US

The regulation of trans fats sets an interesting precedent for the regulation of other legal but harmful food ingredients, such as salt, sugar and saturated fat. In this paper, we distinguish three regulatory measures to reduce such ingredients in food and population intakes: the labeling of an ingredient, a limit on the amount of the ingredient in food products and a ban on the production technology that creates the ingredient. We will compare the regulations promulgated in the US and in the EU to reduce trans fats in food and population intakes. This comparison will identify a common focus on scientific risk assessment and precautionary action but a different orientation towards regulating the internal market and towards producer interests. The comparison also lays bare differences in the regulatory systems of the US and the EU that may inspire US and EU regulators to reflect on possible improvements for future fights against legal but harmful food ingredients.

Abstract,In this comparative,survey,of seventy-three Russians and ninety-two US managers, we explore differences and similarities in ethical decision-making among respondents from these two countries within a business context. Using Reidenbach and Robin’s (1988) multi-criteria ethics instrument, we examined whether business people,in Russia and,the US differed in their judgment,of the ethical content of business decisions. Russia and the US provide an interesting

An energetic debate on the danger of a global currency war has flared up in recent months, stoked by a renewed move to “quantitative easing” in the United States, resurgent capital flows to developing countries and strong upward pressure on emerging market currencies ...

This paper explores the divergent theoretical developments in the UK and US disability studies and posits some explanations for these differing trajectories. History, politics, space, place and the search for identity have all played important roles. These emergent and hotly debated developments add a wealth of material to the epistemological project. The recent collections by Barnes et al. (2002) Disability studies today, and Disability studies: enabling the humanities, will be used as pivotal works. However, the question remains as to what explanatory power discourses developed within western metropolitan national cultures have for exploring the experience of disability in cultures on the peripheries. This analysis is being undertaken by an English born academic, who has been living in Australia for over 20 years and has been keenly watching and participating in the transatlantic battles over the past decade.

Each conflict has components which mark for simple and uncomplicated evaluation to the previous ones. It has been American history that whenever it involved in any war, it had to come across much difficult and unpleasant situations. In the World War II, Vietnam was boondocks for American armed forces, and nothing much was important as far as an absolute struggle against Japan and American officials charged with the contours of the post-war world, was concerned. Still paradoxically, United States became involved in Vietnam even before the eruption of armed hostilities between the French and Vietminh. It is generally believed that the US has neither fought any war larger than Vietnam War nor has any of its war been criticized so far. And there is no weighing up of the sufferings. The toll in suffering, grief in resentful national commotion can never be put into a table. Today the US is again entangled in a war in Afghanistan which has entered in 13th year with no results and success in the offing. This paper is an attempt to analyze whether Vietnam War, fought 48 years ago, was indeed the first episode of today’s Afghan War or not? The study will comprise of all the details of those times in order to bring out comparison between the two wars.

Information technology has positive impacts on Agricultural productivity as witnessed in the US. This involves the use of mobile applications to facilitate passage of information between stakeholders as well as, the use of GIS and remote sensing instruments. In addition, farm implements can incorporate guidance systems which make use of GPS data to enable a farm implement operators to detect the exact location in the field. In this regard, farmers can make informed decisions concerning the timing, quantity of inputs as well as the application and use of appropriate technologies. There has been a slow adoption rate of precision farming in the US, and this has been attributed to the lack of knowledge, and the presence of uncertainties regarding returns on investment. However, agricultural innovations increase efficiency and effectiveness in farming endeavours thus ICT continues to play a significant role in increasing productivity in the US.

and the United States. The Survey is grateful for past support received from the Governments of France, New Zealand, and Spain. The Survey also wishes to acknowledge the financial assistance it has received over the years from different United Nations agencies, programmes, and institutes. The objectives of the Small Arms Survey are: to be the principal source of public information on all aspects of small arms and armed violence; to serve as a resource centre for governments, policy-makers, researchers, and activists; to monitor national and international initiatives (governmental and non-governmental) on small arms; to support efforts to address the effects of small arms proliferation and misuse; and to act as a clearinghouse for the sharing of information and the dissemination of best practices. The Survey also sponsors field research and information-gathering efforts, especially in affected states and regions. The project has an international staff with ex pertise in security studies, political science, law, economics, development studies, sociology, and criminology, and collaborates with a network of researchers, partner institutions, non-governmental organizations, and govern ments in more than 50 countries.

