Organizational Symbolism

A aproximação entre cultura organizacional e cultura brasileira só pode ser entendida como um esforço sempre dinâmico e contínuo. Este livro é uma amostra das muitas possibilidades de aproximação, das inúmeras alternativas de diálogo, entre a pesquisa sobre cultura organizacional no Brasil e o entendimento da cultura brasileira. O livro foi dividido em seis partes, contando com 19 artigos escritos por 25 autores, a maioria deles muito conhecidos e largamente citados em estudos sobre cultura organizacional e brasileira. Esta obra foi considerada por muitos um marco sobre o estudo de cultura em estudos organizacionais no Brasil, que como desejavam seus autores, suscitaram a continuidade do esforço dinâmico e contínuo de entender cultura organizacional no Brasil

This essay introduces the concept of symbol intensive organization, a new ideal type in organization studies. Approaching the new millennium, organizations become "magical kingdoms", where the "symbolic space" is filled with symbol manipulation and rhetoric. Symbol intensive organizations are environments where: a) symbolic leadership is predominant as managerial style; b) both leaders and led apply impression management techniques; c) managerial innovation is treated as a dramaturgical event; and d) symbolic analysts are prevalent within the work force. The emergence of symbol intensive organizations as a phenomenon can be associated to the "theatricalization" of contemporary human experience and to the consolidation of the "society of spectacle". RAE -Revista de Administração de Empresas • Jan./Mar. 2000 RESUMO Este ensaio introduz o conceito de organização de simbolismo intensivo, um novo tipo ideal em estudos organizacionais. Na virada do milênio, as organizações estão se transformando em "reinos mágicos", em que o "espaço simbólico" é ocupado pela retórica, pelo uso de metáforas e pela manipulação dos significados. As organizações de simbolismo intensivo são caraterizadas por um ambiente organizacional em que: a) a liderança simbólica constitui estilo gerencial; b) líderes e liderados aplicam maciçamente técnicas de gerenciamento da impressão; c) inovações são tratadas como eventos dramáticos; e d) analistas simbólicos formam um grupo importante dentro da força de trabalho. A emergência das organizações de simbolismo intensivo constitui fenômeno associado à teatralização da experiência humana e à consolidação da "sociedade do espetáculo". PALAVRAS-CHAVE Estudos organizacionais, tipos ideais, simbolismo organizacional, metáfora do teatro.

While early Stone Age archaeologists were mainly interested in dating and determining the geographical extent of the various typological cultures, several discoveries during the first half of the 20th century led to an increased focus on the Mesolithic and the dwellings of ‘Neolithic hunter-gatherers’ and thereby on daily life in the final phase of the European Stone Age.

Based on the repetitive spatial organisation of the Skara Brae dwellings, Childe suggested that these represent a cultural tradition still observable in the spatial
organisation of the Scottish ‘black houses’, in use up to the mid-19th century.

The archaeological activity of recent years has significantly increased observations of structural elements associated with Mesolithic dwellings. Improved excavation methods and an increased awareness of the phenomenon have supported this development, and several instances of preserved stakes and posts, as well as remains of organic floors, have provided tangible verification of the sometimes difficult and
disputed interpretations of the faint preserved traces).

Ethnographic and ethnoarchaeological data have facilitated a better understanding of the basic principles underlying the spatial organisation of hunter-gatherer dwellings and, in cases where evidence of such patterned behaviour is preserved, can provide insights into the social organisation of prehistoric households.

Massoneria e qualificazioni iniziatiche (corretto) L'argomento che proponiamo in questo brevissimo studio è, apparentemente, tra i più classici e documentati della tradizione massonica, e non solo: le qualificazioni iniziatiche. Eppure, come spesso accade, forse queste fondamentali condizioni per l'ammissione al percorso libero muratorio, riassunte nella nota formula rituale «libero e di buoni costumi» rischiano, se non richiamate nella loro centralità originaria alla luce del presente, di apparire appannate dallo spirito dei tempi, come fossero un semplice formalismo, se non addirittura un anacronismo, e questo darebbe un esito infausto, non solo per il singolo che deve possederle per essere iniziato fattivamente, ma per tutta l'Istituzione di cui entra a far parte. Già la verifica di una vera e propria precondizione formata del binomio «libertà e buoni costumi» del bussante, significa assumere che il soggetto persegue uno stile di vita, nel mondo profano, che, indipendentemente dall'entrata in Massoneria, esprime delle potenzialità positivamente evolutive. Considerando che la libertà è una delle componenti del Trinomio, e che i buoni costumi indicano moralità, e dunque un comportamento aperto all'egualitarismo ed alla fratellanza, la formula rituale si configura dunque come una vera e propria verifica di predisposizioni necessarie, ma non sufficienti. Per questo, una riflessione sulle ragion d'essere delle qualificazioni iniziatiche stricto sensu, appare dunque opportuna, come pure sull'altra questione, strettamente correlata, cioè quella della verifica di tali qualificazioni, non meno importante per la scelta di ammissibilità, o meno, del bussante. Nello specifico della nostra Comunione Universale tutto ciò avviene notoriamente

