Reforms

I shall argue that the Interactive Party-State (IPS) model (Csanadi, 1997) allows us to place the Chinese and Hungarian party-state structure and dynamics into a common framework. This framework sheds light on the structural reasons behind the different functional effects of reforms. This paper is divided into three major parts. In the first section I summarize the structural and dynamic properties of the IPS model. This is followed by arguments raised regarding its general nature, and consequently, the applicability of the model to China based on common structural and operational grounds. Finally, I will reveal that behind the robust common ground, the different structural specifics may give rise to the divergent development paths. The primary focus is theoretical, with empirical examples provided. Consistent empirical analysis based on the model will be a following undertaking.

Procurement reforms are seen as essential for achieving a long term improvement in financial management within Africa. To gain insight into this situation an analysis of success stories and cases where challenges and difficulties have arisen were investigated. This material was content analysed using Mayring (2008) four-step process model. The findings demonstrate some initial improvement within African public sector financial management; however the complete and successful implementation of these reforms is fraught with problems. These issues that limit improved financial management through procurement reform included; inadequate education and training, legislative constraints, especially those associated with procurement technology, and a lack of political support for the reform process. In political terms the study identified that the current political position coupled with socio-cultural sensitivities of participating countries, has created a neglect of ethical and environmental...

The first decade following the proclamation of The Republic of Turkey represented a dynamic period of fast-tracking on the way to modernization: a Western-style overhaul of Turkish society from a political, social and economic standpoint. The main steps towards modernization were a series of reforms built on six pillars (republicanism, nationalism, secularism, populism, statism, and reformism) which outlined Turkish identity and henceforth shaped its political and economic path. The aim of this paper is to discover the major changes occurring on each level of analysis selected. Additionally, we propose to identify the internal impact of these reforms, as well as the manner in which these changes were perceived at the time. For the latter, we will be analyzing the perspective of the Romanian authorities, both as an external perception, as well as from the point of view of bilateral relations. Our purpose is to use the diplomatic insight to demonstrate that Turkey was relevant to Romanian foreign policy agenda not only for political and diplomatic reasons, but also for cultural, social and economic ones. In both countries, the influence of political atmosphere, traditions, stereotypes, political goals as well as other factors influenced the way the two actors perceived each other.

The purpose of this research is multidimensional: first, it evaluates the Preparatory Year Program at Qassim University both academically and administratively analyzing its organization, importance, progress and productivity. Second, it throws some light on the possibilities and probabilities that can further improve and strengthen the quality of the prevalent English Language Unit (ELU) program. Finally, the article addresses and identifies the impediments that have played a negative role in the smooth progress and the speedy development of the program suggesting the positive reforms to make it more organized and productive. Since the administrators and the teachers are the target population of this research, both have been approached to find the required data. One hundred teachers from ELU were surveyed on the hypothesized 18 statements related to the possible innovations and reforms. Major findings of the study are that the policy of merit and organizational justice are the fundamental hallmarks

Although much of the evidence is sporadic and anecdotal, no one makes the effort to obtain a good sense of the magnitude of problems Africans face when they migrate to other countries. The most significant influx of Ghanaians emigrating to the United States has been in the four decades since independence. While many long-time Ghanaian American immigrants in the United States came as students, many of the immigrants of 1980s and 1990s came seeking business opportunities as well as specialized experience and training. Even though, times of economic hardship in Ghana have affected the number that emigrate little or less is imagined of the socio-cultural, economic and political challenges that await their emigration to the United States.

ABSTRACT
Purpose:
The purpose of this study is to identify new types of organised crime, and create a new conceptual framework for dealing with the most dangerous type- institutional organised crime.
Design/methodology/approach:
The studies take a systematic and qualitative approach. The research is founded on the author’s long-term survey based on the statistical indications and 37 in-depth interviews with officials.
Findings:
Five types of organised crime were identified. Besides well-known types of organised crime, this study found two new types of organised crime: institutional and
institutionalized organised crime. This new typology distinguishes from the previous typologies.
Originality/value:
One of the main points of this study is finding a solution for an exceedingly high rate of institutional organised crime. For that purpose, this study found that the problem might be resolved if the legal system will foresee foundation of an optimal independent institution against institutional type of organised crime which is inseparably
linked with high type of corruption. An optimal independent institution would be independent from the government, but not from wide social control. This solution is guided by the knowledge that though all governments in the world have huge power, the governments in the fragile societies have a high concentration of power.
The developed countries with traditional democracy, political culture and awareness of the law can deal with this problem. But in the same transitional and undeveloped countries, there is a lack of such determinative factors and the governments are really the dominant generator of institutional organised crime.