Although much of the evidence is sporadic and anecdotal, no one makes the effort to obtain a good sense of the magnitude of problems Africans face when they migrate to other countries. The most significant influx of Ghanaians emigrating to the United States has been in the four decades since independence. While many long-time Ghanaian American immigrants in the United States came as students, many of the immigrants of 1980s and 1990s came seeking business opportunities as well as specialized experience and training. Even though, times of economic hardship in Ghana have affected the number that emigrate little or less is imagined of the socio-cultural, economic and political challenges that await their emigration to the United States.

Next week, Regarding Rights will publish Veronica Fynn’s analysis of the case of Canadian Omar Khadr. On 27 July 2002, 15-year old Khadr became the youngest prisoner since the Second World War to be prosecuted for war crimes by a military tribunal. Detained and tortured at Guantanamo Bay,  Fynn argues Khadr was abandoned by Canada, contrary to the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, Supreme and Federal Courts Rulings, and the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child. Khadr was returned to Canada on 29 September 2012 to serve the reminder of his sentence after pleading guilty. Fynn examines the Khadr case as an illustration of the uneven and ad hoc nature of law in the so-called “War on Terror,” where one child (Khadr, born into what has been frequently characterised as a “Muslim terrorist family”) is underserving of state protection while another (e.g. former Sierra Leonean child soldier Ishmael Beah) warrants sympathy and compassion. In such cases, Fynn asks, is the phrase “all are equal under the law” a myth or fact?

İbn Haldun’un Mukaddimesinin altıncı bölümünün tahlilini vererek, İbn Haldun’un bilen- bilinen ’in sosyal bağlamdaki bilincinin taksonomi üzerinden izini sürmeye çalıştık. Sonrasında tarih metafiziğini de ekleyerek orijinal bir Ortaçağ aydınının tüm bilinç boyutlarını genel hatlarıyla kendi ilimler sınıflaması(taksonomisi) üzerinden göstermeyi denedik .
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İbn Haldun'la ilgili ileri bilgiler için bkz. DİA / İSLAM ANSİKLOPEDİSİ, "İbn Haldun" maddesi
https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/ibn-haldun

İbn Haldun'la ilgili ileri bilgiler için bkz. DİA / İSLAM ANSİKLOPEDİSİ, "MUKADDİME" maddesi
https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/mukaddime--ibn-haldun

