Reunion

Contemporary literatures of the Caribbean, the Indian Ocean and Oceania, littérature contemporaine, littératures contemporaines, littératures francophone, francophone literature, Caribbean, Indian Ocean, Oceania, Océnie, océan Indien, Caraïbes, Caraïbe, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Réunion, La Réunion, Reunion, Maurice, Mauritius, Polynésie française, French Polynesia, Tahiti, Wallis and Futuna, Wallis et Futuna, Vanuatu, poésie francophone, poésie océanienne, littérature océanienne, littérature polynésienne, identité, identity, interview, interviews, entretien, entretiens

Gerty Dambury (Guadeloupe), Suzanne Dracius (Martinique), Jean-Louis Robert (Réunion), Jean-François Samlong (Réunion), Umar Timol (Maurice), Khal Torabully (Maurice), Stéphanie Ari’irau Richard-Vivi (Polynésie fran¸çaise), Flora Devatine (Polynésie française), Vaimu’a Muliava (Wallis et Futuna), Chantal Spitz (Polynésie française), Paul Tavo  (Vanuatu)

This thesis examines constructions of cultural identity in two geographically close but socioculturally distinct Indian Ocean islands: Réunion (a French overseas département) and Mauritius (independent from Britain since 1968). Neither island has an indigenous, pre-colonial population; the respective societies have thus formed through successive waves of immigration, including the importation of slaves and indentured workers from Madagascar, Africa, and Asia. These numerous waves of immigration over the course of the islands’ histories have resulted in extremely ethnically diverse populations, on both a communal and individual level.  Given that constructions of Mauritian and Réunionese identities therefore have no recourse to indigenous ‘authenticity’, and that deportation and displacement remain salient themes in the popular imaginaries, identity in these contexts is by no means a straightforward issue.
Due to fundamental political, economic, societal, cultural, religious, and linguistic differences, modern-day Réunion and Mauritius seem to have come to represent two opposing models of hybrid postcolonial societies. These contextual contrasts have also led to very different understandings of selfhood and community, which necessarily affect attitudes towards identitarian construction. However, whilst the specificities of both contexts are acknowledged here, this study aims to provide a productive comparison of identitarian construction in Réunion and Mauritius  which also recognises similarities and commonalities where appropriate. In particular, the analysis examines an identitarian tendency common to both islands: namely, the process of looking beyond the island, or ‘elsewhere’, for meaningful identitarian markers. In what follows, this tendency will be investigated from a theoretical, socio-political, and cultural perspective. Working from the resultant analysis of socio-political phenomena and popular music, this study seeks to provide an academic account of these seemingly paradoxical processes of identification as experienced in the Réunionese and Mauritian contexts.

Scenes involving weeping in biblical and Homeric literature can be corre­lated with each other and with modem scientific studies of weeping. Seen through the lens of attachment theory, weeping expresses a need for relationship and caregiving arising from pain or sorrow. But so-called tears of joy shed at moments of emotional reunion appear at first not to fit with this understanding. On closer examination, however, moments o f reunion involve emotional memories of loss, grief, and help­lessness. Consequently, tears shed at reunions appear consistent with an attachment-theoretical perspective on weeping. The present article applies this modem scientific understanding of tears of reunion to an analysis o f the motif o f weeping as deployed in recognition scenes in Genesis and the Odyssey. The two literatures show striking correspondences in their use o f the motif o f weeping in scenes o f recognition that tend to confirm an attachment-theoretical perspective on weeping and its utility in textual analysis. Indeed, the Homeric literature often explicitly identifies the emotional pain present in recognition scenes. The two corpora also evince significant and illuminating differences, particularly in the level o f narrative detail and emotional language.

Le réunionnais, langue créole de l'océan indien, aurait-il pu contribuer au développement du tayo, langue créole parlée par les Kanak de Saint-Louis ? Afin de répondre à cette question, Karin Speedy expose un épisode de l'histoire calédonienne encore méconnu, celui de l'arrivée et de l'implantation des réunionnais et de leurs engagés en Nouvelle-Calédonie au dix-neuvième siècle. Elle montre l'influence des réunionnais sur la vie économique, sociale, culturelle, administrative et économique de la Nouvelle-Calédonie.

