Penal System

This thesis is primarily an examination into Eberhard Jüngel’s concept of theological anthropology. Secondarily, this thesis examines how Jüngel’s theological anthropology can support the correction that Howard Zehr for in his book Changing Lenses. Zehr proposes that a better approach to our penal system would be to transition it from a retributive justice orientation to a restorative justice orientation. While Zehr makes a very good point, his biblical theological approach to supporting why such a change can be supported from a Christian perspective neglects the doctrine of justification, relegating it to a side note at the end of the discussion. It is the opinion of this author that Jüngel’s theological anthropology with its emphasis on the doctrine of the justification of sinners is the groundwork for Christian support for a program like Victim Offender Reconciliation program.

There is a concern that causal determinism might render free-will impossible. I compare some different perspectives, namely Compatibilism, Incompatibilism, Libertarianism, and Hard Determinism, and conclude that Hard Determinism is correct—we lack free-will. To further bolster the case, I consider the work of Libet, who has found neuropsychological evidence that our brains non-consciously cause our actions, prior to our being aware of it. Thus we are also not choosing consciously. I then consider Dennett’s work on the role of the conscious self. I defend his model—of a fragmented self—which could not cause our actions. Finally I argue that many things that free-will purportedly provides, eg., justification for the penal system and reactive attitudes, can be reconstructed without free-will. I then end with some speculations about why people still want free-will.

Vinculada à linha de pesquisa de Criminologia e Controle Social do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Criminais da Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, a presente dissertação investiga quais e de que modo dispositivos operaram saberes e práticas para que se alcançasse este atual estado em que a morte de uma pessoa passou a ser controlada pela técnica médica de um modo tão natural que qualquer gesto de resistência tem o potencial de ativar o sistema penal com o anúncio de um crime contra a vida. A partir da chave conceitual biopolítica, que tem permitido uma melhor compreensão das relações humanas modernas, e da deflexão dessa configuração teórica, denominada  tanatopolítica, oferece-se uma nova lente para a investigação social capaz de evidenciar um complexo dispositivo de economia da morte. A primeira metade da dissertação é dedicada à análise da construção teórica desses conceitos através dos escritos de três grandes nomes que se dedicaram ao tema: Michel Foucault, Giorgio Agamben e Roberto Esposito. São também analisadas as reflexões de Timothy Campbell, quem supriu uma lacuna doutrinária ao resgatar a relação da técnica com a economia da vida e da morte. Com a intenção de provar a relevância e a atualidade do problema e de  apresentar sugestões interpretativas inéditas para fenômenos violentos mal compreendidos, a primeira parte do segundo capítulo reexamina sob o viés tanatopolítico diversos fenômenos contemporâneos que reproduzem um programa discursivo e prático de extermínio do outro, sejam eles naturalizados (violência policial, política amnésica) ou escandalosos (estupro, terrorismo) à cultura vigente. A partir desse ponto, mergulha-se num breve histórico da emergência de uma medicina biopolítica, na narrativa das revoluções médicas do século XX, na abertura de um horizonte médico tanatopolítico e em três evidências da operacionalidade dessa nova economia de vida e morte: a escamoteação da morte, o direcionamento farmacêutico da vida e a interposição da medicina no processo de morte através da revolução da complexidade técnica. Ao final, a partir de notórios precedentes judiciais, relata-se como decisões e atos de médicos e pacientes desafiaram o gerenciamento técnico e burocrático da morte ao lhe subtrair vidas suspensas.

Linked to the Criminology and Social Control research line of the Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul’s Graduation Program in Criminal Sciences, this dissertation inquires which and how apparatus operated knowledge and practices  in order that the  current  status could be achieved, in which one’s death has been controlled by medical technique in such a natural way that any resistant gesture has the potentiality to activate the penal system by announcing a crime against life. Making use of  the  biopolitics  conceptual key, which has enabled a better understanding of modern human relations, and its deflection entitled  thanatopolitics, a new social study reading is able to evidence a complex apparatus of the death economy. The first half of this essay analyzes the theoretical  elaboration of these concepts through Michel Foucault’s, Giorgio Agamben’s and Roberto Esposito’s writings. Timothy Campbell’s  thoughts,  that have complemented a doctrinaire gap by bringing to light the relation between technique and life-and-death economy, are also examined. Intending to prove this question’s relevance and topicality, and to present unprecedented interpretative suggestions  to violent and misunderstood phenomena,  the second chapter’s first part re-examines, through thanatopolitical lens, several present-day events that reproduce a discursive and practical scheme of destruction of the  other, whether naturalized (police violence, amnesic politics) or scandalous (rape, terrorism) to modern  culture. Then, this study immerses in a brief history of the emergence of a biopolitical medicine, in the narrative of the 20th century medical revolutions, in the disclosure  of a medical thanatopolitical horizon and in three evidences of this new life-and-death economy operability: the “death against death” (Illich), the pharmaceutical guidance of life and the interposition of medicine in the process of death through the technical complexity revolution. In the end, grounded on notorious judicial cases, it is reported how doctors’ and patients’ decisions and actions defied the technical and bureaucratic management of death by rifling suspended lives.