The purpose of this study was to examine Ghana' s education reform initiatives between 1975 and 1996 in the light of contemporary linguistic and diversity issues. The goal was to identify emerging themes and determine the extent to which Ghana' s education reform can be improved by drawing upon the rich resources of education reforms in both Ghana and the U. S. The study sought to create a broader framework for understanding Ghana' s education system by situating it in the contexts of debates and practices in English education in the United States. The context for this study included multiple years of educational reforms in Ghana and the United States as well as the educational reform initiatives put forward by various governments and agencies. This study addressed a number of research questions related to reform initiatives in Ghana' s educational programs between 1975 and 1996? Drawing upon Kirk and Miller (1986), Bissex (1990), Denzin and Lincoln (2000), the study utilized a qualitative and interpretive case study format to present a critical analysis of issues emerging from Ghana' s educational reform documents. In this study, the argument had been made that, the desire to restructure the education system of Ghana, must include expansion of the -iii -processes of negotiating alternate approaches to education reforms in the nation. Thus, this study drew attention to the educational aims in the U. S. by providing an analysis of educational models in the U. S. education system that might help Ghana to meet the challenge of teaching literacy in its culturally and linguistically diverse classroom. The main research question addressed in this study was, " What are the emerging issues that characterized reform initiatives in Ghana' s educational programs between 1975 and 1996?"Data analyzed by the researcher revealed that the Ghanaian educational reforms articulated democratic and transformative goals in order to address the socio-economic realities of Ghana; however, the adoption of undemocratic procedures tended to result in dismal outcomes of the educational reform efforts. The lack of programmatic effort and assessments by policy makers tended to create gaps that resulted from the pervasive lack of coordination between education policy and education practice, particularly teacher preparation and classroom practice. The solution that this researcher suggests is the reconciliation of the problem by expanding the notion of democracy to involve the active role of all actors in the education reform process, with deliberate inclusion of classroom teachers and teacher preparation program administrators. Additional findings are described in the dissertation. -iv -Finally, an emergent theoretical model identified desired educational goals and inter-connected variables in the Ghanaian society. The study includes recommendations for further research. --iv DEDICATION for my grandmother, Afeafa Fiador Agbemabiese, who opened the door to the world of ideas for me, and my father, Leo Korbla Agbemabiese, who believed I could accomplish all my goals and provided the intellectual guidance. -v -ACKNOWLEDGMENT Along the long, steep and winding path I took in writing this dissertation, a number of individuals proved quite helpful. I owe a large keg of debt to them. The last words of my father were, " Girdle your loins and fight hard to complete the last chapter of my book." In a similar manner, my Grandmother, one day rhetorically expressed her concern about me in these words, " I wonder if he would one day write my name correctly in his notebook."She was expressing her misgivings to some elders of my village about me moving into the Catholic mission-house in order to complete my middle school education. Today, I have completed the last chapter of my father' s book and engraved Grandma' s name not only in my notebook but also on my memory. If those who reside in " Tsiefe"(the Land of the Dead) have ears, let Grandma and my father hear me, " I, your stammering son owe you a basketful of " akpe"(thanks) and " ahagowo"(kegs of palmwine for libation) for always being with me." My dissertation committee deserves my sincerest thanks and appreciation for the timely intervention and invaluable assistance, and encouragement they provided whether through private conversations, questions raised, or careful readings and comments on chapters of this dissertation. They include Dr. Charles Hancock, Professor of Education who -vi -directed this dissertation with caring and intensity; read and commented on each chapter, placed his professional acumen at my disposal, and became the greatest ally throughout the final dissertation journey and through his words of encouragement I have arrived at its completion. Dr. Mac Stewart, Associate Professor of Education, provided his invaluable Teacher Education expertise assistance, here-and-there, and offered suggestions that enriched my dissertation throughout the process. Dr. Valerie Lee, Professor of English, whose gift of support and positive influence provided invaluable resources indispensable not only to this dissertation by my academic career in general. Her immense assistance and suggestions brought my dissertation the needed focus. Dr. Kofi Anyidoho, Professor of English, University of Ghana, Legon Ghana, deserves mention for his continued encouragement and mentorship that has brought me this far in my academic and creative career. My most thanks is to my mother, Anna Ablavi Kwashie-Agbemabiese for her sacrifices and believing I can always succeed in whatever I put my hands to. I want to express a personal and special gratefulness to my daughters Sena, and son, Elikplim, for sacrificing immensely for me, putting themselves last, accepting my absence from their lives, their years of growing up, as their contribution to this dissertation, and spending countless nights without bedtime stories in order to make Dad' s dream for the family come true. -vii -I will like to thank Ann B. Walker, for her indispensable advice and support and being instrumental in my successful completion of this dissertation. I want everyone who knows and ever meets B. Joyce Robinson to thank her for her spiritual and moral support, for her stimulating words that cheered me on and continue to amaze me with an incredible energy. She was and still is my ' prop'in distress. Special mention must be made of Mr. Foster Fraser. Mr. Fraser deserves many thanks for his encouragement, nourishment from his world of knowledge and ideas, enthusiasm and commitment to my welfare, academically and socially. Mr. Foster Fraser " medudor wo, loo."A thousand thanks to Dr. Isaac Mowoe and Dr. Paulette Pierce, for their insights and thoughtful questions and willingness to stand by me in all adversity ever since I arrived in the U. S. I want to mention Ms. Dzigbordi Yawa K. L Grooms for her love, support, and her gently prodding intellectual curiosity that often challenges my often taken-for-granted assumptions. Special recognition to my brothers Dr. Charles Agbemabiese and Dr. Martin Agbemabiese and cousin Dr. Dela Harlley for their numerous sacrifices, kindness, advice, judgment and care in the dreary years of my dissertation. God bless them. I want to say a special thanks to my friend Dr. Edward Fekpe and his family for being a post in my fence in thick and thin, rain and shine. Words can never describe Mr. Emeka Aniagolu, Mr. Godwin Dogbey, and Mr. Kordzo Willie Agbalevu. They are a friend and brother whose -viii -unqualified and selfless dedication to my welfare in social as well as in academic arenas has no equal. I owe them a lifelong gratitude. And for Mr. A. D. Agbewornu, my uncle who became my father and confidant, " Mawu neyra wo"(God bless you) for keeping the fire in the hearth at home alive and fresh. I am also indebted to Sherri and Bryon Wallington (Mr./Mrs.) for the support they always give when my computer refuses to listen to my ' cries.' " The Mouth,"according to an Ewe proverb, " cannot count the colony of the mice."I have many people to thank than this page can hold. Since space will not allow me to acknowledge their generous support by naming them individually, let me ask for their pardon. I extend my deepest appreciation and gratitude to them for giving me the opportunity to learn and grow professionally from each of them. To all, let me say, " Akpe nami loo. Miawoe wor dor"(Thanks to everybody for a noble work done). Finally and most importantly, I thank the Supreme Being and the Tutelary Spirits of my departed ancestors for showing me that through them all things are possible. -ix -VITAE January 12, 1965… … … Born, Abor V. R. Ghana

