Papers by Miodrag J Labovic
Bezbednosni dijalozi, 2011
Bezbednosni dijalozi, 2017
General concept of systemically corrupted foreign policy means long term accomplishing geo-strate... more General concept of systemically corrupted foreign policy means long term accomplishing geo-strategic and geo-economic interests in the function of the biggest global capital in the world (Labovic, 2016). This highest and the most sophisticated type of unconventional political corruption has strong impact on the international economic and political relations, international and regional security. Systemically corrupted foreign policy is performed through the most perfidious methods, on the level of continued foreign policies. When the political, diplomatic and economic measures can not give results, as an ultima ratio-the military intervention is used in countries that are tens of thousands kilometers away from the country aggressor. Due to the above mentioned reasons, there has not been individual criminal responsibility for the killed civilians. This type of interventions eliminates the subjective criminal-law responsibility, because these activities, foreseen as criminal offences against the humanity and the international law are not treated as international criminal offences, but as a legitimate manner of conducting politics. In that context, also, special, hybrid war is used by the great powers for breaking the resistance of disobedient governments in smaller countries, which have themselves fallen into a condition where rule of law is absent, corruption is rampant and lack of respect for human rights and freedom is present. Of course, all this is done in those smaller countries with a lot less resources and not always by using extreme and/or militant means. In the context of the most immanent functions of the science, such as discovery, explanation and prognosis, in the paper have been explained thesis about the concrete interests of the great powers in the Western Balkans and especially in the Republic of Macedonia, as well as forecasts about its realization in further phases.
Security Dialogues /Безбедносни дијалози
General concept of systemically corrupted foreign policy means long term accomplishing geo-strate... more General concept of systemically corrupted foreign policy means long term accomplishing geo-strategic and geo-economic interests in the function of the biggest global capital in the world (Labovic, 2016). This highest and the most sophisticated type of unconventional political corruption has strong impact on the international economic and political relations, international and regional security. Systemically corrupted foreign policy is performed through the most perfidious methods, on the level of continued foreign policies. When the political, diplomatic and economic measures can not give results, as an ultima ratio-the military intervention is used in countries that are tens of thousands kilometers away from the country aggressor. Due to the above mentioned reasons, there has not been individual criminal responsibility for the killed civilians. This type of interventions eliminates the subjective criminal-law responsibility, because these activities, foreseen as criminal offences against the humanity and the international law are not treated as international criminal offences, but as a legitimate manner of conducting politics. In that context, also, special, hybrid war is used by the great powers for breaking the resistance of disobedient governments in smaller countries, which have themselves fallen into a condition where rule of law is absent, corruption is rampant and lack of respect for human rights and freedom is present. Of course, all this is done in those smaller countries with a lot less resources and not always by using extreme and/or militant means. In the context of the most immanent functions of the science, such as discovery, explanation and prognosis, in the paper have been explained thesis about the concrete interests of the great powers in the Western Balkans and especially in the Republic of Macedonia, as well as forecasts about its realization in further phases.
Security Dialogues vol. 8, Issue 2, 2017
General concept of systemically corrupted foreign policy means long term accomplishing geo-strate... more General concept of systemically corrupted foreign policy means long term accomplishing geo-strategic and geo-economic interests in the function of the biggest global capital in the world (Labovic, 2016). This highest and the most sophisticated type of unconventional political corruption has strong impact on the international economic and political relations, international and regional security. Systemically corrupted foreign policy is performed through the most perfidious methods, on the level of continued foreign policies. When the political, diplomatic and economic measures can not give results, as an ultima ratio - the military intervention is used in countries that are tens of thousands kilometers away from the country aggressor. Due to the above mentioned reasons, there has not been individual criminal responsibility for the killed civilians. This type of interventions eliminates the subjective criminal-law responsibility, because these activities, foreseen as criminal offences against the humanity and the international law are not treated as international criminal offences, but as a legitimate manner of conducting politics. In that context, also, special, hybrid war is used by the great powers for breaking the resistance of disobedient governments in smaller countries, which have themselves fallen into a condition where rule of law is absent, corruption is rampant and lack of respect for human rights and freedom is present. Of course, all this is done in those smaller countries with a lot less resources and not always by using extreme and/or militant means. In the context of the most immanent functions of the science, such as discovery, explanation and prognosis, in the paper have been explained thesis about the concrete interests of the great powers in the Western Balkans and especially in the Republic of Macedonia, as well as forecasts about its realization in further phases.