Türkiye’deki ceza infaz sistemi her zaman kendi gündemini yaratmış ve hem sosyal bilimlerin hem de politikanın ilgi alanında kalmıştır. Sosyal hizmet, bizzat ilgili kurumlarda çalışan meslek elemanlarının da bulunmasına rağmen, suçluluk ile ilgili görece az çalışmaya sahip bir alandır. Bu tez sayesinde, literatürde eksik kaldığını düşündüğümüz, suçluluk alanının aslında başat aktörlerinden olmalarına rağmen kendileri ile yeteri kadar çalışılmamış ceza infaz koruma memurlarıyla
çalışılarak, alana yeni bir bakış açısı sunulması hedeflenmiştir.
Çalışmada infaz koruma memurlarının görüşleri üzerinden Türkiye’deki ceza infaz sisteminin suça ve suçluya yaklaşımının ufak bir göstergesi ortaya konmaya çalışılmıştır. Bahsedilen gösterge, suçluluk alanındaki politikaların yapısal sorunlarını ve ihtiyaçlarını tanımlamada yararlı olacaktır. Tezin amaçlarından birisi de ceza infaz koruma memurlarının suça ve suçluya dair düşüncelerine, sahip oldukları ‘erk’in, kullandıkları ‘otorite’nin ve hiyerarşik sistemde altında bulundukları ‘otorite’ ile olan ilişkilerinin etkisini incelemektir.
Araştırma kapsamında Türkiye’nin üç büyük kentinden (Ankara, İstanbul, Bursa) 12 infaz koruma memuru ile derinlemesine görüşmeler gerçekleştirilmiş ve görüşülenlerin meslek algıları, iş yaşamları, mahpuslarla iletişimleri hakkındaki ve mahpus şartları/denetimli serbestlik/mahpusların çalışması gibi infaz sistemiyle ilgili konulardaki düşünceleri alınmıştır.
Araştırma sonunda görüşülenlerin çoğunun mesleklerini zorunlu olarak icra ettikleri, aldıkları eğitimleri yetersiz buldukları, mahpuslarla iletişimde otorite dengesi kurmaya çalıştıkları, hapishanelerin ‘ıslah edici’ görevine inanmadıkları, infaz sisteminde yapısal sorunlar gördükleri vb. bulgulara ulaşılmıştır. Hapishaneler gerek çalışanlar gerekse mahpuslar için olumsuz bir ortam oluşturmakta, yapılan reformlar yapısal sorunları giderememektedir. Ceza infaz sistemini değerlendirirken geleneksel kalıplardan çıkılmalı ve alternatifler üzerinde durulmalıdır.

This paper presents the abolitionist proposal through a
critic to the penal system. Prison is considered as a central element of
it and its function and effectivity are examined, as well as the consecuences
it has for prisoners. Later the main criticisms abolitionism
receive are stated. Prison and penal system alternatives are also
briefly set out in order to complete the abolitionist proposal and not
to stop mereley at the criticism. Finally, according to criticism and
recent tendencies of penalty, it is considered the social function of
penal system.