Pacea Iluziilor este una dintre cele mai influente cărți în domeniul Relațiilor Internaționale din ultimul deceniu. Argumentul cărții se încadrează perfect într-una din marile dezbateri ale domeniului Relațiilor Internaționale după sfârșitul Războiului Rece, una dintre cele mai complexe dezbateri ale ultimelor decenii, care atinge aspecte importante precum rolul Statelor Unite în sistem și fundamentele acestuia, natura și limitele puterii americane, constrângerile sistemice și interne asupra puterii americane, răspunsul celorlalte state din sistem față de puterea americană, etc. Filtrată prin aceste aspecte, în centrul dezbaterii se află problema menținerii poziției de preeminență sistemică a Statelor Unite pentru o perioadă cât mai lungă. Fără a fi exhaustiv, acest studiu își propune o inventariere a principalelor abordări componente ale dezbaterii și o clasificare a acestora care să ne ajute să percepem cu o mai mare acuratețe argumentele avansate, ca bază a lecturii Păcii Iluziilor. Cuvântulcheie care dă tonul acestei dezbateri este de departe paradoxul. Argumentele construite de autori au la bază o serie de paradoxuri și situații excepționale care sunt cel puțin surprinzătoare, având în vedere înclinația realistă a autoarei.

The main objective of this paper is to discern where the Eurozone (EZ) stands within the current framework of increased ‘currency wars’ between the US and China, and whether it is able and willing to change the current International Monetary System (IMS) to a more coordinated and managed exchange rate regime. The answer is that the EZ has made certain progress in the latter two faces of monetary power, focused on preference-shaping and agenda-setting, but as yet not in the first face where decision-making takes actually place. France, for instance, has certainly made some efforts, with the support of China, to start the debate on the transformation of the current flexible-dollar-standard (FDS). On the back of the ideational effect of European Monetary Union (EMU) and the internationalisation process of the euro, the Europeans have gained enough leverage to make considerable impact in the second and third faces of power. However, by not being politically united, the EZ precludes any possibility to force the US to enter into a compromise and relinquish the exorbitant privilege that the centrality of the dollar offers them.

""""Whether they articulate fears about freed slaves, Jews, freemasons, communists, civil rights, the federal government, the “New World Order”, or “Zionist Occupied Government” (ZOG), conspiracy theories have always been central to the American extreme-right. The extreme-right is a diverse group of right-wing movements, most notably white supremacists, white nationalists, white separatists, and neo-Nazis such as the Ku Klux Klan, American Nazi Party, National Alliance, Aryan Nations, and others who hold racist and/or anti-Semitic views, ideologies, and conspiracist interpretations and theories of history and power.  Such extreme-right movements and organizations have emerged and proliferated at different points throughout American history whenever they perceive social, political, or economic developments as detrimental to the white race and/or America, from Reconstruction in the 1880s through civil rights in the 1960s and the farm crisis in the 1980s to the election of Barack Obama in 2008.

Conspiracy theories have provided a vehicle for the expression and representation of the extreme-right’s fears about threats to white supremacy and America and served as justification for their political mobilization, activism, and violence. While the conspirators in such theories have included internal and external enemies or threats, there has been a consistent stable of usual suspects that relate to America’s racial, political, ideological, and regional fault-lines. Even though there have been both internal enemies and allies in such theories, external forces are rarely portrayed as anything but a threat. Following 9/11, al-Qaeda, Islamist Extremists, the Middle East, and the wider Muslim and Arab world began to feature more prominently in extreme-right conspiracy theories and literature. While the mainstream right feared the threat posed by this region and people, the extreme-right saw them as potential allies in the war against the American government and Zionism. In response, watchdogs, academics, and other commentators have made a great deal about the link between extreme-right and Islamist conspiracy theories and potential alliances between the two movements, not just post-9/11 but retrospectively throughout the post-war era.

