Restructuring

This paper discusses the eects of restructuring on nursing as a profession through an examination of the issue of complaints in Ontario. It argues that new managerialist techniques and associated changes in the nature of work are reducing the autonomy of nurses and making it dicult for them to meet the standards of their profession. Simultaneously, the Ontario government has increased the power of the public in the disciplinary process and the College of Nurses of Ontario is encouraging patients to register their complaints. The growth of consumerism in health care, coupled with the disciplinary process, individualizes complaints and deemphasizes their relationship to restructuring. Moreover, in response to the increasing number of complaints ± complaints which more often come from the public ± nursing organizations have encouraged the legalization of the disciplinary process, thus fostering the individualization of the issues.

During the 1990s, a long historical cycle of Bucharest came to an end. From the mid-19th century on, industry became an important economic and cultural presence in Bucharest's landscape. During the last 10-15 years it began to contract. Along with other urban processes such as urbanization, gentrification and emergence of ghettos, deindustrialization represents a major trend in Bucharest's recent history. Deindustrialization is both an economic and a cultural transformation. This volume uses insights from urban geography, heritage studies and urban history in order to understand the landscape of deindustrialization, situated between the fetish of gated communities and post-industrial wasteland.

Contents:

Chapter 1. Dezindustrialization and changes of urban landscape
Chapter 2. Postindustrial nostalgia, industrial heritage and refunctionalization
Chapter 3. The geography, history and the memory of Bucharest's industrialization
Chapter 4. Current usage of industrial spaces and the new urban landscape
Chapter 5. The social life of industrial ruins: The cultural reinsertion of industrial spaces

A restructured electricity system may undervalue renewable energy. We remain wary of unregulated markets, but urge the renewable energy community to begin considering how they could adapt to increasing customer choice. KEYWORDS Renewable energy; restructuring; electric utility industry INCREASINGLY COMPETITIVE POWER MARKETS The Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act of 1978 launched an experiment in introducing competition to the American electric system. The legislation encouraged entrepreneurs to sell power to utilities. Recent state and federal proposals would curtail utilities' monopoly status more severely by allowing businesses and potentially even households to designate an electricity supplier, much as they now select a long-distance telephone carrier. The total social costs of energy choices include capital and fuel costs, political and military commitment to maintaining access to fuel, 1 current and future environmental degradation, health and insurance costs due to pollution, risk of catastrophic malfunction, labor impacts, etc. Since conventional markets value few of these consequences directly, about half of the state regulatory commissions consider some form of externality values to reflect more accurately the differences in energy options. See Hohmeyer and Ottinger, 1994.

The transportation equipment industry is one of the few Canadian industries that is as productive as its U.S. counterpart. However, labour productivity growth in the Canadian transportation equipment industry declined from 4.5 per cent per year in 1981-2000 to 1.7 per cent per year in 2000-2007. This article investigates whether restructuring and the reallocation of output and resources within the industry after 2000 contributed to this decline. It shows that the dramatic decline in productivity growth was mainly due to the slowdown in productivity growth in sub-industries, which can largely be traced to the decline in labour productivity growth of continuing plants. Finally, the article shows that even if the Canadian industry mix were the same as the U.S. mix, the productivity growth profile of the Canadian transportation equipment industry would not change.

This article explores union responses to subcontracting in the context of the Irish telecommunications sector. Through a longitudinal case study the development of strategy is traced over a number of years as the union moved away from a policy of exclusion towards one of engagement. As the findings show, a three-tiered approach brought successes in terms of the retention and recruitment of workers on non-standard contracts. Yet this brought tensions over the role of the union in the regulation of the subcontracting process.

Centre for Management and Economic Research (CMER) Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS) Opposite Sector 'U', DHA, Cantt, Lahore, 54792 Pakistan URL:http//ravi.lums .edu.pk/cmer ... Abid. A. Burki Director CMER Associate Professor, Economics School of ...

This paper analyzes how privatization can in¯uence the eciency of a ®rm's operations. Canadian National (CN), a privatized ®rm, and its closest private sector competitor, Canadian Paci®c (CP), are compared both before and after the privatization of CN. The total factor productivity of the two carriers is examined over a 17-year period (1981±1997). Accounting ratios and stock price returns are compared from 1995 to 1998. The results show that although CN was less ecient from 1981 to 1991, its performance increased to surpass that of CP during the post-privatization period.

