research, a computer supported collaboration learning in ubiquitous computing environment is designed and implemented. This environment is called Perkam (personalized knowledge awareness map). Perkam allows the learners to seek for and share knowledge, interact, collaborate, and exchange individual experiences. This system recommends the appropriate educational materials and peer helpers. The knowledge awareness map visualizes the relative distance between the learner's request and location from one side, and the suggested educational materials and peer helpers from the other side. This paper focuses on the design and the implementation of the knowledge awareness map which is personalized according to the learner's interest and location

Nella presente tesi viene approfondito l'uso dei video come strumento di comunicazione dell'archeologia. Lo studio teorico ha poi trovato applicazione pratica nella produzione del documentario "Nora, il racconto dell'archeologo" e di alcuni brevi video divulgativi diffusi sui canali social del progetto Nora.

This study tried to answer the following: What are the mean scores of the experimental group and control group in the pretest in terms of HOTS: application, analysis, synthesis and evaluation? Is there a significant difference between the mean scores of the two groups in the specified HOTS? What are the mean scores of two (2) groups in the posttest in terms of HOTS: application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation? Is there a significant difference between the mean scores of both groups in the specified HOTS? What is the percentage gain in terms of HOTS based on the results of the pre and posttest in the experimental/control groups? What is the level of proficiency of both groups in terms of the mean scores in the posttest on the given skills? It utilized quasi-experimental, mean, percentage, standard deviation, and T-test for independent sample means. The following were drawn: Students performed better in analysis, synthesis, and evaluation levels even before the use of videos based on the pretest .The experimental and control groups had the same posttest performance in the application and synthesis levels. But, the experimental group performed better at the analysis and evaluation levels. Students in the control group had a greater percentage gain at the analysis and synthesis levels based on pre and posttest results. The level of proficiency of both groups in the application, analysis, and synthesis skills was average in the evaluation skill for the experimental group. Instructions using both the traditional approach and using videos developed the students' HOTS.

Questa tesi continua e amplia il mio progetto di tirocinio “PLaNK! in pillole” basato sulla realizzazione di video divulgativi con la tecnica dello stop motion, già diffusi online attraverso i social media. Per ampliare il progetto iniziale, mi propongo di rendere uno di questi video interattivo e integrabile con documenti e prove di verifica ed esplorarne le possibili applicazioni in didattica e l’interesse dei docenti per questo prodotto, attraverso la somministrazione di un questionario online.  Dopo la discussione i materiali realizzati saranno messi a disposizione dei docenti attraverso un blog dedicato.

The aim of the study is to find out whether multimodal instruction is an effective strategy to develop the students’ retention skills on the important concepts of Science. The multimodal instructional materials used in the study were slide presentations, videos, and interactive games. The respondents of this study were the 113 Grade 7 students of Pinalubngan National High School, Pinalubngan, Tayasan, Negros Oriental. This study made use of descriptive and experimental methods with a validated instrument. The study revealed the following findings: (1) the pretest results of the three groups did not meet the expectation of having developed the required knowledge and skills to aid understanding of the science concepts taught; (2) the post test results of the same groups revealed that there was an increase of students’ performance; (3) a significant difference occurred between the pretest and post test results of the students , however a big difference of the ratings can be observed on the groups using slide presentation and the other group using videos. The data revealed that presentations and videos are more effective compared to the interactive games specified in this study.

A need exists to facilitate social as well as communal constructivism while fostering self-directed learning in language classrooms at university level. In this regard, videos can be used as a means to motivate students to critically interact with content and to engage collaboratively with new technologies. Furthermore, it is important to consider the duration of videos and as such, short instructional videos were employed for this study. This research reports on how student teachers perceived the creation and use of short instructional videos as multimodal open educational resources in an Afrikaans language classroom at university level. Short instructional videos (as a form of microlearning) boast many advantages that correspond with literature and the perceptions of students. In this article, a qualitative research approach was followed, which involved reflections by the participants submitted by means of a questionnaire with closed and open-ended questions. From this analysis, the following themes were identified: Challenges encountered by students, advantages of using short instructional videos, aspects enjoyed about creating the short instructional videos, and affordances of creating short instructional videos. From the analysis, it was clear that students are positive about the production and use of videos. It was also evident that variables, such as social interaction , knowledge of multimodalities, technical ability, device limitations and the topic of videos, all influence the nature of short videos in this context and that support in classes is necessary in this regard.

Zydeco is a mobile and web based system that allows students to collect and annotate multi-modal data. With the support of Zydeco, students are expected to connect their learning experiences across different learning settings. In this case study, we shadowed four 7th grade students with different achievement levels from a science class and observed how they utilized Zydeco in a science center. We analyzed their data collected with Zydeco and their final project posters to explain how students connect learning experiences in nomadic inquiry.