A partir del análisis de la Encuesta de Presos Condenados de ochos países de América Latina, el documento contribuye a expandir el conocimiento sobre las mujeres privadas de libertad. En primer lugar, los resultados del estudio descriptivo señalan diferencias de género relevantes en lo que respecta a la conducta delictiva y al nivel de exclusión social previo al encarcelamiento. Las mujeres están involucradas en delitos menos violentos que los varones, tienen una trayectoria delictiva menor y actúan mayormente acompañadas, destacándose la importancia de sus lazos de dependencia a la figura masculina. Asimismo, la situación de las mujeres antes del ingreso a prisión es más vulnerable que la del varón en tanto presentan una mayor proporción de desempleo y sobre ellas generalmente recae la responsabilidad de los hijos. En segundo lugar, a partir de modelos de regresión multivariada, se identifican los factores de riesgo asociados con la trayectoria delictiva de las mujeres reclusas, que aportan indicios acerca de dónde resulta necesario intervenir para prevenir la delincuencia femenina. Se destaca que el entorno de socialización de la niña (principalmente el grupo de pares) influye en su posterior conducta delictiva, al igual que determinadas características sociodemográficas, como la tenencia de hijos. El documento sugiere que las intervenciones efectivas de prevención deben tener en cuenta estos factores y, a la vez, es necesario considerar las particularidades de las mujeres reclusas a la hora de diseñar las políticas carcelarias y de reinserción.

Over the last 25 years, community sentences have evolved significantly. However, throughout this period there has been a consistent theme of rehabilitation underpinning them. Section 44 of the Crime and Courts Act 2013 has set out, the author argues, to alter this by requiring that a punitive element is attached to a Community Order given under s177 Criminal Justice Act 2003 unless to do so would be 'unjust in all the circumstances'. Considering the types of offenders for whom community penalties have been shown to be particularly useful in reducing recidivism, and the potentially high threshold of 'unjust in all the circumstances', it is argued that this requirement will compromise the strengths previously exhibited by Community Orders and considers why such a requirement may have been added.

Abstrak Dewasa ini, kasus perkosaan terhadap anak di Kota Medan masih sering terjadi dengan meskipun hukuman yang diberikan kepada pelakunya terbilang berat. Perkosaan terhadap anak merupakan suatu kasus hukum dimana para pelakunya harus ditangani secara khusus. Tetapi ketika menjalani hukuman, narapidana pelaku perkosaan anak justru ditempatkan bersama dengan narapidana tindak kejahatan lain. Ini yang menjadikan permasalahan ini menarik untuk diteliti. Penelitian dilakukan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode studi kasus tipe deskriptif. Dalam penelitian, unit analisis ditentukan berdasarkan pelanggaran terhadap UU No. 23 Tahun 2002 Tentang Perlindungan Anak. Data primer diperoleh dengan pengamatan dan wawancara mendalam. Peneliti mengamati langsung ke lapangan untuk mengetahui aktivitas, perilaku, ekspresi, dan bahasa nonverbal informan. Wawancara mendalam dilakukan menggunakan pedoman wawancara dan perekam digital sebagai alat bantu. Resosialisasi dalam Lapas pada dasarnya menekankan agar narapidana menjadi seorang conformist atau orang yang taat terhadap aturan. Hasil yang didapat dari analisis adalah bahwa pola resosialisasi narapidana pelaku perkosaan anak relatif sama dengan narapidana kasus lain, hanya saja narapidana pelaku perkosaan anak lebih banyak mengalami kekerasan dibandingkan dengan narapidana kasus lainnya pada saat mereka pertamakali memasuki Lapas. Narapidana dalam lapas mempunyai norma-norma dan aturan sosial. Aturan ini sifatnya mengikat dan berlaku untuk semua narapidana. Kemudian, telah terjadi pergeseran dalam pendekatan keamanan (security approach), dimana narapidana bukan lagi sebagai objek pembinaan tetapi sebagai subjek, dimana narapidana dapat memilih sendiri pembinaan apa yang ingin mereka peroleh. Perkosaan anak merupakan suatu tindakan yang muncul akibat dari adanya ketidaksesuaian antara tujuan kultural dengan sarana-sarana kelembagaan yang tersedia, khususnya dalam pemenuhan kebutuhan seks. Perkosaan terhadap anak melanggar UU No. 23 Tahun 2002 Tentang Perlindungan Anak. Menurut UU tersebut pelaku dapat

Las primeras dos partes de este texto son una síntesis del artículo del mismo nombre publicado en: Anitua, G., Bodelón E., Machado, B. Monclús, M. y Rivera, I. (2021) La sociología del control penal en España y Latinoamérica. Homenaje a Roberto Bergalli.  España: Bosh Editor, pp.143-173.