Historically, most analyses of electric utility cost structures have focused almost exclusively on the generation sector of the industry. Electric restructuring raises a number of new questions which require analysis of electric utility operations in other sectors of the industry. Most restructuring proposals call for continued regulation of the transmission sector of the industry based upon the presumption that it

This article examines the saga of local government restructuring in Canada's capital city. Specifically, it analyzes the interplay between provincial and local agendas for local government reform over many years, which culminated in provincial legislation and a one-year transition process to establish one municipality for the Ottawa city region. In doing so, the article addresses the extent to which the Ottawa transition demonstrates learning from other major urban restructuring efforts and the extent to which the Ottawa case provides new insights for future local government reform efforts. Key conclusions are that the key motivation for provincially initiated reform-cost saving through simplification of the local government structure in Ottawa-does not fully coincide with local needs and interests. Furthermore, the promise of financial savings has proven difficult to realize as a result of the local politics surrounding existing municipal debt and unresolved human resource management costs. Instead, future benefits from the amalgamation may lie in improved capacity to manage physical development, environmental sustainability, and cultural diversity.

The aim of this paper is to study what is the best structure of a Board of Directors when collusive aspects between the Board and the CEO are taken into account. We analyze how shareholders should select the members of the Board in a framework with asymmetric information and uncertainty about the optimal projects for the …rm. In particular, we examine the optimal degree of independence of the Board from a shareholders perspective. This allows us to state when it is bene…cial for shareholders to have an insider-oriented board or an outsider oriented board with a majority of independent directors when collusion is a major threat.

From the 1980s onwards, banking sectors in all the industrialised countries have been experiencing intense restructuring, aggregation and consolidation, radically changing their ownership structures and geography. These processes are particularly significant both in absolute terms (due to the number of mergers and acquisitions–M&A–new branches and the value of the assets involved in such operations), and in relative terms. In the past 20 years the number of banks in the USA has fallen by 34% while in Europe, between 1990 and ...

c Advocates of the market for corporate control argue that takeover bids should be accepted because unsuccessful targets tend to lose market value. Other researchers argue that takeover bi& should be rejected because the combined firms often pe#orm poorly. However, missing in this debate is the infzuence of the source of takeover gains on the decision to reject or accept takeover bids. This study posits that value from takeovers can be created by synergy or restructuring. The study suggests that only if the synergy component is dominant should the target firm agree to be taken over. The study then tests the dominance of the source of value in takeovers by examining takeovers that were unsuccessful. The study concludes that, first, restructuring, not synergy, motivated the sample studied and target firms can create the same value independently. Second the need for restructuring was industry-wide. However, even if restructuring is the motive behind a takeover, the target firm has to carry out the restructuring, failing which it does not create any value. The study also suggests reasons for the ambiguous findings in the strategic management merger literature. I Also, a simple transfer of control without the physical consolidation of the assets of the two firms is unlikely to bring about any synergistic gains. These gains typically arise out of a rationalizing of the different functions-marketing, manufacturing etc-of the consolidated entity. Thus Unisys, notwithstanding their current situation, initially managed to extract substantial operating efficiencies by the physical consolidation of Burroughs and Sperry. Same is true for Kraft and General Foods.

The main objective of this study is to evaluate the socio-spatial impacts of the restructuring of a locality, Karabük, which was shaped under a different development strategy, namely, import substitution industrialization strategy.
Karabük case shows that establishment of Karabük Iron and Steal Factories was decided on the basis of political and social priorities of a period when there was limited competitive environment and such priorities have lost their primacy under the export oriented growth strategy in a highly competitive international environment. The recent experience shows that Karabük fails to cope with this reality and the industrial base of the locality ever increasingly fails to support the economy of the city. The thesis is also an attempt to show the socio-spatial repercussions of this failure on the locality. It will be shown that, closing down the Factories would have important negative impacts upon the whole city, rather moderate policies have been followed by various governments during the recent decades by partly placing the burden on
the workers themselves. In the long term, however, survival of the factory seems to be difficult, if not impossible. Therefore, the future for the city itself looks quite bleak.

