Penology and the Penal System

La surpopulation carcérale est un problème récurrent auquel sont confrontés de nombreux établissements pénitentiaires en RD Congo comme dans bien d'autres Etats de la planète. Elle génère des conditions de vie inhumaines pour les détenus en créant une pro-miscuité entre eux et en facilitant la propagation de maladies en prison. En outre, elle crée un mauvais environnement de travail pour le personnel pénitentiaire 1. D'où la nécessité de réfléchir, dans le cadre du présent article, sur les mécanismes à mettre en place pour endi-guer ce phénomène. Nous examinons dans un premier temps les causes de ce surpeuple-ment et dans un deuxième temps son incidence tant sur les droits reconnus aux personnes privées de liberté que sur le travail du personnel pénitentiaire. La conclusion qui s'en dé-gage est que la durée, anormalement longue de la détention préventive est la cause princi-pale de la surpopulation carcérale en RD Congo et pour faire face à ce fléau, la régulation des entrées en prison et la facilitation des sorties anticipées ou des aménagements de peine s'avèrent impérieuses.

The study is aimed to reveal the differences between formal and informal
control in crime prevention. It refers to the similarities of the work of
volunteer probation officers in Japan and the disestablished institution of placement under community custody in Bulgarian Criminal Code. It
discusses the ways to involve the public in crime prevention and also
participation at all phases of the criminal procееdings.

Sosiologi pemidanaan merupakan diskursus alternatif diantara dua tradisi diskursif yang cukup mapan dalam memahami pemidanaan, penologi dan filsafat. Artikel ini memperkenalkan secara singkat beberapa pemikir yang membahas peran pemidanaan dalam masyarakat yaitu, Émile Durkheim, Rusche dan Kirchheimer serta Michel Foucault.

Offenders' rehabilitation programs that are based upon the interaction with animals have increasingly been receiving the attention of the media and experts from various fields of science (including psychology, sociology, andragogy, penology, criminology and criminal law) due to a multitude of benefits they are capable of providing for: inmates, prison staff, broader community and animals. Resocialization of offenders, decrease in the rates of recidivism, additional incomes for the prisons' budgets and saving abandoned animals are only some of them. Having this in mind, the author of this paper studies key moments in the historical development of the application of animal assisted therapies and programs, key benefits of these programs, the most remarkable example of modern use of these programs in the world and the implementation of animal-assisted program in Serbia in Correctional Institution in Sremska Mitrovica. In the concluding remarks, the author highlights the most important potentials of these programs in crime suppression, explains the need for additional research in this area, and suggests further directions for their evaluation and improvement.
Key words: prisons, rehabilitation, resocialization, recidivism, animals

Menurut Wolfgang, Savits, Johnston
Kriminologi adalah Kumpulan ilmu pengetahuan tentang kejahatan yang bertujuan  untuk memperoleh pengetahuan dan pengertian tentang  gejala  kejahatan dengan jalan mempelajari dan  menganalisa  secara ilmiah  keterangan-keterangan, keseragaman-keseragaman,  pola-pola dan  faktor-faktor  kausal (sebab-akibat) yang berhubungan  dengan kejahatan,  pelaku kejahatan, serta reaksi masyarakat terhadap kedua-duanya.

Reproducerea integral sau par ial , multiplicarea prin orice mijloace i sub orice form , cum ar fi xeroxarea, scanarea, transpunerea în format electronic sau audio, punerea la dispozi ia public , inclusiv prin internet sau prin re ele de calculatoare, stocarea permanent sau temporar pe dispozitive sau sisteme cu posibilitatea recuper rii informa iilor, cu scop comercial sau gratuit, precum i alte fapte similare s vâr ite f r permisiunea scris a de in torului copyrightului reprezint o înc lcare a legisla iei cu privire la protec ia propriet ii intelectuale i se pedepsesc penal i/sau civil în conformitate cu legile în vigoare.