In this chapter , I examine American extreme-right conspiracy theories concerning the Middle East and the Muslim and Arab world, attempted alliances with Islamists and the relationship between such theories and alliances, as well as work by  commentators who attempt to establish links between the extreme-right and Islamists based on their shared penchant for conspiracy theories and efforts towards alliance building.  I argue that in spite of claims about overlap and alliances, attempts to forge alliances between the extreme-right and Islamists have been unidirectional, originating with the extreme-right, and largely unsuccessful.  Moreover, they have tended to occur during (and thus reflect) periods of movement realignment or crisis, when the extreme-right is seeking political direction and relevance. These are periods which correspond to developments and realignments in American foreign policy and international relations that concern the Middle East and Islam. In Part One, I examine attempts by commentators to establish links between conspiracy theories, extremism  and political alliances and between the extreme-right and Islamists. This is followed in Part Two with an examination of attempts by the extreme-right to form alliances with the Arab and Muslim world, as well as conspiracy theories about them, in five specific periods of realignment or crisis in the post-war period: post-World War II, post-Civil Rights, post-Cold War, post-9/11, and following the election of Barack Obama.
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This paper explores the extent to which there are significant differences in disclosure requirements under US, UK, and international accounting standards. Previous research into international disclosure diversity has focused on an analysis of disclosure practices in different countries rather than on disclosures required by regulations in different countries. Financial disclosures required by UK professional regulations and by International Accounting Standards (IASs) are summarised and classified using Barth and Murphy's (1994) categorisation by purpose of disclosure and by category and subject. US, UK and international required disclosures are compared and areas of divergence are highlighted. Although differences in required disclosures between the three regulatory regimes are evident from the analysis, these differences are not significant in the multivariate models tested. A notable difference is greater required disclosures in the UK/IASs concerning entity structures (business combinations, consolidations, segmental reporting etc.).A greater proportion of US required disclosures address risks and potentials and assess returns. A much greater proportion of UK/IASs disclosures related to items recognised in accounts. The Financial Accounting Standards Board is currently examining the issue of disclosure effectiveness in the US. By highlighting areas of diversity in required disclosures in the US, UK and internationally this study will add insights to this discussion of disclosure effectiveness.

The Smell of Exile is a collection of poems that speaks about complex and diverse human experiences. They are simple stories about people, their hopes, dreams, and their indomitable spirit that clings to something mystical as they struggle to survive in a foreign culture. To the first time reader, it outlines and examines the cultural and historical effects of human-nature disconnection, the severance of an African poet from his time-honored customs and traditions of Africa, and his being caught in the rituals of the new world. But, the feeling of separation from a birthplace is one of the largest and greatest universal sources of nostalgic feelings, and of suffering of which Padmore Agbemabiese has been inspired to talk about in various styles and art forms. Tales narrated by the poems are sensitive and capture the imagination in order to provide the reader with an escape or a journey into the realm of the mystical, supernatural, and esoteric world of that human tragedy, loss of identity. In the poem, "One Gentle Night," Padmore Agbemabiese brings us this feeling of loss:

one gentle night
I saw the moonlight coming out in the dark
and remembered the crickets at home

soon
I cuddled my soul with joy at the moon
but the crickets did not return my song

gush
I raised my head and looked again
it was the floodlights from the street corner

slowly
and sorrowfully
I lowered my head
and thought of my far-away home

The Evolving Role of China in the Global Economy is a serious scholarly effort to understand the economic dynamics of the world’s second largest economy, writes Ross Harvey. With sections on exchange rate policy, savings and investment, monetary policy and capital controls, and foreign direct investment, this book seeks to offer a systematic analysis of the factors in China’s rapid economic growth.

Next generation x-ray sources require very high-brightness electron beams that are typically at or beyond the present state-of-the-art, and thus place stringent and demanding requirements upon the electron injector parameters. No one electron source concept is suitable for all the diverse applications envisaged, which have operating characteristics ranging from high-average-current, quasi-CW, to high-peak-current, single-pulse electron beams. Advanced Energy Systems, in collaboration with various partners, is developing several electron injector concepts for these x-ray source applications. The performance and design characteristics of five specific RF injectors, spanning "L" to "X"-band, normal-conducting to superconducting, and low repetition rate to CW, which are presently in various stages of design, construction or testing, is described. We also discuss the status and schedule of each with respect to testing.