La presentación puede verse también en este link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hw0ii2EQRFI

O artigo discutiu de forma abrangente e crítica como se dão as notícias sobre a questão criminal nos grandes veículos de comunicação brasileiros (principalmente a televisão). O objetivo foi sistematizar, de forma profunda, como os meios de comunicação de massa abordam o tema da criminalidade (quais os padrões observados nas notícias sobre a temática), refletindo-se acerca da concentração da mídia no país, o tempo destinado para a questão criminal, o impacto que a mídia exerce na população, bem como sobre o incremento do encarceramento e da produção legislativa penal.
Na primeira parte, discutiu-se sobre a concentração da mídia no país e sobre a falta de pluralidade das informações veiculadas por ela, que inexoravelmente serão parciais e tendenciosas. Refletiu-se sobre o índice de analfabetismo no país, e como ele relega a essas populações que a informação que obtenham seja tirada do rádio ou da televisão, e de que forma ele pode impedir uma reflexão crítica sobre o que é transmitido por esses veículos. Em seguida analisou-se qual o tempo dispendido pela programação dos quatro maiores canais de televisão do país à questão criminal (seja central ou tangencialmente), com o fito de ter uma noção do impacto que a visão distorcida propagada por esses veículos causa na sociedade.
Na segunda parte do trabalho, a partir de ampla revisão bibliográfica de livros, artigos e trabalhos científicos que tratam da temática, foi sistematizado e profusamente esmiuçado os padrões de abordagem da mídia à questão criminal: maniqueísmo, seletividade, parcialidade (vozes autorizadas e não autorizadas), desprezo pela presunção de inocência e reforço do ideal punitivo para toda situação envolvendo a criminalidade.
Por fim, a terceira parte do trabalho discutiu os impactos que essa visão distorcida e enviesada propagada pelos monopólios midiáticos causa na sociedade. Dissertou-se sobre o encarceramento em massa brasileiro, que a cada ano aumenta (com uma população bem específica), e também sobre as legislações penais criadas por força da pressão midiática, tais como a Lei dos Crimes Hediondos, a Lei Carolina Dieckmann, o Pacote "Anticrime" e as sucessivas legislações que alteraram o Código Penal, em especial nos crimes contra o patrimônio. Tais legislações visaram não só criar novos tipos penais, como agravar as penas de crimes já existentes.

元代是中國歷史上最特殊的朝代之一，是北亞草原民族首度征服全中國的政權，在政治、社會各方面都帶來極大的衝擊，學者討論元代在中國歷史上的地位，多研究其特殊性，而常忽略其在中國歷史發展的延續性。這種現象也反映在法制史研究上。民初程樹德於《九朝律考》中所畫律系表：漢律→後魏律→北齊律→隋開皇律→唐律→宋刑統→明律→清律。一望即知少了元代，而法制史學者如楊鴻烈、徐道鄰均對遼、金、元三朝不甚關注。普遍來說，學界鮮少關注遼金元法律對明清法律的重大影響。本文將透過元代刑罰制度──笞、杖、徒、流、死五刑體系的建立，考察元代在中國法制史上該有的地位。
笞杖刑方面，元代發展出尾數為七的笞杖刑，大異於其他朝代且共有十一等，自七下至五十七下為笞，有六等笞刑；六十七下至一百零七下為杖，有五等杖刑。其中一百零七下的刑度位階帶來兩種不同的觀察面向，一說是本於元世祖忽必烈的「天饒他一下、地饒他一下、朕饒他一下」為由的減三下之說。一說為本意減三下卻無意之中發展成了加七下，是故導致一百零七下的出現。兩種說法都沒錯，只是沒有闡釋出元代刑罰體系建立的複雜性，因為國初行用十一等笞杖刑加死刑共十二等的刑罰來代換金宋舊律的律定刑，於是乎同為笞杖刑卻有不同的來源與設定目的。
徒刑方面。是針對屬於自由刑的徒刑，自宋代行折杖法之後，自由刑與原先《唐律》的設計出現巨大改變，金代徒刑類似隋代徒刑有附加杖，有五年七等徒，更有代流役。元初將金之徒流刑轉為擊打笞杖的方式執行，到了頒布〈鹽法通例〉、〈強竊盜賊通例〉等法令，出現了兩種來源不一的徒刑，此時類似金代的徒刑附加杖也一併恢復。透過判決徒刑的案例，依時間先後分析元代徒刑的演變過程，並討論「加徒減杖」制度在元代刑罰體系建立過程中所扮演的角色與功用。
元代的流刑與死刑。討論生刑之最的流刑與剝奪性命的死刑。元代流刑出現多種說法，一是二千里比移鄉接連、二千五百里遷徙屯糧、三千里流遠出軍；一是說遼陽、湖廣、迆北，或大致上南人流放至北方，北人流放至南方，到底何者說法較符合歷史事實，為何會發展出這種南北對調，富含任務性質的流刑，此外要討論與流刑十分相似的遷徙（遷移）刑，其設立緣由與施用的對象。死刑方面要探討元代死刑的執行率，與影響死刑執行的幾種原因，在看過元代仁慈的一面後，還要接著討論殘忍的凌遲處死，針對所見凌遲處死的法律條文或案例，整理出施行對象，並處理「敲」這個詞語，考訂元代是否以「敲」一詞表示杖殺。
最後本文提出元代法律創設過程中三個重要因素─「世祖成憲」、「蒙古舊慣」以及「唐金舊例」，三者相互作用之下決定了日後為明清律繼受的複式刑罰「近世新五刑」。