The electricity supply industry is highly capital-intensive, whose success depends critically upon the management of its investment. In most developing countries investment is poorly managed, poorly maintained, and often inadequate. Inadequate regulation or political control lead to low prices that undermine the finance of investment and give poor incentives for management and operation. The paper argues that regulation must be

We have been learning about the companies coming together to form another company and companies taking over the existing companies to expand their business. In this context, it would be essential for us to understand what corporate restructuring is about. Corporate Restructuring is a fundamental change in direction and strategy for an organization, which affects the way in which the organization is structured. Corporate restructuring may involve increasing or decreasing the layers of personnel between the top and the bottom of an organization, or reassigning roles and responsibilities. It includes mergers, takeovers, acquisitions, demergers etc. On the Indian scene, corporates are seriously looking at restructuring which has indeed become the bandwagon. The pace of corporate restructuring has increased since the beginning of the liberalization era, due to greater competitive pressures and a more permissive environment. The aim of this paper is to study the impact of merger and acquisition on corporate performance.

La concentration de l'actionnariat dans la plupart des pays, notamment en France, a attiré l'attention des chercheurs sur le rôle des actionnaires de contrôle dans l'entreprise. Cet article examine l'impact de l'enracinement des actionnaires de contrôle sur la performance des acquisitionsà court terme. L'objectif est d'identifier,à partir de la réaction du marché, les cas où les actionnaires de contrôle utilisent des opérations de fusions-acquisitions pour extraire des bénéfices privés de contrôle. Nos résultats montrent que les principaux facteurs accentuant l'enracinement de l'actionnaire de contrôle comme les droits de vote, la séparation entre la propriété et le contrôle, la fonction dans l'entreprise, le cumul des fonctions, la signature d'une action de concert et l'actionnariat familial ne semblent pas en général affecter la performanceà court terme mesurée par les rentabilités anormales cumulées (RAC). Toutefois, au moment où l'entreprise décide de se diversifier, les RAC deviennent significativement plus faibles lorsque l'actionnaire de contrôle détient des droits de vote au delà de ses droits aux bénéfices ou lorsqu'il cumule les fonctions de la direction générale et de la présidence du conseil.

In 1991, defense contractor General Dynamics engaged a new management team which adopted an explicit corporate objective of creating shareholder value. The company tied executive compensation to shareholder wealth creation, and subsequently implemented a strategy that included downsizing, restructuring, and exit. Paying large executive cash bonuses amid layoffs ignited controversy. However, by 1993 shareholders realized gains approaching $4.5 billion, representing a dividend-reinvested return of 553%. The study shows how incentives assist in shaping strategy, illustrates the political costs and economic benefits of downsizing and demonstrates that even firms in declining industries have substantial opportunities for value creation.

Business transactions are going to be fast day by day because of dynamic changes in the global environment. Merger and Acquisition is a strategy adopted by the organizations globally to meet the needs of recent dynamic business environment. It has achieved much attention and importance in corporate world. In Pakistan, this strategy has been used widely in banking sector. Therefore, the objective of the study is to evaluate the financial performance of banks in Pakistan after M&A. The financial and accounting data for 10 banks was taken from the Financial Statement Analysis by State Bank of Pakistan. Profitability & Efficiency, Leverage, and Liquidity ratios were used to measure the financial performance, where pre and post ratio analysis was done. Results of the study show that there is no positive improvement in the financial performance of the banks in Pakistan after Merger and Acquisition.

— Smart Grid is an Information and Communication Technology (ICT) enabled Power grid. It is efficient, secure, reliable and self-healing power grid. Integration of micro grids, electric vehicles and other utilities make it more interesting. The deregulation of electricity sector has necessitated the use of many advanced software and embedded technologies to handle the size and complexity of power network. Smart grid needs to be supported by efficient and secure communication architecture design and implementation. At the same time it is necessary to ensure the security and privacy of data and information moving or stored in the smart grid system to have near 100% uptime of the power grid. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the various communication and cyber security issues involved with the successful operation of Smart Grid.