The purpose of this study was to examine Ghana' s education reform initiatives between 1975 and 1996 in the light of contemporary linguistic and diversity issues. The goal was to identify emerging themes and determine the extent to which Ghana' s education reform can be improved by drawing upon the rich resources of education reforms in both Ghana and the U. S. The study sought to create a broader framework for understanding Ghana' s education system by situating it in the contexts of debates and practices in English education in the United States. The context for this study included multiple years of educational reforms in Ghana and the United States as well as the educational reform initiatives put forward by various governments and agencies. This study addressed a number of research questions related to reform initiatives in Ghana' s educational programs between 1975 and 1996? Drawing upon Kirk and Miller (1986), Bissex (1990), Denzin and Lincoln (2000), the study utilized a qualitative and interpretive case study format to present a critical analysis of issues emerging from Ghana' s educational reform documents. In this study, the argument had been made that, the desire to restructure the education system of Ghana, must include expansion of the -iii -processes of negotiating alternate approaches to education reforms in the nation. Thus, this study drew attention to the educational aims in the U. S. by providing an analysis of educational models in the U. S. education system that might help Ghana to meet the challenge of teaching literacy in its culturally and linguistically diverse classroom. The main research question addressed in this study was, " What are the emerging issues that characterized reform initiatives in Ghana' s educational programs between 1975 and 1996?"Data analyzed by the researcher revealed that the Ghanaian educational reforms articulated democratic and transformative goals in order to address the socio-economic realities of Ghana; however, the adoption of undemocratic procedures tended to result in dismal outcomes of the educational reform efforts. The lack of programmatic effort and assessments by policy makers tended to create gaps that resulted from the pervasive lack of coordination between education policy and education practice, particularly teacher preparation and classroom practice. The solution that this researcher suggests is the reconciliation of the problem by expanding the notion of democracy to involve the active role of all actors in the education reform process, with deliberate inclusion of classroom teachers and teacher preparation program administrators. Additional findings are described in the dissertation. -iv -Finally, an emergent theoretical model identified desired educational goals and inter-connected variables in the Ghanaian society. The study includes recommendations for further research. --iv DEDICATION for my grandmother, Afeafa Fiador Agbemabiese, who opened the door to the world of ideas for me, and my father, Leo Korbla Agbemabiese, who believed I could accomplish all my goals and provided the intellectual guidance. -v -ACKNOWLEDGMENT Along the long, steep and winding path I took in writing this dissertation, a number of individuals proved quite helpful. I owe a large keg of debt to them. The last words of my father were, " Girdle your loins and fight hard to complete the last chapter of my book." In a similar manner, my Grandmother, one day rhetorically expressed her concern about me in these words, " I wonder if he would one day write my name correctly in his notebook."She was expressing her misgivings to some elders of my village about me moving into the Catholic mission-house in order to complete my middle school education. Today, I have completed the last chapter of my father' s book and engraved Grandma' s name not only in my notebook but also on my memory. If those who reside in " Tsiefe"(the Land of the Dead) have ears, let Grandma and my father hear me, " I, your stammering son owe you a basketful of " akpe"(thanks) and " ahagowo"(kegs of palmwine for libation) for always being with me." My dissertation committee deserves my sincerest thanks and appreciation for the timely intervention and invaluable assistance, and encouragement they provided whether through private conversations, questions raised, or careful readings and comments on chapters of this dissertation. They include Dr. Charles Hancock, Professor of Education who -vi -directed this dissertation with caring and intensity; read and commented on each chapter, placed his professional acumen at my disposal, and became the greatest ally throughout the final dissertation journey and through his words of encouragement I have arrived at its completion. Dr. Mac Stewart, Associate Professor of Education, provided his invaluable Teacher Education expertise assistance, here-and-there, and offered suggestions that enriched my dissertation throughout the process. Dr. Valerie Lee, Professor of English, whose gift of support and positive influence provided invaluable resources indispensable not only to this dissertation by my academic career in general. Her immense assistance and suggestions brought my dissertation the needed focus. Dr. Kofi Anyidoho, Professor of English, University of Ghana, Legon Ghana, deserves mention for his continued encouragement and mentorship that has brought me this far in my academic and creative career. My most thanks is to my mother, Anna Ablavi Kwashie-Agbemabiese for her sacrifices and believing I can always succeed in whatever I put my hands to. I want to express a personal and special gratefulness to my daughters Sena, and son, Elikplim, for sacrificing immensely for me, putting themselves last, accepting my absence from their lives, their years of growing up, as their contribution to this dissertation, and spending countless nights without bedtime stories in order to make Dad' s dream for the family come true. -vii -I will like to thank Ann B. Walker, for her indispensable advice and support and being instrumental in my successful completion of this dissertation. I want everyone who knows and ever meets B. Joyce Robinson to thank her for her spiritual and moral support, for her stimulating words that cheered me on and continue to amaze me with an incredible energy. She was and still is my ' prop'in distress. Special mention must be made of Mr. Foster Fraser. Mr. Fraser deserves many thanks for his encouragement, nourishment from his world of knowledge and ideas, enthusiasm and commitment to my welfare, academically and socially. Mr. Foster Fraser " medudor wo, loo."A thousand thanks to Dr. Isaac Mowoe and Dr. Paulette Pierce, for their insights and thoughtful questions and willingness to stand by me in all adversity ever since I arrived in the U. S. I want to mention Ms. Dzigbordi Yawa K. L Grooms for her love, support, and her gently prodding intellectual curiosity that often challenges my often taken-for-granted assumptions. Special recognition to my brothers Dr. Charles Agbemabiese and Dr. Martin Agbemabiese and cousin Dr. Dela Harlley for their numerous sacrifices, kindness, advice, judgment and care in the dreary years of my dissertation. God bless them. I want to say a special thanks to my friend Dr. Edward Fekpe and his family for being a post in my fence in thick and thin, rain and shine. Words can never describe Mr. Emeka Aniagolu, Mr. Godwin Dogbey, and Mr. Kordzo Willie Agbalevu. They are a friend and brother whose -viii -unqualified and selfless dedication to my welfare in social as well as in academic arenas has no equal. I owe them a lifelong gratitude. And for Mr. A. D. Agbewornu, my uncle who became my father and confidant, " Mawu neyra wo"(God bless you) for keeping the fire in the hearth at home alive and fresh. I am also indebted to Sherri and Bryon Wallington (Mr./Mrs.) for the support they always give when my computer refuses to listen to my ' cries.' " The Mouth,"according to an Ewe proverb, " cannot count the colony of the mice."I have many people to thank than this page can hold. Since space will not allow me to acknowledge their generous support by naming them individually, let me ask for their pardon. I extend my deepest appreciation and gratitude to them for giving me the opportunity to learn and grow professionally from each of them. To all, let me say, " Akpe nami loo. Miawoe wor dor"(Thanks to everybody for a noble work done). Finally and most importantly, I thank the Supreme Being and the Tutelary Spirits of my departed ancestors for showing me that through them all things are possible. -ix -VITAE January 12, 1965… … … Born, Abor V. R. Ghana