Interroger la peine par son emprise sur le corps sur un temps long, telle est l’ambition de cet ouvrage qui montre que quels que soient les temps et les lieux, le
corps est l’objet d’une attention constante de la peine car il permet d’objectiver le monopole répressif de la  justice.
Studying punishment according to its hold on the body over the long term: this is the goal of this work, which shows that whatever the time and place, the body is the object of punishment’s constant attention because it makes it possible to objectify the repressive monopoly of justice.

Following global trends, Chile is plunged into a new migration situation because of the increased arrival of foreigners. Furthermore, since 2005 it has been established in the Metropolitan area a criminal justice reform that is design to protect the accused rights.
For that reason it is important to know the relationship between migration and the criminal justice system through the nationwide to the Metropolitan Area during the period between 2005 to 2008 that is when the criminal procedure reform was introduce
There is currently scattered and fragmented data statistics in this field, there is not research in criminology about this phenomenon in the area indi- cated. Therefore, this study seeks to gather consistent and comprehensive information regarding the entry of foreigners to the current Criminal Justice System. At the same time this study pretends to analyze what is happening to immigrants into the criminal justice system and also get a glimpse of the immigrant’s realities, and know their nationalities and they impact on the criminal justice system. In order to discover the role that the state should play on the immigration issue itself, and the treatment of immigrant into the criminal justice system.

Siguiendo las corrientes mundiales, Chile se ve inmerso en una nueva realidad migratoria consistente en una mayor llegada de personas extranjeras a su territorio. Al mismo tiempo, desde el año 2005 se ha instaurado en la Región Metropolitana la reforma procesal penal, la que ha establecido un nuevo marco de garantías para los imputados.
En ese contexto es donde resulta de interés conocer la relación entre la migración y las personas extranjeras que ingresan al sistema de justicia penal en el ámbito nacional y especialmente en la Región Metropolitana desde la instauración de la reforma procesal penal en esta, esto es, desde el año 2005 hasta el año 2008.
Actualmente se dispone de estadísticas dispersas y datos fragmentados en la materia, no existiendo investigaciones en el campo penal criminológico que den cuenta de cómo funciona este fenómeno en el ámbito indicado. Por ello, este estudio busca reunir información coherente y global sobre el ingreso de extranjeros al actual sistema de justicia penal, analizar qué está sucediendo con ellos, determinar quiénes son, de qué nacionalidades y qué incidencia han tenido en el sistema procesal penal, a fin de vislumbrar ante qué realidad se está y qué rol le cabe al Estado tanto en el tema migratorio, en sí, como en su relación con la justicia penal.

The current Medical Ethics in Western societies (and its followers in other societies) has been compiled upon the secularist presupposition. This presupposition has different principles in comparison with the Islamic attitude which can lead one to take a different approach toward ethical problems. This paper is an attempt to propose a model for the principles of Islamic Medical Ethics upon which we can prepare answers for the problems of medical ethics having evident characteristics of Islamic approach are distinguished from secularist answers. After a prefatory study on the background of Islamic attitude of Ethics, these characteristics will be propounded under four categories: fundamental and contentive components, spiritual components, legal components and penal components. Under these categories such themes as having attentiveness to agent goodness, basic difference in one's goal of living ethical life, the relation of reason and revelation and the basis for the legitimacy of penal justice system will be discussed. Needless to say, this paper is not to prepare arguments for this model and such arguments can be discussed in other philosophical investigations.