NATO Science for Peace and Security Series - E: Human and Societal Dynamics, Volume 145: Defense against Terrorism, 2019
Terrorism has been explained as a doctrine and method of struggle for certain purposes by means o... more Terrorism has been explained as a doctrine and method of struggle for certain purposes by means of systematic use of illegal force. The notions of terror and terrorism, although essentially based on the spread of fear through violence, is often differentiated as such: terror is qualified as the inducement of fear and violence in an organized and institutional way by a State apparatus against its citizens, while terrorism is applied to the method practiced by individuals and groups in order to achieve own interests. Applied to both situations, terrorism can be defined as a criminal activity accompanied by the use of illegal force and other methods of violence by individuals, groups, networks or institutions with the intent to cause mass fear, insecurity and mistrust among citizens towards their own institutions, in order to force governments to promote their political, ideological, economic and/or religious interests. Nowadays, terrorism also appears as a method in conducting hybrid war, where sponsoring and interfering States officially deny any such sponsorship and even deeply condemn those operations. The problem of “inability” to define terrorism at the international level has become a serious obstacle to its being placed under social control. An inadequate perception of democratic institutions about a problem creates inadequate social control. Lack of proper social control reflects in inadequate normative/institutional law-enforcement corpus competent for detecting, preventing and fighting crimes. The fight against “terrorism” has been paradoxically implemented, hence its poor successes. This paradoxical situation, opposing the reasons of economy to the reasons of human security, cannot be resolved without a fundamental resolution of internal, deep contradictions in the very essence of contemporary society, by means of a qualitatively new socio-economic and political system, a truly free, humane and pluralistic society.
Policing in Central and Eastern Europe – Social Control of Unconventional Deviance, Conference Proceedings, 2011
ABSTRACT
Purpose:
The purpose of this study is to identify new types of organised crime, and crea... more ABSTRACT
Purpose:
The purpose of this study is to identify new types of organised crime, and create a new conceptual framework for dealing with the most dangerous type- institutional organised crime.
Design/methodology/approach:
The studies take a systematic and qualitative approach. The research is founded on the author’s long-term survey based on the statistical indications and 37 in-depth interviews with officials.
Findings:
Five types of organised crime were identified. Besides well-known types of organised crime, this study found two new types of organised crime: institutional and
institutionalized organised crime. This new typology distinguishes from the previous typologies.
Originality/value:
One of the main points of this study is finding a solution for an exceedingly high rate of institutional organised crime. For that purpose, this study found that the problem might be resolved if the legal system will foresee foundation of an optimal independent institution against institutional type of organised crime which is inseparably
linked with high type of corruption. An optimal independent institution would be independent from the government, but not from wide social control. This solution is guided by the knowledge that though all governments in the world have huge power, the governments in the fragile societies have a high concentration of power.
The developed countries with traditional democracy, political culture and awareness of the law can deal with this problem. But in the same transitional and undeveloped countries, there is a lack of such determinative factors and the governments are really the dominant generator of institutional organised crime.
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Papers by Miodrag J Labovic
Purpose:
The purpose of this study is to identify new types of organised crime, and create a new conceptual framework for dealing with the most dangerous type- institutional organised crime.
Design/methodology/approach:
The studies take a systematic and qualitative approach. The research is founded on the author’s long-term survey based on the statistical indications and 37 in-depth interviews with officials.
Findings:
Five types of organised crime were identified. Besides well-known types of organised crime, this study found two new types of organised crime: institutional and
institutionalized organised crime. This new typology distinguishes from the previous typologies.
Originality/value:
One of the main points of this study is finding a solution for an exceedingly high rate of institutional organised crime. For that purpose, this study found that the problem might be resolved if the legal system will foresee foundation of an optimal independent institution against institutional type of organised crime which is inseparably
linked with high type of corruption. An optimal independent institution would be independent from the government, but not from wide social control. This solution is guided by the knowledge that though all governments in the world have huge power, the governments in the fragile societies have a high concentration of power.
The developed countries with traditional democracy, political culture and awareness of the law can deal with this problem. But in the same transitional and undeveloped countries, there is a lack of such determinative factors and the governments are really the dominant generator of institutional organised crime.
Purpose:
The purpose of this study is to identify new types of organised crime, and create a new conceptual framework for dealing with the most dangerous type- institutional organised crime.
Design/methodology/approach:
The studies take a systematic and qualitative approach. The research is founded on the author’s long-term survey based on the statistical indications and 37 in-depth interviews with officials.
Findings:
Five types of organised crime were identified. Besides well-known types of organised crime, this study found two new types of organised crime: institutional and
institutionalized organised crime. This new typology distinguishes from the previous typologies.
Originality/value:
One of the main points of this study is finding a solution for an exceedingly high rate of institutional organised crime. For that purpose, this study found that the problem might be resolved if the legal system will foresee foundation of an optimal independent institution against institutional type of organised crime which is inseparably
linked with high type of corruption. An optimal independent institution would be independent from the government, but not from wide social control. This solution is guided by the knowledge that though all governments in the world have huge power, the governments in the fragile societies have a high concentration of power.
The developed countries with traditional democracy, political culture and awareness of the law can deal with this problem. But in the same transitional and undeveloped countries, there is a lack of such determinative factors and the governments are really the dominant generator of institutional organised crime.