Is it possible that Réunionnais, an Indian Ocean Creole language, had an input into the formation of Tayo, the creole language spoken by the Kanaks of Saint-Louis? In order to answer this question, subject of some theoretical debate in Creole Studies, Karin Speedy describes a little-known chapter of New Caledonian history – the arrival and settlement of immigrants and indentured workers from Reunion Island in New Caledonia in the nineteenth century. Drawing on both historical and linguistic data, she demonstrates the influence the Réunionnais immigrants had on economic, social, cultural, administrative and linguistic life in the colony at the time Tayo was developing.

Laboratoire de recherche sur les espaces créoles et francophones -EA 4549 Université de la Réunion -15, avenue René Cassin -97715 Saint-Denis messag cedex 9 Tél : 02 62 93 85 70 -Fax : 02 62 93 85 73 -Site : <www.lcf-reunion.fr> UNIVERSITE de LA REUNION MASTER « Lettres, Sciences Humaines et Sociales » Mention « Langues, Cultures et Communications » LES JEUNES MAHORAIS et COMORIENS de LA REUNION STRATEGIES D'ADAPTATION et MOYENS DE COMMUNICATION MEMOIRE DE MASTER 2 En Sciences de l'Information et de la Communication Présenté par M. Jean KRAEMER Sous la direction de M. Michel WATIN Professeur des Universités Laboratoire LCF-EA 4549 Année universitaire 2011-2012 Les jeunes mahorais et comoriens à la Réunion : Stratégies d'adaptation et moyens de communication 2 Ce travail de recherche est dédié A tous les déracinés, à tous les enracinés :

Marine debris, caused by anthropogenic pollution, is a major problem impacting marine wildlife worldwide. This study documents and quantifies the ingestion and defecation of debris by 74 loggerhead sea turtles, Caretta caretta, in the South-West Indian Ocean. Debris was found in 51.4% of gut or fecal samples of loggerheads by-catch from Reunion Island long liners. Anthropogenic debris was ubiquitous in our samples with plastics accounting for 96.2% of the total debris collected. No significant relationship was detected between the characteristics of ingested debris and the biometric characteristics of loggerheads. The number, weight, volume and mean length of debris were higher in gut content of deceased loggerheads than in fecal samples of live turtles, but not significantly, except for the mean length. This is the first record of debris ingestion by sea turtles in the Indian Ocean and our results highlight the magnitude of this pollution of the marine environment.

Even though early works about Creole languages in the late 19th century frequently follow the patterns of the predominant racist discourse in contemporary philology, the texts by Volcy Focard from La Réunion are remarkable exceptions: his analysis of the emergence and structure of the local Creole language are based upon sociohistorical rather than biological explanations, avoiding the widespread idea of alleged racial differences. His article "Les origines du patois de l'île Bourbon" and his correspondence with Hugo Schuchardt display a notion of language which is both very classical and very progressive. Focard focuses on the lexicon and written language less than on spoken grammar while at the same time putting forward sociolectal variation as the most interesting field for linguistic research.

Dans les universités comme dans les médias la francophonie connaît un succès croissant fait de nouveaux cursus et de collections littéraires diverses. Des espaces aussi variés que le Québec et Tahiti se découvrent parents francophones car locuteurs d’une même langue. A l’intérieur de la famille francophone, il faut pourtant bien distinguer des divergences nées de l’Histoire ; ne peut-on pas ainsi regrouper de façon plus précise et plus pertinente les îles à sucre de l’ancien empire français qui partagent l’héritage de sociétés créolophones et francophones de plantation ?
En effet, certains auteurs estiment que le cadre de la francophonie est parfois restrictif voire étranger à leurs aspirations culturelles car il négligerait les apports non francophones. Il paraît donc important d’étudier également les alternatives proposées dans les départements français de l’Océan Indien et des Antilles françaises.
Le statut du créole et du français et l’importance accordée à l’une comme à l’autre langue est à cet égard révélateur, la francophonie se définissant comme une famille culturelle née d’unrapport partagé à la langue française. Ce rapprochement semble d’autant plus fructueux que l’auteur réunionnais Axel Gauvin s’est joint à l’écrivain martiniquais Raphaël Confiant dans la défense de la langue créole face à la suprématie du français dans les îles. Doit-on en déduire un rapport identique à la francophonie ?
Les œuvres littéraires illustrent des approches différentes : les écrivains de l’Océan Indien, Axel Gauvin en particulier, approchent la question identitaire d’une façon plus individuelle, conciliant créolité et une certaine francophonie universelle, non parisienne, qui se traduit par une description psychologique plus importante des personnages, tandis que bon nombre d’écrivains martiniquais comme Raphael Confiant s’intéressent plus à la défense du créole comme langue authentique d’un milieu populaire en opposition au français : la politisation de l’œuvre littéraire entraîne dans ce cas un rapport conflictuel avec la métropole et ses institutions et la création d’une francophonie d’opposition, se plaçant sous le signe d’une régionalisation linguistique et culturelle.