The study was designed to investigate the causal link between stock market development, financial sector reform and economic growth in Nigerian. Time series econometric method of vector autoregressive (VAR) model of Sim (1980) and error correction model (VECM) was employed for the analysis. The study used quarterly time series data which covered the period 1981Q1 to 2010Q4. The cointegration test results suggest a positive long run relationship between the variables of cointegrating equations. In addition, we discover a bidirectional causality existing between stock market development and economic growth which suggest that economic growth and the market development promote each other. Furthermore, we equally found a bidirectional relationship between financial sector reform and economic growth which show their interdependent. Our result also suggests a unidirectional relationship between running from financial sector reform to stock market development. Thus, we also investigated the influence of business environment and institutional/legal framework on stock market development. The cointegration result shows a positive long run relationship between some variables of the cointegrating vectors.

Purpose -The aim of this paper is to analyze the impact of media on corporate governance and to develop a research agenda on the same issue in the peculiar Indian setting. Design/methodology/approach -Extant and premier literature on the impact of media on corporate governance is reviewed. The relevance of the issue to the Indian context is analyzed. Based on that, a research agenda is developed keeping in view the problems unique to the Indian context.

This study examined the impact of financial sector reforms on savings mobilization in Nigeria between the period of 1980 and 2013. It specifically examined the effects of financial sector reforms variables namely ratio of domestic credit given to the private sector to Gross Domestic Product, prime lending rate, ratio of broad money supply to Gross Domestic Product. Others include percentage contribution of financial sector to Gross Domestic Product, Inflation and Dummy variable (a measure of pre-reform and post reform periods) on savings mobilization (measured by domestic savings ratio) in Nigeria. Using the ordinary least square (OLS) estimation technique, the time series data used in the study were sourced mainly from CBN statistical bulletin and Annual Report and Statement of Account. The result obtained from the regression analysis confirmed that financial sector reforms variables used in the study have been effective in enhancing savings mobilization in Nigeria. Hence the need for policy makers and regulators to initiate policies that will ensure stability of the financial sector, reduce lending rates and increase credit to the private sector.

The growth of financial system, as the central hub of every economy is paramount for economic development. The reformation of the financial sector is the bedrock for building a formidable, transparent and efficient financial system that could supports the mobilisation of domestic and foreign savings for investment. Conversely, it deepens and broadens financial intermediation, and enforces strict regulations with prudential guide for increase in business activities. Thus, the aim of the study is to investigate the causal relationship between financial sector reforms and economic growth in Nigeria. The study also established the impact of financial sector reforms on economic growth to ascertain if financial sector reforms in Nigeria promote growth. To establish this, financial sector reforms is measured with the ratio of banking sector domestic credit, domestic credit to the private sector and Capital flow proxied with foreign direct investment while economic growth is captured with Per capita GDP. Using generalised linear regression method, with quarterly time series data that spans the periods 1981Q1 to 2010Q4, the following findings on granger causality test were noticed; (a) bidirectional relationship between banking sector domestic credit and per-capita GDP; (b) unidirectional causation running from foreign direct investment to per-capita GDP and; (c) unidirectional causation running from per-capita GDP to domestic credit to the private sector. However, from the findings, banking sector domestic credit and foreign direct investment are the major policy variables that can be adjusted for economic growth. Finally, the estimated regression results show that the explanatory variables accounted for approximately 63.45 percent variation in economic growth. Hence, financial sector reform promotes economic growth in Nigeria.