The offenders who are accused of horrendous crimes when under the influence of mental disorders should be first identified for mental disease by a competent psychologist. There are a lot of variants of mental diseases. However, unfortunately, they are all generally categorized as same. There is a serious need to recognize and classify them properly. All stakeholders: advocates, judges, social workers, the police and doctors not only need to know about different mental diseases and legal provisions, but also need to be aware of treatment options available to the mentally ill persons charged with criminal acts. Many cases in India have been reported about serial killers, mental illness, incest & other sexual and violent crimes, but no case has been reported as committed by psychopaths. Psychopathy is a dangerous mental ailment which is unrevealed in Indian judicial system. There is an urgent need to identify and classify each mental disease and then take necessary steps. In U.K. and U.S. separate statutes have been made for the psychopaths. There should be proper recognition of psychopaths in India due to the severity of the disease and increasing incidences of psychopathic crime.

This is a book about prison, rehabilitation, cells, hallways, human psychology, values, conspiracy theory, justice, dysfunctions, "criminal minds", morality, and many more. The issues revealed in it are part of my work as educator in the biggest and most notorious prison in Rep. of Macedonia - Idrizovo.

We sought to understand incarcerated youths' perspectives on the role of protective factors and risk factors for juvenile offending. We performed an in-depth qualitative analysis of interviews (conducted October-December 2013) with 20 incarcerated youths detained in the
largest juvenile hall in Los Angeles. The adolescent participants described their homes, schools, and neighborhoods as chaotic and unsafe. They expressed a need for love and attention, discipline and control, and role models and perspective. Youths perceived that when home or school failed to meet these needs, they spent more time on the streets, leading to incarceration. They contrasted the path through school with the path to jail, reporting that the path to jail felt easier. All
of them expressed the insight that they had made bad decisions and that the more difficult path was not only better but also still potentially achievable. Breaking cycles of juvenile incarceration will require that the
public health community partner with legislators, educators, community
leaders, and youths to determine how to make success, rather than incarceration, the easier path for disadvantaged adolescents.

This paper is an analytical attempt to examine the mortality of prisoners in the Gulag timber camps on a micro-level during the Great terror of 1937- 1938. The author uses a comparative methodology for his analysis. For comparison, he employs statistical data from the American prison system, metropolitan prisons of the Third French Republic, concentration camps of  Nazi Germany, and death rates of comparable sex and age cohorts of the USSR civil population.

Over the last 25 years, community sentences have evolved significantly. However, throughout this period there has been a consistent theme of rehabilitation underpinning them. Section 44 of the Crime and Courts Act 2013 has set out, the author argues, to alter this by requiring that a punitive element is attached to a Community Order given under s177 Criminal Justice Act 2003 unless to do so would be 'unjust in all the circumstances'. Considering the types of offenders for whom community penalties have been shown to be particularly useful in reducing recidivism, and the potentially high threshold of 'unjust in all the circumstances', it is argued that this requirement will compromise the strengths previously exhibited by Community Orders and considers why such a requirement may have been added.

Since the late 1970s advocates of restorative justice (RJ) have argued that this approach to justice represents an alternative to the dominant social logics of punishment. Critical of rehabilitation and retribution in particular, proponents argue that traditional criminal justice practices exclude victims, limit the ability of offenders to take responsibility and make amends for harms, and place the needs of state policies of crime control over those of individuals and local communities. Moreover, many early RJ proponents were drawn from the prison abolition movement and other social movements, and in its early growth, RJ was frequently articulated not only as a response to victim exclusion or offender accountability, but also in terms of larger goals of transforming the criminal justice system, including the argument that RJ could function as a viable redress to the use and growth of incarceration.

According to section 142 of the Criminal Justice Act (2003), there are six aims of sentencing which consists of; Retribution: Denunciation: Incapacitation: Deterrence: Reform/Rehabilitation and Reparation. The aim of sentencing can vary dependent on the offender; however, they all have one common denominator, to punish the offender. The Penal System constantly changes, with ‘New’ initiatives being introduced in response to the demands from the state; in conjunction with an evolving society which calls for continuous crime reduction and deterrence. This essay will identify and evaluate contemporary penal policy, and explore the changing forms of punishment and the new initiatives to deal with crime and criminality.