The analysis that follows examines how religious citizenship evolved during the twelve years of Reconstruction (1865-1877) in the United States that followed Lincoln's injunction to his fellow Americans to act in the years ahead "with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right." The essay begins by tracing some of the divergences between postwar religious assumptions in the North and South to attitudes honed during the conflict. It takes as symbols of the contrasting views two of the opposing generals at the Battle of Chancellorsville in 1862, Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson, the early avatar of the religion of the lost cause in the South, and Oliver Otis Howard, the future head of the Freedmen's Bureau. It then deals with how Americans made peace with the dead -- at least 620,000 of them, or two percent of the nation's population -- in ways that included Horace Bushnell's theology of vicarious sacrifice, resurgent spiritualism, and the annihilation of pain and suffering in Mary Baker Eddy's Science and Health (1875). It concludes with the religious impulse to make peace with the living through reuniting the national family. However, this compassionate religious citizenship too often offered only a blinkered definition of family, for reconciliation with the white prodigal sons of the South typically entailed abandoning the newly admitted African American members of the national family.

The relative attractiveness of six commercially available protein hydrolysates and the inßuence of their concentration were evaluated in Þeld cages by a release-capture method of lab-reared melon ßy adults, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett). Buminal, Corn Steepwater, Hym-Lure, Pinnacle, Nulure, and SolBait were tested for both sexes of the melon ßy. The tested products exhibited clear differences in attractiveness. SolBait was the most effective protein hydrolysate. Pinnacle and Corn Steepwater also gave promising results. A general tendency for an increase in effectiveness with increasing concentration within the range 0.5 to 10% was shown. This study will allow pest control practitioners to choose more effective attractants for use in bait sprays to control the melon ßy thus reducing the intensive use of insecticides currently practiced in Reunion island and enabling the development of Integrated pest management (IPM) methods for cucurbit crops.

Abstract The main objective of this study was to compare the trapping efficiency of two Alsynite sticky traps (modified Williams and modified Broce) and two phtalogen blue cloth traps (Vavoua and Nzi) to be used in an integrated control programme of Stomoxys spp. (Diptera: Muscidae) on Reunion Island. Mean daily catches of these flies on two dairy farms differed significantly between the four types of trap. The Broce trap was the least efficient and had the lowest specificity for Stomoxys spp. The Vavoua, Nzi and Williams traps performed significantly better but could not be ranked on the basis of the numbers of Stomoxys caught because their respective performances differed between farms. Given the various practical criteria, it is concluded that, as control tools, blue cloth traps (Vavoua and Nzi) have practical advantages over the Williams trap. The Vavoua trap, which is less expensive and easier to use for farmers, seems adequate to complement other methods of fly control on Reunion Island.

South American fur seals breeding in Peru are subjected to levels of maternal aggression, and subsequent pup mortality, that are higher than has been reported for any other otariid species. For mothers and pups to maintain contact with each other, a mutual recognition system should exist to facilitate reunion and avoid misdirection of maternal effort. We recorded vocalizations of mothers and pups at Punta San Juan, Peru, during the 1994 and 1995 breeding seasons. Sixteen acoustic variables were measured from a total of 560 calls from 15 mothers and 13 pups. Multivariate analysis showed that calls were variable in several acoustic dimensions. While calls of both mothers and pups showed low variability within and high variability among individuals, mothers' calls were more individualistic. On average, discriminant-function analysis correctly assigned 60% of pup calls and 70% of mother calls to the individual that produced them. Characteristics of the fundamental frequency were most important for distinguishing among mothers, while pup calls, which typically contained less harmonic structure, could be differentiated by formant-like frequency ranges. Thus, calls of mother and pup South American fur seals appear to exhibit sufficient stereotypy to allow for recognition and discrimination among individuals.