How does power work in practice? Much of the ‘stuff’ that state agents and other international actors do, on an everyday basis, remains impenetrable to existing International Relations theory. This is unfortunate, as the everyday performance of international practices actually helps shape world policy outcomes. In this article, we develop a framework to grasp the concrete workings of power in international politics. The notion of ‘emergent power’ bridges two different understandings of power: as capability or relation. Emergent power refers to the generation and deployment of endogenous resources — social skills and competences — generated in particular practices. The framework is illustrated with an in-depth analysis of the multilateral diplomatic process that led to the 2011 international intervention in Libya. Through a detailed account of the negotiations at the United Nations, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, and the European Union, the article demonstrates how, in practice, state representatives translate their skills into actual influence and generate a power politics that eschews structural analysis. We argue that seemingly trivial struggles over diplomatic competence within these three multilateral organizations played a crucial role in the intervention in Libya. A focus on practice resituates existing approaches to power and influence in International Relations, demonstrating that, in practice, power also emerges locally from social contexts.

An energetic debate on the danger of a global currency war has flared up in recent months, stoked by a renewed move to  “quantitative easing” in the United States, resurgent capital flows to developing countries and strong upward pressure on emerging market currencies. This Economic Premise reviews some of the arguments and concludes that the current U.S. monetary easing is a useful insurance policy against the risk of global deflation. But it is increasing pressure on developing countries to move toward greater monetary policy autonomy and exchange rate flexibility, as well as to undertake the institutional and structural policies needed to underpin such flexibility. Such reforms will take time.

One can say that so far the gradual internationalisation process of the Chinese RMB has been successful. The Chinese approach of crossing the river by feeling the stones has proven adequate. While it is commonly believed that a currency can only become international when it is fully convertible, Hong Kong and the RMB might prove the contrary. Nonetheless, there are several risks that lie ahead. So far the internationalisation process has developed smoothly because the waters of the river have been relatively shallow, but once the waters deepen proportionally to the amount of RMBs that are in circulation overseas, the journey might be less tranquil.

This book chapter analyses two of the most widely circulated and notorious images of prisoners being inducted into the Camp X-ray prison at Guantanamo bay naval base initially published in a press release by the US Department of Defense. Drawing on photography theory and visual culture theory I discuss the way that images of the prison have come to communicate not merely the technical processes by which the US military detains selected prisoners of war, but the relationship of the USA with the rest of the world, a visual rendering of power – cultural, imperial, military, legal and physical. The chapter explores the complex and strategically blurred relationship between propaganda, publicity and photojournalism in contemporary visual culture.

The aim of this paper is to identify elements that can be generalized to borders across the world to help establish cross-border planning as a valid scientific endeavour in the profession. The specific objective of this article is to analyze cross-border planning and the challenges that urban planners encounter when improving quality of life for millions of people living in fourteen binational conurbations along the US-Mexico international border. Cross-border planning is defined as an institution-building process to achieve mutually beneficial outcomes. Its primary emphasis is on the facilitation of collective action with regards to the shared natural, built, and human environments constrained by territorial politics and boundaries of nation-states.

The formal acknowledgement of their status, responsibilities and obligations as the occupying power makes the US occupation of Iraq which began in April 21, 2003 unique. It marked the first instance since the inception of the UN that the invader or aggressor is acknowledging and accepting responsibilities as an occupier and the UN is given approval to the situation. UNSC Resolution 1483 was unanimously approved on May 22, 2003 to validate the occupation mandate in Iraq. It was interpreted in consonance with relevant provisions of The Hague Regulations and the 4th Geneva Conventions. Equipped with these legal documents this article weighs the performance of the US in her military occupation of Iraq. It concludes that there were enormous limitations on the US to meet up their responsibilities and obligations as occupying power in Iraq. It recommends that aggression and invasion of sovereign states should remain abrogated. When war inevitable occurs and there is military occupation; occupying powers should conscientiously adhere to the responsibilities and obligations embedded in the international law of occupation.

This paper examines the link between petro-dollar underpinned US hegemony with the coming global peak oil age in which volatile high oil prices will be a structural problem. Without attempting to pin down the exact timing of global peak oil, this paper assumes that global peak oil will indeed come to pass in the foreseeable future and will have significant implications on the global economy and global energy infrastructure. The paper mainly argues that sustaining American petrodollar hegemony would be a much more difficult at the eve of global peak oil due to two main reasons: First, a tendency among oil-exporting countries to accept a currency that has potential to challenge the principal reserve status of the dollar, the euro. Second, increasing reliance on alternative resources to oil, in particular natural gas is significant. Since the age of global peak oil will arrive sooner or later, US policymaking elites should understand that current international energy infrastructure is not sustainable and they need to take the required measures to increase the portion of renewables among energy resources to fuel the global economy.