In the last two decades of the twentieth century, world telecommunications underwent major changes. The national fractions of that world market present remarkable peculiarities, with differing features according to the countries. This article concerns new episodes of the reorganization of the oligopolistic structure of the European telecommunications equipment industry during the 1990s and the first years of the new millennium from the perspective of ALCATEL. The French multinational presents itself as a magnificent example of the transformations that have taken place on a global scale. Methodologically, the case serves as an artifact to verify that a thorough understanding of the adjustment in the world economy requires elucidating how multinational companies were restructured. The article relies on the sources of the companies concerned, on reports from large international organizations, on parliamentary documents from various countries and on a meticulous newspaper archive.

This was the final assignment for Etihad airways. The topics covered were:
STRATEGIC ACQUISITION AND RESTRUCTURING; Mergers and Acquisitions; RESTRUCTURING; Air Berlin; Air Seychelles; Air Serbia; Global Strategy; Sources of Competitive Advantage from a Global Strategy; Domestic versus Global market; Domestic market; Global market; International strategy; Transnational Strategy; International entry mode; -  Licensing; Strategic Alliances; Acquisition; Strategic alliances of Etihad; 1) Joint ventures 2) Equity strategic alliances 3) Non-equity strategic alliance; International cooperative strategy; Network cooperative strategies;

This study outlines the development and validation of a new 4-dimensional job insecurity measure (JIM). Items were generated from interviews with Australian employees facing an objective threat of job loss. The measure was then validated on a North American sample of 1,004 respondents. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses (EFA and CFA) with tests of sample invariance supported an 18-item measurement model consisting of 4 correlated but distinct subscales of insecurity: Job Loss, Job Changes, Marginalization, and Organizational Survival. The results indicate convergent and discriminant validity as well as high internal consistency for the instrument. Significant associations with psychological well-being (job related affective well-being, job satisfaction) and organizational attitudes (organizational commitment, trust in management, intention to resign) established the criterion-related validity of each subscale. These findings support the use of the instrument in academic and applied settings.

Reculturing Museums takes a unified sociocultural theoretical approach to analyze the many conflicts museums experience in the 21st century. Embracing conflict, Ash asks: What can practitioners and researchers do to create the change they want to see when old systems remain stubbornly in place? Using a unified sociocultural, cultural-historical, activity-theoretical approach to analyzing historically bound conflicts that plague museums, each chapter is organized around a central contradiction, including finances ("Who will pay for museums?"), demographic shifts ("Who will come to museums?"), the roles of narratives ("Whose story is it?"), ownership of objects ("Who owns the artifact?"), and learning and teaching ("What is learning and how can we teach equitably?").

The reculturing stance taken by Ash promotes social justice and equity, 'making change' first, within museums, called inreach, rather than outside the museum, called outreach; challenges existing norms; is sensitive to neoliberal and deficit ideologies; and pays attention to the structure agency dialectic. Reculturing Museums will be essential reading for academics, students, museum practitioners, educational researchers, and others who care about museums and want to ensure that all people have equal access to the activities, objects, and ideas residing in them.

Durante décadas el enfoque conductista fue el paradigma dominante dentro de la Psicología. El conductismo supuso para la psicología un fuerte desarrollo a nivel metodológico, pero el objeto de estudio se limitó en gran medida al estudio de la conducta observable. Los datos obtenidos sobre este tipo de conductas eran contrastables y podían ser relacionados con los datos obtenidos de la situación en la que se encontraba el sujeto. Se asumía el modelo funcional más simple en el que la conducta depende de las características de la situación. Desde los años veinte se estudiaron leyes generales del comportamiento, especialmente las leyes del aprendizaje. Los éxitos fueron notables, obteniéndose buenos resultados. Se alcanzó un buen nivel metodológico y unos aceptables conocimientos sobre el comportamiento observable.  Buena prueba de ello es que se consiguió trasladar este conjunto de conocimientos a campos aplicados de la psicología, como la psicología clínica, u otras áreas en las que es objetivo fundamental conseguir cambiar la conducta de los individuos. En la psicología clínica que había surgido desde el modelo conductista del aprendizaje emocional se había venido suponiendo que los desórdenes emocionales eran fruto del aprendizaje por asociación y, por lo tanto, se corregían aplicando técnicas basadas en las leyes del aprendizaje clásico y operante. Bajo el rótulo modificación de conducta surgieron un buen número de técnicas basadas en las leyes del aprendizaje que presentan un alto grado de eficacia.