Becoming Turkish is a social history of the nationalist reforms implemented in the early
Turkish Republic from the birth of the state in 1923 through the establishment of a two party
system of government in 1945. The author presents the personal experiences of a wide array of
Turkish citizens and their varied perceptions, evolving ideas, and utilitarian coping mechanisms
formed in response to Kemalist reforms. In addition, she shows the agency of citizenship
through primary sources such as petitions and letters that seemingly influenced government
decisions. Not focusing on the resistance or suppression of the Kemalist reforms, Yılmaz
employs oral histories, letters, and archival data to reveal diverse reactions that did not simply
fall into two polarizing choices of brutal resistance or absolute acceptance. The uneven and
incomplete way in which new Turkish citizens experienced and perceived the four areas of
reform detailed by Yılmaz was mirrored by legislative and governmental inconsistencies in the
implementation and interpretation of these laws. The four reforms used to explore “state-society
relations” in the early Turkish Republic include: “men’s clothing, women’s clothing, language,
and national celebrations.” The author exemplifies how Turks from various economic, cultural,
and demographic categories converged with the state in “meeting grounds” and how “dialogue
between the state and society” shows a true reflection of how Turks lived and experienced these
reforms.
Becoming

Procurement reforms are seen as essential for achieving a long term improvement in financial management within Africa. To gain insight into this situation an analysis of success stories and cases where challenges and difficulties have arisen were investigated. This material was content analysed using Mayring four-step process model. The findings demonstrate some initial improvement within African public sector financial management; however the complete and successful implementation of these reforms is fraught with problems. These issues that limit improved financial management through procurement reform included; inadequate education and training, legislative constraints, especially those associated with procurement technology, and a lack of political support for the reform process. In political terms the study identified that the current political position coupled with socio-cultural sensitivities of participating countries, has created a neglect of ethical and environmental considerations which in turn has slowed the pace and acceptance of reforms.

The Smell of Exile is a collection of poems that speaks about complex and diverse human experiences. They are simple stories about people, their hopes, dreams, and their indomitable spirit that clings to something mystical as they struggle to survive in a foreign culture. To the first time reader, it outlines and examines the cultural and historical effects of human-nature disconnection, the severance of an African poet from his time-honored customs and traditions of Africa, and his being caught in the rituals of the new world. But, the feeling of separation from a birthplace is one of the largest and greatest universal sources of nostalgic feelings, and of suffering of which Padmore Agbemabiese has been inspired to talk about in various styles and art forms. Tales narrated by the poems are sensitive and capture the imagination in order to provide the reader with an escape or a journey into the realm of the mystical, supernatural, and esoteric world of that human tragedy, loss of identity. In the poem, "One Gentle Night," Padmore Agbemabiese brings us this feeling of loss:

one gentle night
I saw the moonlight coming out in the dark
and remembered the crickets at home

soon
I cuddled my soul with joy at the moon
but the crickets did not return my song

gush
I raised my head and looked again
it was the floodlights from the street corner

slowly
and sorrowfully
I lowered my head
and thought of my far-away home

In Switzerland family law is regulated in the Swiss Civil Code that came into force in 1912. The Swiss Civil Code remained almost untouched for sixty years. Since the 1970s, however, it has been amended and reformed step by step in many different areas. This article gives an overview on the current Swiss family law as well as the recent developments and reforms. Amongst others it addresses the Swiss legal rules on marriage and divorce, unmarried cohabitation and same-sex relationships as well as the legal rules concerning children, such as parentage, adoption, parental responsibility and child support. It further briefly describes the Swiss rules on names as well as change of legal gender and concludes with some remarks about the future of Swiss family law.

Indian corporate securities market primary as well as secondary has grown in terms of financial products and volume of trading. A wide range of the financial products made regulators to bring several changes in the existing procedures. In the last decade several changes have been introduced by the Securities Exchange Board of India in the process of making initial public offers. The company act 1956 and 2013, Securities Contract (Regulation) Act 1956 and the Securities Exchange board of India induced several changes in context of eligibility requirement, process simplification, existing definition of products and parties. We observed that all these changes were introduced to make healthy philanthropic process. The relevant credentials of pertinent act as well recent reform substantiates it very well. It complements the extant literature by presenting recent reforms in systematic manner.

After Independence, Latin American countries faced similar problems yet also had similar expectations. From the River Plate to Mexico, through Colombia and Central America, thinkers and political leaders thought that the time had come to eradicate colonial habits and transform society. This article describes the si- multaneity of these processes, as a result of which the author proposes that it is actually the same process, which took place between 1820s and 1830s. However, changing the habits and political culture of society is no easy task. Anti- reform movements overturned nearly all the measures promoted by the generation of politi- cians led by Bernardino Rivadavia, Francisco de Paula de Santander, Mariano Gálvez, and Va- lentín Gómez Farías.