In past though attempts have been made to discuss in general, the
sentencing policy in India, but no serious attempts have been made
to analyze sentencing policy in context of socio-economic offences.
This article attempts to fill this gap and analyze the sentencing
policy (loose or specific, in whatever form it exists in India) under
five different socio-economic statutes. It aims to do descriptive and
comparative study of various punishment prescribing provisions in
these five statutes, plus examination of court practices wherever
necessary, in order to search and then analyze some common
policy or at least a trend of some dominating policy of Indian
legislature with respect to socio-economic statutes. Finally, in long
concluding section, the article analyzes the models prevailing in
other jurisdictions such as U.S. and U.K., and suggests reforms
that can be introduced in India with suitable modifications.

The full paper is available at:  https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B4XaA30casoDVGo2b3FhbUdLMGc/view   
or the full paper is also available from:  http://www.ijlprnujs.com/ijlpr_2017_vol_6_no_1

The article proposes the institutional analysis of convict labor as an alternative to both (profit-oriented) economic and (discipline-oriented) political explanations. The specialized labor-based prisons in Turkey from 1936 to 1953 are brought to light by archival research and are presented here as a rich case to discuss the experiential/subjective conditions of unfree labor regimes and the structural effects of institutions on the convicts’ experiences. I argue that the state department responsible for prison labor in Turkey was transformed into a capitalist corporation with bureaucratic management, and the target of convict labor system was neither profit nor discipline, but the creation of the corporate bureaucracy itself. As a consequence, both for prisoners and for the prison staff, labor-based prisons appeared as privileged places. Hence, unfree labor was volunteered.

Las primeras dos partes de este texto son una síntesis del artículo del mismo nombre publicado en: Anitua, G., Bodelón E., Machado, B. Monclús, M. y Rivera, I. (2021) La sociología del control penal en España y Latinoamérica. Homenaje a Roberto Bergalli.  España: Bosh Editor, pp.143-173.

La presentación puede verse también en este link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hw0ii2EQRFI

Offender supervision represents an important mechanism applied during the execution of criminal sanctions and measures, especially of community or alternative sanctions. Official reports of some European countries suggest that the application of offender supervision is starting to deliver satisfactory results in crime prevention and suppression. Serbian normative framework for offender supervision was set in 2006, when community service was introduced, and improved by amendments of 2009. Strategy on the Minimization of Over-population of Institutions for the Execution of Criminal Sanctions in the Republic of Serbia between 2010 and 2015, recommended alternative sanctions as the most efficient means to reduce the number of prisoners, especially by applying the 'house prison', with or without electronic surveillance. Draft normative framework Serbian legislator is about to adopt comprises: Strategy of the development of the system of execution of criminal sentences between 201...

L'article interroge les enjeux que le COVID-19 soulève dans et autour de la prison, en discutant, dans une perspective historique, les politiques pénales, les mesures prises par les administrations pénitentiaires et les réactions des personnes détenues.

Regarding the last amendments to the Criminal Code of May 2019, the author critically questions the introduction of life imprisonment into the system of penalties in the Criminal Code of Serbia criticizing the arguments that aims to explain this legal change. The death penalty was abolished in 2002 and legislator instead introduced punishment of maximum 40 years imprisonment which, according to many relevant authors, should be treated as a de facto life imprisonment. The state of crime was not going worse in a meantime (on the contrary, the crime rate decreased) so it has to be concluded that there was no any real reason for imposing life imprisonment.
However, two facts deserve special attention and criticism: firstly, amendments was  introduced without public debate, based on the media campaign which abused one tragic case. Secondly, after imposing such amendments the Criminal Code of Serbia prescribe the possibility of imposing life imprisonment excluding the right to be conditionally released. Both of the above mentioned facts caused a negative reaction among experts in the field of Criminal law in the coutry and also by European institutions. Such circumstances indicated that it is “penal populism” ongoing which  has never regretted the abolition of the death penalty. 
This and some other changes that have been made will lead to additional costs in the budget, overcrowding of penitentiary institutions and consequently to their transformation into geriatric centers and many other negative practical consequences.
On the general plan, the question is whether the idea of re-socialization and preparing prisoners for life in freedom as a previous purpose of imprisonment was abandoned.
It is still unclear why the officials did not resort to the (if they wanted to convince citizens that a persistent dangerous bullies will not endanger their lives after serving the sentence) is not resorted to institute of preventive incarceration ("forvaring") that exists in criminal law in Norway.