Resistance to insecticides was monitored on Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus mosquitoes collected in twelve localities of La Réunion, a geographically isolated island of the Indian Ocean. This mosquito is of medical concern in the region as a known vector for filariasis and a potential vector for West Nile and Rift Valley Fever viruses. Our bioassays indicated the presence of resistance to all tested insecticides, i.e. organochlorides, organophosphates and pyrethroids. A molecular investigation revealed a higher frequency of resistance genes in the coastal areas compared to elevated rural sites, probably reflecting the different nature of insecticide pressures together with the genetic cost of resistance alleles. A simple molecular test was developed to detect Rdl R allele, encoding a g-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor resistant to dieldrin.

Reçu le 13 juillet 2007 ; accepté le 21 janvier 2008 Disponible sur Internet le 18 avril 2008 Résumé Objectifs. -Décrire l'incidence de l'infection bactérienne néonatale précoce (IBNP) dans le Sud-Réunion ; étudier l'application des critères de l'Anaes 2002. Patients et méthodes. -Analyse des données consécutives, recueillies du 1 er janvier 2001 au 31 décembre 2004 pour toutes les naissances vivantes du groupe hospitalier Sud-Réunion.

The objective of this study is to investigate the potential of TerraSAR-X (X-band) in monitoring sugarcane growth on Reunion Island (located in the Indian Ocean). Multi-temporal TerraSAR data acquired at various incidence angles (17°, 31°, 37°, 47°, 58°) and polarizations (HH, HV, VV) were analyzed in order to study the behaviour of SAR (synthetic aperture radar) signal as a function of sugarcane height and NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index). The potential of TerraSAR for mapping the sugarcane harvest was also studied. Radar signal increased quickly with crop height until a threshold height, which depended on polarization and incidence angle. Beyond this threshold, the signal increased only slightly, remained constant, or even decreased. The threshold height is slightly higher with cross polarization and higher incidence angles (47° in comparison with 17° and 31°). Results also showed that the co-polarizations channels (HH and VV) were well correlated. High correlation between SAR signal and NDVI calculated from SPOT-4/5 images was observed. TerraSAR data showed that after strong rains the soil contribution to the backscattering of sugarcane fields can be important for canes with heights of terminal visible dewlap (htvd) less than 50 cm (total cane heights around 155 cm). This increase in radar signal after strong rains could involve an ambiguity between young and mature canes. Indeed, the radar signal on TerraSAR images acquired in wet soil conditions could be of the same order for fields recently harvested and mature sugarcane fields, making difficult the detection of cuts. Finally, TerraSAR data at high spatial resolution were shown to be useful for monitoring sugarcane harvest when the fields are of small size

Background: The development of the sterile insect technique (SIT) for reducing populations of Aedes albopictus (Skuse), (the vector of Chikungunya and Dengue fever), was studied in Reunion Island. For some mosquito species the sterilization process and mating activity may alter male survival. Most previous studies were carried out in the laboratory and may inadequately reflect the field situation. We conducted a semi-field experiment to evaluate the impact of sugar supply and mating activity under natural climatic conditions on wild and sterile male Ae. albopictus longevity, using large cages set up in an open clearing between trees and shrubs in Reunion Island. Results: Wild males had a mean longevity of 15.5 days in the absence of females and with an immediate sugar supply; longevity in sterile males was similar. The presence of females greatly reduced both wild and especially sterile male lifespan; however, an immediate sugar supply could counteract this effect and allow sterile males to live an average of 11.6 days. Conclusion: The outcomes indicate that sugar feeding could compensate for sterilization-induced damage, and that mating activity is not deleterious for well-fed males. This study stresses the critical importance of providing suitable sugar sources prior to release during SIT programmes.