The article discusses the institutional model and functions of the Civil Service Council. This institution is the advisory body of the Prime Minister and coordinates the functioning of the public service system. The article assesses the effectiveness of this Council - its impact on the effective functioning of the public service system. Conclusions and suggestions regarding the effectiveness of the institution are presented. -

სტატიაშია განხილულია საჯარო სამსახურის სისტემის მაკოორდინირებელი უწყების, პრემიერ-მინისტრის სათათბირო ორგანოს - საჯარო სამსახურის საბჭოს ინსტიტუციური მოდელი და ფუნქციები. შეფასებულია მისი ეფექტიანობა - მისი გავლენა საჯარო სამსახურის სიტემის ეფექტიანად ფუნქციონირების თვალსაზრისით. წარმოდგენილია დასკვნები და მოსაზრებები ინსტიტუტის ფუნქციონირების ეფექტიანობასთან დაკავშირებით

Emile Kok-Kheng Yeoh (2009), "Leviathan at a Crossroads: China's Reforms and the Pitfalls and Prospects of Decentralization", in Emile Kok-Kheng Yeoh (ed.), Regional Political Economy of China Ascendant: Pivotal Issues and Critical Perspectives, Kuala Lumpur: Institute of China Studies, University of Malaya, pp. 241-303. <https://www.dropbox.com/s/njqfd21g3fff5ln/ChinaAscendant-chapter10-yeoh-leviathan-corrected-pdf-Table107.pdf>

The article presents the discussion about the future of the euro area. The starting point of this analysis is an outline of the main conclusions drawn from the crisis in this area, which began in 2010. Next, the documents regarding future reforms of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU), submitted by the European institutions during 2015-2017, will be analysed. Subsequently, the discussion on these proposals among the member states, especially the most influential – France and Germany, is being analysed. The article is aiming at considering the preliminary results of these negotiations and the possible reforms of the euro area. The Author is also wondering whether these reforms can adequately prepare the monetary union for another crisis or even worsening the economic situation in Europe. In this context and in relation to the broader geopolitical situation in 2018, the question is raised whether Poland should mull over joining the EMU. Finally, the geo-economic consequences of entering the EMU or being outside the monetary union will be examined in a situation where the reforms of this area are incomplete and the eurozone seems to be not well prepared for a possible next crisis.

Özet Osmanlı Hükümeti, Balkan Savaşları'nın ardından, Üçlü İttifak ile Üçlü İtilaf devletleri arasındaki gerginliği de göz önünde bulundurarak, Almanya'dan kara kuvvetlerinin, İngiltere'den de deniz kuvvetlerinin modernizasyonu için askeri katkı istenmiştir. Ancak Alman Askeri Heyeti'nin İstanbul'a gelmesi ve 1. Ordu Kumandanlığı görevine Liman von Sanders'in atanması üzerine Rusya, Boğazlar konusundaki hassasiyeti dolayısıyla meseleyi uluslararası bir soruna dönüştürmüştür. Kararlı tutumunu değiştirmeyen ve sadece kısmi bir takım görev revizyonları yapan Osmanlı Hükümeti, ıslahat çalışmalarını her şeye rağmen yürütmüştür. Meselenin seyri, Tercüman-ı Hakikat, Tanin, İkdam, Tasfir-i Efkar, Peyam ve Sabah gazetelerinin yazılarından takip edilmiştir.

Si la thèse est le fruit d'un long travail souvent solitaire, elle est aussi l'aboutissement d'une réflexion enrichie par les nombreux échanges avec les personnes qui nous entourent. Alors que je tâtonnais encore avec mon sujet, un peu perdue entre mes données empiriques et mon ambition théorique, j'ai eu la chance de pouvoir échanger avec Pierre Muller qui m'a aidée à mettre de l'ordre dans mes pensées. Les chercheurs de l'Institut suédois de recherche sociale (SOFI) à l'Université de Stockholm, ainsi que ceux de l'Institut d'Etudes Prospectives (Institutet för Framtidsstudier) ont apporté convivialité et stimulation intellectuelle à ma recherche. J'ai également bénéficié de mes échanges et discussions avec les doctorants et chercheurs du laboratoire Georges Friedmann, ainsi qu'avec les membres de l'Atelier Genre et Action Publique, dirigé par Pierre Muller, à l'Institut d'Etude Politique. Un grand merci aux amis de Stockholm qui ont rendu mes séjours encore plus agréables, et en particulier à ceux et celles qui m'ont hébergée à différentes reprises : Ingrid, Joakim et Anne-Sofie, Elke, Aaron et Nettan. Special thanks to Ingrid and Elke for positive vibes and girl power ! Merci également aux doctorants du labo Friedmann pour leur soutien et les bons moments passés ensemble. Le soutien moral et affectif, et les taquineries de ma famille et de mes amis m'ont aidée à tenir jusqu'au bout et à me sentir moins seule. Lucas et Garance se demandent depuis quelques années si c'est pas bientôt fini cette thèse… Merci à eux pour leur patience et compréhension malgré leur jeune âge. Leurs propositions d'aide m'ont beaucoup touchée. Enfin, last but most definitely not least, je ne sais si je serais allée au bout de ce travail sans Bruno, qui m'a apporté joie et bonheur même dans les moments difficiles, et dont le soutien inébranlable, toujours positif, stimulant et encourageant, m'a portée jusqu'au bout… 9 10