A finales de los años 60 se ponen en cuestión algunos de los supuestos que se habían venido manejando dentro de las teorías sobre el condicionamiento emocional.

A la vista de estas cuestiones no resueltas, no parecía adecuado seguir centrándose exclusivamente en un modelo de condicionamiento para explicar la adquisición, mantenimiento, modificación y extinción de respuestas de ansiedad.

En los años 60 surgen nuevos modelos que intentan explicar la conducta emocional mediante variables de tipo cognitivo. Estos modelos se han ido desarrollando y de ellos se han derivado técnicas cognitivas para el tratamiento de los trastornos emocionales.


Supuestos teóricos

No  todos los modelos cognitivos clínicos han desarrollado técnicas de tratamiento. La mayor parte de las técnicas cognitivas de intervención han sido desarrolladas por psicólogos clínicos a partir de su experiencia con pacientes. En estos casos el modelo y la técnica están estrechamente unidos, sin embargo los datos experimentales que puedan apoyar a ambos son más escasos que para los modelos y técnicas basados en el condicionamiento.

Desde una perspectiva cognitiva se supone que entre el estímulo, o situación, y la conducta existen una serie de variables importantes que se pueden y se deben estudiar. A grandes rasgos podríamos afirmar que la conducta depende no sólo de la situación en la que se encuentra el individuo, sino que también depende de cómo el sujeto interpreta la situación. Por lo que se refiere a las emociones, tanto en la conducta emocional normal como en los trastornos emocionales, los significados privados de las personas juegan un papel importante, pues median de una manera decisiva en la determinación de la reacción emocional y, en definitiva, en la conducta. Estos significados se estudian a partir de los informes verbales conscientes que nos proporciona el propio individuo.

Así pues, entre la situación y la conducta, dentro de las variables del sujeto (antes considerado la caja negra, que no se podía estudiar), se definen una serie de conceptos, estructuras y procesos, de carácter cognitivo, que nos permiten explicar, predecir y modificar una conducta dada, en una situación concreta, para un individuo determinado.

La interpretación desajustada de las situaciones que vive el individuo dificultarían su adaptación al medio. Así, por ejemplo, unas consecuencias negativas exageradas conllevarían un estado de alerta. Se iniciaría un proceso de estrés en el que, además de una serie de cambios corporales que implican activación, se irían desatando una serie de emociones, tales como la ansiedad o la ira.

Un sujeto que está sometido a eventos que resultan mínimamente estresantes para otros puede aumentar considerablemente su reacción de estrés si no maneja adecuadamente sus pensamientos o si procesa la información de una manera inadecuada. En ese caso, lo primero que se podrá observar en dicho individuo es una intensa reacción de ansiedad, o fuertes niveles de ansiedad.

La ansiedad desde este enfoque está generada por las evaluaciones de los sucesos internos y externos (que el sujeto interpreta como amenazantes), por las atribuciones (a veces erróneas) que realizan las personas sobre los resultados de sus acciones, por la forma (a veces desajustada) en que se estructura o interpreta la realidad, por  el autodiálogo interno o las  autoinstrucciones (por lo general, en forma de pensamientos negativos, o rumiaciones), por la forma en que el individuo lleva a cabo el proceso de solución de problemas, o toma de decisiones (cuando se carece de habilidades de este tipo), etc. Cuando la intensidad de esta respuesta emocional es muy alta, encontramos que ese nivel elevado de ansiedad está relacionado con sesgos o errores cognitivos en la interpretación de la situación, o de algún otro elemento esencial. Por lo tanto, está implícito en este planteamiento que si se modifican estas variables cognitivas podemos modificar las conductas de ansiedad a que dan lugar las mismas y de esta manera el individuo estaría manejando mejor su estrés.

This paper provides an extensive overview of existing research in the field of software refactoring. This research is compared and discussed based on a number of different criteria: the refactoring activities that are supported; the specific techniques and formalisms that are used for supporting these activities; the types of software artifacts that are being refactored; the important issues that need to be taken into account when building refactoring tool support; and the effect of refactoring on the software process. A running example is used throughout the paper to explain and illustrate the main concepts.