During his brief reign as Liberal home secretary in 1910, Winston Churchill embarked upon an ambitious reform of the English prison system. His first principle of prison reform was ‘to prevent as many people as possible getting there at all’. He believed that there should be a just proportion between crime and punishment and that even convicted criminals had rights against the state. Underlying Churchill’s prison reforms was a real understanding of the nature of imprisonment from the perspective of the prisoner, which drew from his having been a prisoner during the Boer War.

Extant research on the relationship between political systems and state punitiveness has so far paid little attention to the impact that transition from one political system to another may have upon levels and patterns of state punitiveness. This risks not only exaggerating the degree to which given trends in state punitiveness are distinct to particular political systems but also overlooking the legacy that punitive policies, practices or experiences under a prior political system may bequeath its successor. With a view to advancing a better understanding of the relationship between political systems and state punitiveness, we draw on the case of Greece, taking a long historical perspective to chart the trajectory of punitive state policies and practices in the country before, during and after its dictatorship of 1967-1974.

This paper explores one of the most palpable managerial manifestations of contemporary criminal policy, we refer to the process of introducing the client- user paradigm in the penal system. To do this, we review the process of how the victim acquired prominence, reaching the point of being treated as the client of a service provider company (service and product criminal justice). We also observe the complex debate about what should be understood by “client” in public admin- istration, and how that discussion impacts on criminal policy. To concretize that, we will focus on the Chilean reality, exposing our analysis on the called Models of Attention to Users of the criminal justice system, especially those implemented by the Public Ministry of Chile. Based on this observation, we conclude that this managerial manifestation corresponds to an ongoing process, which has a positive side related to improving access to “the justice service”. However, on the other hand, there could also be unwanted political and criminal consequences, such as the risk that many customer service policies become only a “symbolic or substitute” offer to resolve the criminal conflict. We conclude that the origin of this danger is that some of these measures are inspired to improve the image of the institutions of justice among the citizens, and not aimed at profound changes in the criminal justice system.

Pengurangan masa menjalani pidana (remisi) bagi narapidana kasus korupsi menuai kritik dari beberapa kalangan dalam masyarakat. Bagi beberapa kalangan, narapidana kasus korupsi sudah sepantasnya mendapatkan hukuman yang berat, dan selama menjalani pidana pun seharusnya tidak diberikan hak-hak yang dapat mempercepat mereka kembali ke dalam masyarakat, seperti hak remisi. Karena, kejahatan yang mereka lakukan dianggap sangat merugikan negara. Pemberian remisi dianggap tidak menunjukkan keberpihakan pada upaya untuk memberikan pembalasan yang setimpal atas perbuatan yang mereka lakukan. Selain itu, remisi bagi narapidana korupsi dipandang tidak sejalan dengan semangat untuk melakukan pemberantasan kejahatan korupsi.