Although teacher education, both pre-and in-service, programs are offered in Nigeria by different teacher education institutions (as provided in the National Policy on Education), and varying degrees of success recorded, various problems still confront the program with far reaching consequences in Nigeria's educational system. This paper talks about the need for teacher education, the ideal teacher education, teacher education and national development, analyses the historical contexts of the teacher education reforms and development in Nigeria with emphasis on the roles of the Christian missions, the colonial administration and that of the Nigerian government after independence. It examines key recommendations of two commissions (Phelps Stokes and Ashby) and their implications to the reform and development of teacher education in Nigeria both during colonial era and after independence. The paper further discusses the influence of these and other reforms in shaping teacher education in Nigeria, the challenges still facing it, and finally suggests solutions and a holistic approach to better the lots of teacher education in Nigeria.

The debate on the virtues of fragmentation vs. consolidation of securities markets has recently been reopened by the Mifid directive of the European Union and its ongoing review. Empirical assessments of these two options are rare because few substantial changes occur at this “meta-regulatory ” level. The history of the Paris exchanges provides an interesting empirical test, since two changes in opposite directions occurred in the late 19 th century, when Paris was the second financial centre in the world. In 1893, the competition between the two Parisian markets was sharpened by a law diminishing the advantages of the regulated exchange; in 1898, another law brought them back and provided tools for their enforcement which lacked before 1893. We analyse the impact of these two changes on the competition between the exchanges in terms of securities listed, traded volumes and spreads. We conclude competition among exchanges is a delicate matter and efficiency is not always where one w...

Within the past century, tourists across the globe have increasingly sought not only distant, "exotic" destinations in their pursuit of relaxation, escape, and adventure but also the arts and culture of other communities. Within the literature on tourism marketing and place promotion, there is very little research related to the impact of videos, movies, including television programs on tourist locations, in Africa and in particular Ghana. Closest to nothing in

This review analyses a monograph by O. Velikanova, an American historian of Russian descent. The work focuses on the interaction of the Bolshevik authorities with the USSR’s population during the most large-scale political campaign of the early Soviet era, the “national discussion” of the draft version of the Stalin Constitution in the second half of 1936. Special attention is paid to the author’s method with various sources: from official legislation to classified document management, including several previously unpublished documents. The author aims to theoretically substantiate the existence of the phenomenon of mass political culture in the Soviet reality of the 1930s at the individual and group levels. Additionally, the author provides arguments illustrating the need to study the social perception of power practices during the mobilisation campaign by the civilian population and confirms the effectiveness of the results. Attention should be paid to the author’s justification o...

Islam is perhaps the first religion which has given women the rightful place in the society of man, acknowledging her as a respectful entity and a personality unto herself due to Islamic reforms through the Quran and the authentic Hadith of the Prophet Muhammad between 610 and 632A.D. However, the situation has not last long, Muslim women are not considered a homogeneous group with their own vertical and horizontal divisions due to customary laws, the region and sect to which they belong, and the traditional school of Islamic jurisprudence. But, in contemporary Muslim countries, governments' desire for legal modernization, combined with the need to show respect for the Shariat (Islamic law), has resulted in several significant reforms. In the era of personal status, a number of reforms, by and large have been enacted in Muslim countries with a view to improving the status of women and empowering them in respect of their matrimonial rights. Subsequently, in India, the first major changes in Muslim law happened after the case of Shah Bano (1985) and Shayara Bano (2017) which respectively led to the Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act, 1986 and The Muslim Women( Protection of Rights on Marriage) Act, 2019. This paper attempts to analyze how Muslim Personal law and judicial proceedings have been improving the marital status of women under Islamic law and empowered them in respect of their matrimonial rights in India and abroad.

This research endeavor seeks to identify the perceived Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL) obstacles faced by teachers of Written Expression Courses at the level of the department of English, Guelma, Algeria. For that sake and in an attempt to answer our research questions: What are the barriers that hinder EFL written expression teachers from the integration of CALL in their teaching practices? What recommendations can be given to overcome these barriers? Therefore, the quantitative questionnaire was used as a main research tool. It is chosen to elicit the participants' perceptions, perspectives, and viewpoints. The research sample includes a number of seven participants of those who are teaching or had previously taught this module. The statistical results highlight the conclusion that the respondents' most reported CALL barriers are extrinsic rather than being intrinsic. They mainly include: English as Foreign Language (EFL) teachers' resistance to change, lack of technical support, lack of training, and insufficient time in the Written Expression session.