Nigerian brand of Federalism has been described as ‘Pseudo Federalism’ as a result of the fact that its structure and workings negate the principles and tenets of true federalism as practised by well established and successful democracies in other parts of the world, like United States of America, Australia, Canada, among others. In this effort, we shall examine the concept of federalism with particular reference to the instrument of fiscal federalism which is the bedrock of federal practice and principles. The study of Nigerian federalism has shown that the country since after the collapse of the first Republic has rather operated fiscal Centralism, which is the core tenet and bedrock of Unitary System of Government, making the Nigerian Federalism a ‘Pseudo Federalism’. It is alleged that fiscal centralism has been the instrument with which the Nigerian State, both military and civilian have used to appropriate resources of all the federating units especially the oil-bearing communities through various dispossessional laws. This situation has led to the enduing agitations and restiveness for restructuring and resource control. The paper shall be concluded with our well-conceived recommendations, for the socio-economic and political development of the fledgeling democracy in Nigeria.

Keywords: Pseudo-Federalism, Fiscal Federalism, Fiscal Centralism, True Federalism, Restructuring.

The decade since the financial crisis has witnessed a proliferation of various 'light touch' financial restructuring techniques in the form of so-called pre-insolvency proceedings. These proceedings inhabit a space on the spectrum of insolvency and restructuring law, somewhere between a pure contractual workout, the domain of contract law, and a formal insolvency or rehabilitation proceeding, the domain of insolvency law. While, to date, international insolvency instruments have tended to define insolvency proceedings quite expansively, discussion of the cross-border implications of pre-insolvency proceedings has barely begun. The question is whether pre-insolvency proceedings should qualify as proceedings related to insolvency for the purpose of private international law characterization. The risk is over-inclusivity of cross-border insolvency law, which, where it is based on universality and unity, might defeat contractual expectations. This article argues, however, that we should be slow to exclude pre-insolvency proceedings from cross-border insolvency law: these proceedings are initiated in the zone of insolvency, their effectiveness depends on a statutory mandate and not purely on private ordering, they interact and intersect with formal proceedings, and can benefit from the unique system developed by cross-border insolvency law. We suggest, though, that modified universalism (the leading norm of cross-border insolvency) and international insolvency instruments, should, and are able to, adjust to the peculiarities of pre-insolvency proceedings to address concerns about inclusivity and accommodate pre-insolvency proceedings adequately.

The paper "public sector restructuring and governance in Nigeria: perspectives, processes and challenges" draws our attention to the issues affecting the smooth implementation of restructuring efforts in Nigeria. The objectives of this paper are to examine the public sector restructures in recent times, identify the factors affecting the implementation of public sector restructures and to determine the processes of public sector restructuring in Nigeria. Survey method was adopted to elicit data for this study. Meanwhile, the paper revealed, among other things that bad leadership significantly affected the implementation of the structure programmes in Nigeria's public sector. The paper recommends inter alia; that initiators of restructuring should understand the relationship between public sector restructuring and organizational culture, build consensus on restructure agenda between the political actors, drivers of restructure and the bureaucracy regarding the scope, strategy and implementation modalities of the restructure process, strengthen the implementing and coordinating mechanisms for restructure and strengthen central agencies crucial to change. Implication of this finding for government officials is that it is only full implementation of public sector restructures that can bring about the attainment of greater efficiency, productivity and consequently lead to socio-economic transformation.

Abstract: The Nigeria civil war (1967-1970) provoked by declaration of Biafra republic had indelible imprint on Nigeria state. The post war efforts for disarmament, demobilization and reintegration of the Igbo secessionist into the post-civil war Nigeria through the (3Rs) policy of rehabilitation, reconstruction and reconciliation (the 3Rs) to promote national unity and nationalism have failed to yield desire result. In recent times, specifically in post 2015 general election, there have been new waves of agitations for the Biafra republic by both Movement for Actualization of Sovereign State of Biafra and Indigenous People of Biafra on one hand and for Niger Delta republic by Niger Delta Avengers on the other, added to terrorism and militancy that are already threatening Nigeria fragile state. The calls for restructuring have been louder particularly from the southern part of Nigeria. Keywords: Civil war, Secession, Self-determination, Nationalism and Restructuring