Institute of Technology has been active in academic collaboration with Asian countries, and we opened our overseas offices in Bangkok, Manila, and Beijing, in 2002, 2005, and 2006, respectively. International distance education has also been conducted since 2002. Backed up with those experiences, in 2007 we started a new graduate program allied with National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA) and Thai universities. The program is called Thailand Advance Institute of Science and Technology (TAIST)-Tokyo Tech. TAIST will serve as a virtual institution and focal point. NSTDA provides researchers to act as adjunct professors, research projects and scholarships for graduate students. Thai universities provide an academic framework, academic staff to oversee and guide students and degrees for the successful candidates. Currently two master programs are running; Automotive Engineering (AE) and Information and Communication Technology for Embedded Systems (ICTES). Tokyo Tech is responsible for most of its coursework. To get rid of long travel between Tokyo and Bangkok (separated by 4,600km), distance education is effectively utilized. In the ICTES program, 7 lecture courses out of 18 are entirely taught from Tokyo, and some others combine distance education. All the course materials are uploaded on the e-learning site, where lecture videos are also available for some courses. TAIST-Tokyo Tech is expected to initiate the start of a positive spiral of human resource development system in Asian region. TAIST-Tokyo Tech aims to harmonize advanced technology with the environment and to realize research and human resource development for global sustainable development. Operations of this graduate program and distance education activities are introduced.

This article tackles a well-known but little-studied phenomenon: the importance of Holocaust themes to heavy metal. The fascination of metal bands with evil and death has until recently been met outside the scene with such reactions as moral panic, disgust or indifference. In the last ten years, however, scholars in an emerging discourse of Metal Studies have attempted to engage more critically with the social and musical dimensions of metal, in order to contextualise and understand its lyrics and imagery. Although a number of writers have touched upon the recurrence of Holocaust imagery, no one has dealt at any length with extreme metal as a form of Holocaust memory. My article focuses on what might be called the founding text of extreme metal, Slayer’s ‘Angel of Death’, which lived up to the sub-genre’s name by pushing both its musical form and its lyrical content beyond previously maintained limits and taboos. It considers the song’s mobilisation of affective intensities as involving problematic politics, but also a challenge to conceptions of Holocaust representation. I consider how affects are evoked by ‘Angel of Death’ through offering readings of the song itself as well as of ways that its reception have been recorded on social media, in concert videos, and reaction videos uploaded to YouTube.

This article reports on the effectiveness of an intervention programme designed to improve the morpho-syntax used by teenagers with Down's syndrome in their speech. The intervention used reading to teach the language. All but one of the teenagers were using longer, more complex sentences, in their conversation at the end of the year's training. The extent of individual progress was significantly related to speech production ability and comprehension of grammar at the end of the year. Future language intervention programmes should focus on both phonology and grammar.

The lack of physical contact between products and consumer represents a key characteristic of online environments that can influence consumer's purchase behavior. In an effort to offer a close experience with the product, websites usually present vivid information in order to convince consumers about the goodness of their products. Vivid information is likely to prompt different aspects of the purchase process, like reduced feelings of uncertainty or a higher need for physical information. The goal of this research is twofold: first, we analyze how the presence and type of vivid information, in the form of product presentation videos (PPVs), affects consumers' attitudes and purchase intentions toward the product. Furthermore, we examine how the perceived ease of imagining the product evoked by vivid information mediates these effects. Second, we propose that individual differences , related to the consumer's need of touching products, determine the impact of vivid information on the preferences toward the purchase channel (online or offline). The results of an experiment, which manipulated the presence and the style of PPVs, support the importance of vivid information in order to favor consumers' attitudes and purchase intentions, as well as to influence the relative preference for the purchase channel. Additionally, message and consumer characteristics are found as important factors that affect these relationships.

Degradation of network performance during video transmission may lead to disturbing visual artifacts. Some packets might be lost, corrupted or delayed, making it impossible to properly decode the video data on time at the receiver. The quality of the error-concealment technique, as well as the spatial and temporal position of the artifacts have a large impact on the perceived quality after decoding. In this paper, we use the spatial scalability feature of Scalable Video Coding (SVC) for error-concealment. This enables the transmission of a lower resolution video with a higher robustness, for example using unequal error protection. Under the assumption that only the higher resolution video would be affected, we evaluated the visual impact of packet losses in a large scale subjective video quality experiment using the Absolute Category Rating method. The number of impairments, the duration, and the interval between impairments as well the quality of the encoded lower resolution video are varied in a systematic evaluation. This allows for analyzing the influence of each factor both independently and jointly.

Research in the area of phonological awareness has mainly focused on the nature of the relationship between reading ability and awareness of phonemes. However, a recent study of phonological awareness in children with Down syndrome questioned the existence of any necessary relationship . This paper describes a study of phonological awareness in children with Down syndrome with varying levels of reading ability. The sample consisted of 10 male and 7 female children with Down syndrome (aged 9 years 2 months to 14 years 5 months). All children received a battery of tests which consisted of assessments of: 1) phonological awareness, 2) reading and spelling competence, 3) non-word reading and spelling ability, and 4) non-verbal measures. Children with Down syndrome demonstrated measurable levels of phonological awareness. Signifi cant positive correlations were found between phonological awareness and: reading and spelling competence, ability to spell non-words and non-verbal measures.

Infants and young children with Down syndrome can be engaging and affectionate. It seems that in the early months of life their personal relations may be relatively 'spared' the effects of limitations in their capacities for information-processing. Yet how far is this the case as development proceeds? In this paper we discuss some ways in which social and cognitive development interact and mutually influence one another over the first year or so of life, and present preliminary findings from a longitudinal study of infants with and without Down syndrome. The evidence suggests that the development of 'triadic' (person-person-world) social interactions may be affected by limited information-processing capacities in infants with Down syndrome, through a complex socially-mediated developmental trajectory.