У статті аналізуються такі форми обмежень прав засуджених, як обов’язок та специфічне
суб’єктивне право. Íаведено приклади, як ці форми обмежень можуть відображатись у законо-
давстві. Показано, що обов’язок завжди є обмеженням прав засуджених. Розглянуто випадки, в яких специфічне суб’єктивне право може бути формою обмеження права засудженого.

В статье анализируются такие формы ограничений прав осужденных, как обязанность
и специфическое субъективное право. Приведены примеры, как эти формы ограничений могут
проявляться в законодательстве. Показано, что обязанность всегда является ограничением прав
осужденных. Рассмотренû случаи, в которых специфическое субъективное право может быть
формой ограничения права осужденного.

This article examines such forms of restrictions on rights of prisoners as an obligation and
a specific subjective right. Examples of how these forms of restrictions may appear in legislation are
disclosed. It is shown that obligations of prisoners should be always considered as restriction of prisoners’ rights. The cases in which a specific right can be recognized as a form of restriction on rights of prisoners are described.

元代是中國歷史上最特殊的朝代之一，是北亞草原民族首度征服全中國的政權，在政治、社會各方面都帶來極大的衝擊，學者討論元代在中國歷史上的地位，多研究其特殊性，而常忽略其在中國歷史發展的延續性。這種現象也反映在法制史研究上。民初程樹德於《九朝律考》中所畫律系表：漢律→後魏律→北齊律→隋開皇律→唐律→宋刑統→明律→清律。一望即知少了元代，而法制史學者如楊鴻烈、徐道鄰均對遼、金、元三朝不甚關注。普遍來說，學界鮮少關注遼金元法律對明清法律的重大影響。本文將透過元代刑罰制度──笞、杖、徒、流、死五刑體系的建立，考察元代在中國法制史上該有的地位。
笞杖刑方面，元代發展出尾數為七的笞杖刑，大異於其他朝代且共有十一等，自七下至五十七下為笞，有六等笞刑；六十七下至一百零七下為杖，有五等杖刑。其中一百零七下的刑度位階帶來兩種不同的觀察面向，一說是本於元世祖忽必烈的「天饒他一下、地饒他一下、朕饒他一下」為由的減三下之說。一說為本意減三下卻無意之中發展成了加七下，是故導致一百零七下的出現。兩種說法都沒錯，只是沒有闡釋出元代刑罰體系建立的複雜性，因為國初行用十一等笞杖刑加死刑共十二等的刑罰來代換金宋舊律的律定刑，於是乎同為笞杖刑卻有不同的來源與設定目的。
徒刑方面。是針對屬於自由刑的徒刑，自宋代行折杖法之後，自由刑與原先《唐律》的設計出現巨大改變，金代徒刑類似隋代徒刑有附加杖，有五年七等徒，更有代流役。元初將金之徒流刑轉為擊打笞杖的方式執行，到了頒布〈鹽法通例〉、〈強竊盜賊通例〉等法令，出現了兩種來源不一的徒刑，此時類似金代的徒刑附加杖也一併恢復。透過判決徒刑的案例，依時間先後分析元代徒刑的演變過程，並討論「加徒減杖」制度在元代刑罰體系建立過程中所扮演的角色與功用。
元代的流刑與死刑。討論生刑之最的流刑與剝奪性命的死刑。元代流刑出現多種說法，一是二千里比移鄉接連、二千五百里遷徙屯糧、三千里流遠出軍；一是說遼陽、湖廣、迆北，或大致上南人流放至北方，北人流放至南方，到底何者說法較符合歷史事實，為何會發展出這種南北對調，富含任務性質的流刑，此外要討論與流刑十分相似的遷徙（遷移）刑，其設立緣由與施用的對象。死刑方面要探討元代死刑的執行率，與影響死刑執行的幾種原因，在看過元代仁慈的一面後，還要接著討論殘忍的凌遲處死，針對所見凌遲處死的法律條文或案例，整理出施行對象，並處理「敲」這個詞語，考訂元代是否以「敲」一詞表示杖殺。
最後本文提出元代法律創設過程中三個重要因素─「世祖成憲」、「蒙古舊慣」以及「唐金舊例」，三者相互作用之下決定了日後為明清律繼受的複式刑罰「近世新五刑」。