Öz Ülkemizde –gerek İmparatorluk döneminde, gerekse Cumhuriyetin ilk yıllarında– demiryollarının gelişmesine büyük önem verilmiş olmakla birlikte, daha sonra karayollarına öncelik veren politikaların uygulamaya konulması sebebiyle, yük ve yolcu taşımacılığında demiryollarının payı, hâlihazırda –Türkiye ile kıyaslanabilir cesametteki– pek çok ülkenin gerisinde bulunmaktadır. Demiryollarının gelişmesi, gerekli altyapı yatırımlarının yapılması kadar, diğer ulaşım türlerine tercih edilmesini sağlayacak –süratli, güvenli, rahat ve hesaplı– araçların üretilmesini ve bunların satış sonrası hizmetlerinin kusursuz bir biçimde yerine getirilmesini de gerektirmektedir. Bu itibarlâ –Türk Demiryollarının gelişmesi açısından– büyük önem taşıyan Türk Demiryolu Araçları Sanayiinin yeniden yapılandırılması bir zorunluluktur. Bu çalışmamızda, mezkûr sanayi kolunun hâlihazırdaki durumu tahlil edilmiş ve yeniden yapılandırılması için alınması gerekli önlemler konusunda bazı önerilerde bulunulmuştur.

ABSTRACT In our country –whether in Imperial period or in the first years of Republic-although it was given an importance to the growth of the railway, later because of the putting into practice the prior politics of the motorway the allocation of the goods and passenger transport stands behind the countries when we compare with the nowadays situation of Turkey. The developments of the railway requires production of vehicles which are fast, safe, comfortable, and economic and being preferable to the other transport types and accomplish the post selling service in a perfect way besides accomplishing substructure investments that are needed. Because of this it is a must for restructuring the Turkish Railway Railcar Industry for the development of the Turkish Railway. In this study the situation of the mentioned industry branch at the present was analyzed some suggestions were given to take some precautions for restructuring.

Restructuring is a song on the lips of many Nigerians. It has trended for decades and seems to be an inter-generational topical issue in Nigeria. The persistent call for restructuring takes numerous dimensions, but particularly outstanding is in the dimension of politics. It is no surprise though, because the philosophy behind the existence of every state and the control of its resources bothers on politics. Therefore, when there is a damaged cog in the wheel of the politics of the state, it becomes imperative to politically restructure the state. Since this is so, the big question then becomes 'what is the damaged cog in the wheel of the politics of Nigeria that is a necessity for restructuring? What are the challenges of political restructuring in Nigeria? And what is the way forward?' It is in a bid to fill this gap that this paper attempts to answer the above questions through an analytical study of a number of restructuring opinions. The findings of the study proves that ensuring the peaceful coexistence of Nigerian multiethnic nationalities as one peaceful entity called Nigeria and effecting of rapid and competitive development of the different regions of the country among other factors consists the need for restructuring; while elite interest, fear of ethnic dominations, political idiosyncrasy among others construe the challenges facing political restructuring in Nigeria. This paper recommends re-federalization, value reorientation, institutional re-strengthening, ethnic representation amongst others as the solution to restructuring issues in Nigeria.

The proposed amendment also allows for companies governed by the structure regime to adopt a one-tier board, in which case the codetermination rights of the works council relate to the appointment of non-executive directors. The Corporate Governance Code contains some provisions on the one-tier board, stipulating that the majority and the chairman of the board must be non-executive members.

What are the trends in the global competitiveness of the Indian pharmaceutical industry? Where does this industry stand when compared to global peers on pharmaceutical value-added, productivity, research and development and trade performance? What are the new strategies that Indian pharmaceutical companies are adopting to become global players? These questions are addressed in this paper. It is found that strategic government policies were the main factors that transformed the status of the Indian pharmaceutical industry from a mere importer and distributor of drugs and pharmaceuticals to an innovation-driven cost-effective producer of quality drugs. India emerged as one of the fast growing pharmaceutical industry in the world with growing trade surpluses and exports. However, there are certain limitations that the government policies need to address, like low productivity and R&D intensity. A host of competitive strategies, like greenfield direct investment, overseas acquisitions, strategic alliances and contract manufacturing have emerged as favourites to Indian pharmaceutical firms recently.]