Reunion Island is a French territory located in the western Indian Ocean. The genetic pattern of the Reunionese population has been shaped by contributions from highly contrasting regions of the world. Over the last 350 years, several migration waves and cultural and socio-economic factors have led to the emergence of six main ethnic groups in Reunion. India is one of the principal regions that contributed to the setting up of the Reunionese population. Diversity, demographic and admixture analyses were performed on mtDNA variation of the Reunionese of Indian ancestry, including the Malbar and Zarab ethnic groups, in order to question their history. Using a phylogeographical approach, we generated and analysed quantitative data on the contribution of the Indian parental populations. Furthermore, we showed that the settlement of Reunion Island by Indians did not involve a founder effect, except in the very beginning of the Reunionese settlement (at the end of the 17 th century). The accuracy of our results was optimised by a re-evaluation of the classification of the Southern Asian mtDNA haplogroups. Finally, by comparing our results to a previous study dealing with the Reunionese population, we highlighted how ethno-historical data are critical for reconstructing the complex history of multiethnic populations.

Background: First described in humans in 1964, reports of co-infections with dengue (DENV) and chikungunya (CHIKV) viruses are increasing, particularly after the emergence of chikungunya (CHIK) in the Indian Ocean in 2005-2006 due to a new variant highly transmitted by Aedes albopictus. In this geographic area, a dengue (DEN) outbreak transmitted by Ae. albopictus took place shortly before the emergence of CHIK and co-infections were reported in patients. A co-infection in humans can occur following the bite of two mosquitoes infected with one virus or to the bite of a mosquito infected with two viruses. Co-infections in mosquitoes have never been demonstrated in the field or in the laboratory. Thus, we question about the ability of a mosquito to deliver infectious particles of two different viruses through the female saliva.

Several of the EU Member States possess overseas territories lying thousands of kilometres away from Brussels. The application of EU law in such areas can very much differ from the way how this law functions on the European continent. Focusing on the detailed analysis of all the main exceptional statuses enjoyed by the overseas territories of the Member States vis-à-vis the European Union, this article provides an essential outline of the procedural and substantive aspects of the application of European law overseas, drawing on the examples provided by application of European law to the British, Danish, Dutch, Finnish, French, Portuguese and Spanish special territories. Profoundly updating an earlier article which appeared in this Journal before the entry of the Treaty of Lisbon into force and a deep reform of the Dutch and French overseas (Vol. 17, 2008–2009), this contribution contains a brief overview of the key aspects of the field of EU law of the Overseas.

Actinomycetes, one of the major communities of the microbial population present in soil, can also be found inhabiting a wide diversity of ecological sources. We have explored the use of lichens as an alternative source for the isolation of novel actinomycetes. Lichens are symbiotic mixtures of fungi, green algae and/or cyanobacteria and whereas these symbiotic components have been extensively described, the microbial community inhabiting this niche has not been well characterized. We studied the diversity of the actinomycete population isolated from lichens collected in tropical areas from the Hawaii and Reunion islands and in cold areas from Alaska. The diversity of the microbial population was evaluated using fatty acid analysis and molecular fingerprinting. A PCR approach to screen the isolates for genes associated with secondary metabolite production was applied to evaluate the biosynthetic potential of these strains; profiles obtained for each isolate were compared to the antimicrobial activity exhibited by these isolates in laboratory conditions. Our results demonstrate that lichens represent an extremely rich reservoir for the isolation of a wide diversity of actinomycetes many of them representing still today a rich untapped source of secondary metabolites.

Mayotte and La Reunion islands are currently free of animal rabies and surveillance is performed by the French Human and Veterinary Public Health Services. However, dog rabies is still enzootic in Madagascar with 4 to 10 confirmed human cases each year. The number of antirabies medical centres in Madagascar is still scarce to provide easy access to the local population for post-exposure rabies prophylaxis. Furthermore, stray dog populations are considerable and attempts to control rabies by mass campaigns of dog vaccination have not received sufficient attention from the national health authorities. To address these challenges, an expanded program to control rabies needs to be initiated by the Malagasy authorities.