Background: A surfactant protein-A-derived peptide, which we call SPA4 peptide (amino acids: GDFRYSDGTPVNYTNWYRGE), alleviates lung infection and inflammation. This study investigated the effects of intratracheally administered SPA4 peptide on systemic, lung, and health parameters in an outbred mouse strain, and in an intratracheal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge model. Methods: The outbred CD-1 mice were intratracheally administered with incremental doses of SPA4 peptide (0.625-10 μg/g body weight) once every 24 h, for 3 days. Mice left untreated and those treated with vehicle were included as controls. Mice were euthanized after 24 h of last administration of SPA4 peptide. In order to assess the biological activity of SPA4 peptide, C57BL6 mice were intratracheally challenged with 5 μg LPS/g body weight and treated with 50 μg SPA4 peptide via intratracheal route 1 h post LPS-challenge. Mice were euthanized after 4 h of LPS challenge. Signs of sickness and body weights were regularly monitored. At the time of necropsy, blood and major organs were harvested. Blood gas and electrolytes, serum biochemical profiles and SPA4 peptide-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody levels, and common lung injury markers (levels of total protein, albumin, and lactate, lactate dehydrogenase activity, and lung wet/dry weight ratios) were determined. Lung, liver, spleen, kidney, heart, and intestine were examined histologically. Differences in measured parameters were analyzed among study groups by analysis of variance test. Results: The results demonstrated no signs of sickness or changes in body weight over 3 days of treatment with various doses of SPA4 peptide. It did not induce any major toxicity or IgG antibody response to SPA4 peptide. The SPA4 peptide treatment also did not affect blood gas, electrolytes, or serum biochemistry. There was no evidence of injury to the tissues and organs. However, the SPA4 peptide suppressed the LPS-induced lung inflammation. Conclusions: These findings provide an initial toxicity profile of SPA4 peptide. Intratracheal administration of escalating doses of SPA4 peptide does not induce any significant toxicity at tissue and organ levels. However, treatment with a dose of 50 μg SPA4 peptide, comparable to 2.5 μg/g body weight, alleviates LPS-induced lung inflammation.

Resumen El Sistema Nacional de Salud (SNS) presenta una compleja situación de equilibrio, que aunque puede ser satisfactorio a corto plazo, plantea grandes problemas de sostenibilidad y gobernabilidad; el incierto balance del proceso de descentralización sanitaria en España señala claramente la senda de buscar nuevas alternativas organizativas para hacer efectivas las ventajas de la descentralización, a la vez que ser capaces de aprovechar las economías del sistema y conseguir la equidad pretendida. Se proponen cuatro líneas de actuación: redefinición del SNS en torno al aseguramiento público y derecho cívico igual para todos; replanteamiento del sistema de financiación y del papel del fondo de cohesión; redefinir el papel del gobierno central y el Ministerio de Sanidad, y crear un nuevo organismo, la Agencia del SNS con un Comisionado que de soporte organizativo e identidad al SNS como ámbito de acción cooperativa. Palabras clave: Descentralización. Reformas. SNS español.

Este articulo analiza los procesos politicos que hicieron posible las reformas energetica y educativa en Mexico durante el periodo 2013-2014. Con base en entrevistas a profundidad con actores clave, este articulo muestra la relevancia de los recursos politicos (poder de veto y establecimiento de agenda) de los que disponen los actores que forman parte de la coalicion promotora de los cambios, mas alla de las ideas que enarbolan para justificar la idoneidad de los mismos. Basado en una estrategia comparativa de tipo most different , el trabajo muestra la importancia que tiene que el Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI) haya pasado a formar parte de la coalicion reformista, desde su llegada al gobierno, y en particular el haber podido cooptar a los actores de veto predominantes, que limitaron —durante las administraciones del Partido Accion Nacional— el alcance de los anteriores intentos de reforma: el Sindicato de Petroleos Mexicanos (Pemex) y el Sindicato Nacional de Trabajado...

The growth of financial system, as the central hub of every economy is paramount for economic development. The reformation of the financial sector is the bedrock for building a formidable, transparent and efficient financial system that could supports the mobilisation of domestic and foreign savings for investment. Conversely, it deepens and broadens financial intermediation, and enforces strict regulations with prudential guide for increase in business activities. Thus, the aim of the study is to investigate the causal relationship between financial sector reforms and economic growth in Nigeria. The study also established the impact of financial sector reforms on economic growth to ascertain if financial sector reforms in Nigeria promote growth. To establish this, financial sector reforms is measured with the ratio of banking sector domestic credit, domestic credit to the private sector and Capital flow proxied with foreign direct investment while economic growth is captured with Per capita GDP. Using generalised linear regression method, with quarterly time series data that spans the periods 1981Q1 to 2010Q4, the following findings on granger causality test were noticed; (a) bidirectional relationship between banking sector domestic credit and per-capita GDP; (b) unidirectional causation running from foreign direct investment to per-capita GDP and; (c) unidirectional causation running from per-capita GDP to domestic credit to the private sector. However, from the findings, banking sector domestic credit and foreign direct investment are the major policy variables that can be adjusted for economic growth. Finally, the estimated regression results show that the explanatory variables accounted for approximately 63.45 percent variation in economic growth. Hence, financial sector reform promotes economic growth in Nigeria.