Iako krivična dela učinjena od strane lica u stanju duševne poremećenosti čine mali procenat ukupnog kriminaliteta, psihičko stanje takvih učinilaca i njihova potencijalna opasnost za okolinu zahtevaju specifičnu državnu reakciju u obliku posebnih medicinskih (kurativnih) mera bezbednosti obaveznog psihijatrijskog lečenja – bilo u zdravstvenoj ustanovi bilo na slobodi. Imajući u vidu značaj mentalnog zdravlja kako opšte populacije tako i lica koja su učinila protivpravna dela u zakonu predviđena kao krivična dela u stanju neuračuniljivosti ili bitno smanjene uračunljivosti, kao i neophodnost zaštite elementarnih ljudskih prava lica na psihijatrijskom lečenju, autor u radu analizira legislativni okvir za izricanje mera bezbednosti obaveznog psihijatrijskog lečenja i čuvanja u zdravstvenoj ustanovi, obaveznog psihijatrijskog lečenja na slobodi, opravdanost pojedinih zakonskih odredbi u toj oblasti, ulogu psihijatrijskog veštačenja u takvim slučajevima i postojeće uslove za izvršenje ovih mera bezbednosti u Republici Srbiji. Uvažavajući ciljeve istaknute u Strategiji razvoja zaštite mentalnog zdravlja, autor ukazuje na određene legislativne manjkavosti i praktične propuste i probleme u toj oblasti, i navodi predloge za njihovo prevazilaženje.
Ključne reči: mere bezbednosti, obavezno psihijatrijsko lečenje, neuračunljivost, bitno smanjena uračunljivost, psihijatrijsko veštačenje

During his brief reign as Liberal home secretary in 1910, Winston Churchill embarked upon an ambitious reform of the English prison system. His first principle of prison reform was ‘to prevent as many people as possible getting there at all’. He believed that there should be a just proportion between crime and punishment, and that even convicted criminals had rights against the state. Underlying Churchill’s prison reforms was a real understanding of the nature of imprisonment from the perspective of the prisoner, which drew from his having been a prisoner during the Boer War.

Italy has long been considered a non-punitive country due to its low imprisonment rates and the leniency of some of its penal policies. However, recent developments in the penal climate reveal a growing demand for punitiveness. What will be the impact of the rise of new Eurosceptic and populist forces on the criminal justice system?

This paper examines the penological challenges confronting Irish prisons in the near future with the likely increase in lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) prisoners. It takes a comparative approach, learning from the experience of the US & UK, and suggests the adoption of international best practice. There is a dearth of
analysis in regards to the unique needs of LGBT prisoners in Ireland, comparative or otherwise.
The paper begins with the incidence of LGBT prisoners and the likely future disproportionate incarceration of LGBT prisoners which is largely based on international trends (mainly the UK given the
similarity of cultures). Next, homophobia in Irish prisons is
analysed, with the US & UK experience complimenting Irish examples of homophobia and transphobia. Health concerns of LGBT prisoners including mental health, aids, and unique health issues for
transgender prisoners are then discussed with solutions based on US & UK best practice. Penultimately, sex in prison is analysed, both in relation to consensual and non-consensual sexual relations between prisoners. Recent reports in the UK have discovered an increase in both consensual and non-consensual sex in UK prisons, while much of the US literature has examined the concept of ‘homoflexible’ prisoners or the use of rape as an expression of heterosexual power in prison. The paper concludes with policy
recommendations such as those based on prisoner protection, the development of an LGBT policy by the Irish Prison Service based on the British approach, staff training and monitoring.

The presented publication is an author's study on various aspects of the functioning of the penitentiary system of other countries and the possibility of using their positive experience in the penitentiary practice of modern Ukraine. The information provided in the book is based on the personal impressions of the authors when visiting penitentiaries in different countries, reference materials obtained at conferences, congresses, round tables, during working meetings on working with convicts, community and penitentiary staff of different countries of the world, data from open sources of information.