The objective of this study is to investigate the potential of TerraSAR-X (X-band) in monitoring sugarcane growth on Reunion Island (located in the Indian Ocean). Multi-temporal TerraSAR data acquired at various incidence angles (17°, 31°, 37°, 47°, 58°) and polarizations (HH, HV, VV) were analyzed in order to study the behaviour of SAR (synthetic aperture radar) signal as a function of sugarcane height and NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index). The potential of TerraSAR for mapping the sugarcane harvest was also studied. Radar signal increased quickly with crop height until a threshold height, which depended on polarization and incidence angle. Beyond this threshold, the signal increased only slightly, remained constant, or even decreased. The threshold height is slightly higher with cross polarization and higher incidence angles (47° in comparison with 17° and 31°). Results also showed that the co-polarizations channels (HH and VV) were well correlated. High correlation between SAR signal and NDVI calculated from SPOT-4/5 images was observed. TerraSAR data showed that after strong rains the soil contribution to the backscattering of sugarcane fields can be important for canes with heights of terminal visible dewlap (htvd) less than 50 cm (total cane heights around 155 cm). This increase in radar signal after strong rains could involve an ambiguity between young and mature canes. Indeed, the radar signal on TerraSAR images acquired in wet soil conditions could be of the same order for fields recently harvested and mature sugarcane fields, making difficult the detection of cuts. Finally, TerraSAR data at high spatial resolution were shown to be useful for monitoring sugarcane harvest when the fields are of small size

Reçu le 13 juillet 2007 ; accepté le 21 janvier 2008 Disponible sur Internet le 18 avril 2008 Résumé Objectifs. -Décrire l'incidence de l'infection bactérienne néonatale précoce (IBNP) dans le Sud-Réunion ; étudier l'application des critères de l'Anaes 2002. Patients et méthodes. -Analyse des données consécutives, recueillies du 1 er janvier 2001 au 31 décembre 2004 pour toutes les naissances vivantes du groupe hospitalier Sud-Réunion.

Brown dog ticks are distributed world-wide, and their systematics and phylogeny are the subject of an ongoing debate. The present study evaluates the reproductive compatibility between Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks from North America, Israel, and Africa. Female ticks of the parent generation were mated with males from the same and alternate colonies. Every pure and hybrid cohort was maintained separately into the F2 generation with F1 females being allowed to mate only with males from the same cohort. The following survival parameters were measured and recorded for every developmental stage: feeding duration and success; engorgement weight, fertility, and fecundity of females; molting and hatching success. Ticks from North American and Mediterranean populations hybridized successfully. The survival parameters of all their hybrid lines were similar to those in pure lines throughout the F1 generation, and F1 adults were fully fertile. Parent adult ticks from the African population hybridized with either North American or Mediterranean ticks and produced viable progenies whose survival parameters were also similar to those in pure lines throughout the F1 generation. However, F1 adults in the four hybrid lines that included African ancestry were infertile. No parthenogenesis was observed in any pure or hybrid lines as proportion of males in F1 generation ranged from 40 to 60 %. Phylogenetic analysis of the 12S rDNA gene sequences placed African ticks into a separate clade from those of the North American or Mediterranean origins. Our results demonstrate that Rh. sanguineus ticks from North America and Israel represent the same species, whereas the African population used in this study is significantly distant and probably represents a different taxon.

Arctomia borbonica sp. nov. is described as new for science from montane natural and secondary habitats in Reunion in the Mascarene archipelago (Indian Ocean). It has a sterile, foliose, usually wrinkled, thallus whose margins produce goniocysts that disintegrate into a soredioid margin; it looks like a Leptogium species. Its phylogenetic position in the Arctomiaceae (Ostropomycetidae, Ascomycota) has been determined with 3 genes (nuLSU, mtSSU, RPB1) inferences.

We still have the same kinds of feelings as our ancestors who lived many thousands of years ago: love, hate, rage, despair, endurance, hope, anxiety, forbearance, loyalty, betrayal, and so forth…….That is why old books of science and technology are useless to us except as curiosities or material for histories of science and technology whereas great literature (fiction, poetry) and great art (painting, sculpture) and even great philosophy and ethics survive the ages.