This study focuses on the implications of Credit to private Sector on the economic growth of Nigeria. Reforms have been introduced and implemented in Nigeria over the last three decades. The impact of these reforms on the economic growth have not been well felt by the citizens. The study is to determine the relationship between Credit to private Sector and economic growth of Nigeria. Regression model was used to present the estimates evaluated with T-test, F-test, DW-test and standard error estimates used to test the level of significance. The study found out statistical significance between Credit to Private Sector (CPS) and Real Gross Domestic Product (RGDP) in billions (N).furthermore, if there is one (1) million of Credit Private Sector (CPS) in the economy, the real output (RGDP) of the economy will increase by some significant percent of total increase in Credit to Private Sector (CPS).The Nigerian banking sector should increase the amount of credit given to private sector; th...

Isvicre’de aile hukuku, 1912 senesinde yururluge giren Isvicre Medeni Kanunu’nda duzenlenmistir. Isvicre Medeni Kanunu neredeyse altmis yil boyunca hicbir degisiklige ugramamistir. Ancak 1970’lerden itibaren pek cok farkli konuda adim adim degisiklikler ve reformlar yapilmistir. Bu makalede, Isvicre aile hukuku hakkinda guncel gelismeler ve reformlara da isaret edilerek genel bilgi verilmistir. Bunlarin yani sira, evlenme ve bosanmaya, evlilik disi yasam birlikteligine ve escinsel birlikteliklere iliskin Isvicre hukukunda yer alan kurallara ve cocuklari ilgilendiren ornegin hisimlik, evlat edinme, velayet hakki ve nafaka gibi konulara iliskin hukuki duzenlemelere de deginilmistir. Ayrica bu makalede, kisaca isim ve cinsiyet degisikligi konularina iliskin Isvicre hukuk kurallarina deginilmis ve sonuc bolumunde Isvicre aile hukukunun gelecegine iliskin goruslerimize yer verilmistir.

The growth of financial system, as the central hub of every economy is paramount for economic development. The reformation of the financial sector is the bedrock for building a formidable, transparent and efficient financial system that could supports the mobilisation of domestic and foreign savings for investment. Conversely, it deepens and broadens financial intermediation, and enforces strict regulations with prudential guide for increase in business activities. Thus, the aim of the study is to investigate the causal relationship between financial sector reforms and economic growth in Nigeria. The study also established the impact of financial sector reforms on economic growth to ascertain if financial sector reforms in Nigeria promote growth. To establish this, financial sector reforms is measured with the ratio of banking sector domestic credit, domestic credit to the private sector and Capital flow proxied with foreign direct investment while economic growth is captured with Per capita GDP. Using generalised linear regression method, with quarterly time series data that spans the periods 1981Q1 to 2010Q4, the following findings on granger causality test were noticed; (a) bidirectional relationship between banking sector domestic credit and per-capita GDP; (b) unidirectional causation running from foreign direct investment to per-capita GDP and; (c) unidirectional causation running from per-capita GDP to domestic credit to the private sector. However, from the findings, banking sector domestic credit and foreign direct investment are the major policy variables that can be adjusted for economic growth. Finally, the estimated regression results show that the explanatory variables accounted for approximately 63.45 percent variation in economic growth. Hence, financial sector reform promotes economic growth in Nigeria.

This research aims to provide an insight into the level of assumption regarding the responsibility of implementing and promoting the educational changes in the Romanian educational system. The diagnosis highlights the need to build an organizational identity, the need for professionalizing the human resources and the orientation towards social values. This research was conducted on a representative sample of teachers in the pre-university education system in the SouthEast of Romania. It allowed an analysis of the changing phenomenon (of the educational reforms) using scientific methods to obtain information regarding the attitude of the human resource in the educational system towards the educational reform dimensions. This strategy can be considered a support to make the leap to an active portance against educational changes. The respondents realized that, in order to put into practice this goal, the school must activate its mechanisms of strategic management which are meant to lead the educational actors towards a continuously engagement in the development and reconstruction process of school and professionalizing the teaching career.

This article analyses ‘new expressions of Islam’ in Tunisia before the popular uprising in 2010–2011. It does so from an ethnographic approach through which the researcher follows people as they go about their daily lives. The four ‘new expressions’ which constitute the framework of the analysis are new in the sense that they have not been presented before, have a twist to them in either message or form, and have attracted very little attention from scholars both inside and outside Tunisia. The article concludes that Islam did not disappear in the decades under President Bourguiba and Ben Ali’s rule, but shifted from the public to the private realm; that
pictures, sounds, and changes in the physical surroundings created by the regimes within the area of Islam were important factors for peoples’ experience of being in society; that many Tunisians were searching for values which could counter other changes in society; and that society did not remain silent, passive, or immune to reforms launched by the regime, but reacted and responded in ways which were originally detached from the regime and politics.