La surpopulation carcérale est un problème récurrent auquel sont confrontés de nombreux établissements pénitentiaires en RD Congo comme dans bien d'autres Etats de la planète. Elle génère des conditions de vie inhumaines pour les détenus en créant une promiscuité entre eux et en facilitant la propagation de maladies en prison. En outre, elle crée un mauvais environnement de travail pour le personnel pénitentiaire 1 . D'où la nécessité de réfléchir, dans le cadre du présent article, sur les mécanismes à mettre en place pour endiguer ce phénomène. Nous examinons dans un premier temps les causes de ce surpeuplement et dans un deuxième temps son incidence tant sur les droits reconnus aux personnes privées de liberté que sur le travail du personnel pénitentiaire. La conclusion qui s'en dégage est que la durée, anormalement longue de la détention préventive est la cause principale de la surpopulation carcérale en RD Congo et pour faire face à ce fléau, la régulation des entrées en prison et la facilitation des sorties anticipées ou des aménagements de peine s'avèrent impérieuses. 7 La surpopulation carcérale « décrit l'inadéquation, à un instant donné, entre le nombre de détenus et le nombre de places disponibles dans les prisons » (Tournier, 1998 : 39).

Deinstitutionalisasi merupakan suatu alternative untuk menghadapi permasalahan yang dihadapi oleh lembaga penghukuman saat ini. Dimana penjara saat ini dianggap tidak mampu menjalankan fungsinya sebagai tempat memulihkan konflik antara pelanggar hukum dengan masyarakat. Sebaliknya, penjara dianggap menciptakan masalah baru dengan adanya penyimpangan di kalangan narapidana dan otoritas penjara. Alasan seperti itulah yang memunculkan pemikiran terhadap deinstitutionalisasi dan hal ini sebetulnya telah terpikirkan oleh R.Tondokusumo, tokoh reclassering Indonesia.

La surpopulation carcérale est un problème récurrent auquel sont confrontés de nombreux établissements pénitentiaires en RD Congo comme dans bien d'autres Etats de la planète. Elle génère des conditions de vie inhumaines pour les détenus en créant une promiscuité entre eux et en facilitant la propagation de maladies en prison. En outre, elle crée un mauvais environnement de travail pour le personnel pénitentiaire 1 . D'où la nécessité de réfléchir, dans le cadre du présent article, sur les mécanismes à mettre en place pour endiguer ce phénomène. Nous examinons dans un premier temps les causes de ce surpeuplement et dans un deuxième temps son incidence tant sur les droits reconnus aux personnes privées de liberté que sur le travail du personnel pénitentiaire. La conclusion qui s'en dégage est que la durée, anormalement longue de la détention préventive est la cause principale de la surpopulation carcérale en RD Congo et pour faire face à ce fléau, la régulation des entrées en prison et la facilitation des sorties anticipées ou des aménagements de peine s'avèrent impérieuses. 7 La surpopulation carcérale « décrit l'inadéquation, à un instant donné, entre le nombre de détenus et le nombre de places disponibles dans les prisons » (Tournier, 1998 : 39).

Times are changing, and penology is no exception. Court rulings favor bringing people out of the darkness of prison corridors deeply hidden in the dark setting of tons of concrete and steel. With artificial surroundings and no direct sunlight, people are demanding that prisoners be released from solitary confinement but don't have a clue what this will do to them if exposed to the settings of a social atmosphere that have been denied them for decades. When I was assigned the first Security Threat Group (gang unit) step-down program in the Arizona maximum security unit, Special Management Unit II, now called the Browning Unit, we had to emphasise safety over operational issues and assimilation overcoming the mental stress and anxiety of unambiguously identified group of men who have been locked up for more than a decade and who have never been given an extraordinary opportunity to reconnect and socialize with others before their release from the solitary confinement setting. The first step was to identify the gang members and determine their compatibility with each other in an open setting defined as a pod, as that would be the ultimate goal – socialization within a semi-controlled environment but with activities that would allow them out of cell events in an organized manner. The list had been reviewed time after time and the finalist were individuals determined to be the best candidates for a successful transition to an open yard setting. This selection process took over two years to develop and finalize and included criteria that gave the administration small and lesser risk assurances that they would not renege on their promise to violate the step-down program rules. The STG coordinators did a fantastic job to pick the names based on background checks and gang affiliations. We had to deliberately mix the gangs whether they were rivals or not because the entire purpose of the program was to find a common thread of respect and assimilation for