Objectives: This study compares the prevalence and perinatal mortality of congenital heart defects on La Réunion with European (EUROCAT) standards. Methods and results: Data were extracted from a EUROCAT-affiliated congenital malformations registry, covering 88,025 births during the period 2002-2007, on the whole island territory. A total of 512 congenital heart defects were registered, including 424 live births, 18 foetal deaths from 16 weeks of gestation, and 70 terminations of pregnancy. The total prevalence of congenital heart defects was 5.8 per 1000 births and live birth prevalence was 4.8 per 1000. The total prevalence of non-chromosomal congenital heart defects was 5.1 per 1000 births, of which 3% were perinatal deaths, 33.3% prenatally diagnosed, and 11.6% termination of pregnancy. Severe non-chromosomal congenital heart defects -excluding ventricular septal defects, atrial septal defects, and pulmonary valve stenosis -occurred in 2.1 per 1000 births, of which 10.3% were perinatal deaths, 59.1% prenatally diagnosed, and 24.3% termination of pregnancy. Of the severe congenital heart defects, the rates of single ventricle (0.20%), Ebstein anomaly (0.11%), common arterial trunk (0.25%), and atrioventricular septal defect (0.62%) exceeded averages found in Europe, although coarctation of the aorta was infrequent. Conversely, rates of ventricular septal defects, atrial septal defects, and pulmonary valve stenosis were inferior to European standards. Slightly less than half of the congenital heart defects of chromosomal origin were associated with Down syndrome. Conclusion: In La Réunion, the total prevalence of congenital heart defects is far inferior to that found in Europe. The difference can be attributable to lower prevalences of mild congenital heart defects.

Reunion Island is a French territory located in the western Indian Ocean. The genetic pattern of the Reunionese population has been shaped by contributions from highly contrasting regions of the world. Over the last 350 years, several migration waves and cultural and socio-economic factors have led to the emergence of six main ethnic groups in Reunion. India is one of the principal regions that contributed to the setting up of the Reunionese population. Diversity, demographic and admixture analyses were performed on mtDNA variation of the Reunionese of Indian ancestry, including the Malbar and Zarab ethnic groups, in order to question their history. Using a phylogeographical approach, we generated and analysed quantitative data on the contribution of the Indian parental populations. Furthermore, we showed that the settlement of Reunion Island by Indians did not involve a founder effect, except in the very beginning of the Reunionese settlement (at the end of the 17th century). The accuracy of our results was optimised by a re-evaluation of the classification of the Southern Asian mtDNA haplogroups. Finally, by comparing our results to a previous study dealing with the Reunionese population, we highlighted how ethno-historical data are critical for reconstructing the complex history of multiethnic populations.

Este artigo propõe um estudo comparativo entre os contos A terceira margem do rio, de João Guimarães Rosa, e Nas águas do tempo, de Mia Couto. Partiremos das imagens metafóricas do rio e da água para pensarmo o tempo e a tradição. Nossa hipótese é a de que, enquanto um dos contos, através dos referidos elementos presentes na narrativa, representa a ideia de um resgate da tradição, o outro evocaria uma ruptura, impossibilitando assim uma continuidade. Perceberemos que as imagens do rio e da água tomarão cursos distintos no decorrer das narrativas. Nas águas do tempo apresenta um final no qual notamos uma continuidade do fluxo das águas, isto é, uma espécie de resgate da tradição, uma continuidade. Por outro lado, A terceira margem do rio mostrará o contrário, interrompendo o fluxo do rio e suas águas, se mostrando como uma descontinuidade, ou seja, uma ruptura com a tradição. Nosso intuito será mostrar que, enquanto um autor procura marcar ideologicamente sua posição diante do resgate da tradição como um programa de resgate e formação de uma identidade nacional, alicerçado na transmissão de experiências vividas, como é o caso de Mia Couto em Moçambique, Guimarães Rosa mostrará a perda da continuidade da tradição, que podemos tomar como a busca por uma identidade individual, fragmentada e sem uma ligação duradoura com o passado.

ABSTRACT

This article proposes a comparative study of the short stories A terceira margem do rio by João Guimarães Rosa, and Nas águas do tempo by Mia Couto. We’ll use the metaphoric images of the river and water to think about time and tradition. Our hypothesis is that, as one of the short stories, through those elements present in the narrative brings the idea of a rescue of tradition, the other would evoke a rupture, thus making it impossible to continue. We will realize that the images of the river and water take different courses in the course of the narrative. Nas águas do tempo presents a final in which we see a continuation of the flow of water, a kind of rescue of tradition and a continuity. On the other hand A terceira margem do rio shows an interrupting the flow of the river and its waters, proving to be a discontinuity or a rupture with tradition. Our aim is to show that while an author seeks ideologically mark its position on the tradition rescue as a project of rescue and formation of a national identity, based on the transmission of experiences, such as Mia Couto in Mozambique, Guimarães Rosa show the loss of continuity of tradition, we can take as the search for an individual identity, fragmented and without a lasting connection with the past.