If you fail to act now, history will have to record that the greatest tragedy of this period of social transition was not the strident clamor of the bad people, but the appalling silence of the good people." (King 1959) "Future planners assume that today's human behavior is normative, explaining it as adaptive to current conditions and part of a line of progress from prior Western or Euro-centric existence. There is a lack of awareness of how "worldview" has influenced the state of affairs in the world today." (Four Arrows and Narvaez 2016, p. 2) have on one's descendants. Interconnectedness fosters harmony by promoting responsibility and reciprocity, and harmony is considered the most powerful energy in the universe." (Methot 2012) "In Indigenous sciences, the world is often understood in terms of flows of energies (and sometimes entities) across a permeable boundary between manifest and unmanifest realities. Working relationships with forces deemed "superstitious" or "irrational" in modern science are significant aspects of social processes and healing practices. Maintaining these worldviews and practices is an uphill battle against the hegemony of modern scientific thought and the legacy of missionaries and educators who tried so hard to dismantle Indigenous knowledge systems. Even among scientists today, those who try to work outside the mechanistic paradigm in ways that approach Indigenous science are denounced as crackpots." (Herman 2008, p. 75) Returning to our discussion of , accepting that being 'realistic' means accepting the status quo is just fine if accepting the status quo is tenable for you in your seat of privilege, but it is not tenable if accepting the status quo means accepting the suffering and death of your homeland, nonhuman kin, family, friends, communities, etc. By not telling students how things fit together in the political, social, economic, etc. systems of Colonial Modernity or how we should think and feel about the oppressive ways that things fit together in colonial modernity teachers simply allow the exploitative, dominant culture of Colonial Modernity and its many and varied mythological rationalizations for oppression (which have been inscribed upon all those people who are socialized within Colonial Modernity) to go unproblematized (which is to say to retain their 'commonsensical', banal invisibility). By approaching education in a non-didactic manner authors like Cook implicitly support the hegemonic status quo and the many and varied forms of oppression therein. Obviously students will retain their ability to accept or reject didactic narrations, but the key is that didactic narrations which counter the dominant culture serve to problematize the banal invisibility of the dominant culture and its associated myths, ideas, logics, ontological assumptions, etc. (i.e. Worldview) that produce and legitimate the oppressive, hierarchical relations between things that typify Colonial Modernity.

Je tiens à remercier chaleureusement Jean-Claude Penrad pour sa patience et sa confiance infinies, son écoute, ses conseils et son attention, son indulgence et ses concessions, sans lesquels la remise de ce travail n'aurait jamais eu lieu. Je remercie tout particulièrement Katia Boissevain, pour ses remarques, ses corrections, et ses conseils précieux, et l'inspiration qu'ont éveillée les échanges qu'elle m'a si généreusement accordé -chose que je souhaite à tout étudiant en ethnologie ou en sciences sociales. Je remercie mes parents, auxquels je dois tout, mes deux frères chers et fidèles, ainsi que les membres de ma famille qui ont été à mes côtés, malgré et en dépit de leurs propres préoccupations et des circonstances. Je prie tous ceux et celles qui ont eu à m'entendre parler derviche sans interruption, ou ont eu à accepter mes excuses en tout genre, de bien vouloir les accepter une nouvelle fois. Merci à mes co-résidents de la Maison du Maroc, et à mes amis et collègues très chers de la Cité Internationale de Paris, ou de l'EHESS, de m'avoir épaulé et d'avoir eu à m'endurer dans tous mes états. Je pense notamment à Francesco Piraino, dont la compagnie et les échanges m'ont été déterminants dans l'analyse de mes données et leur mise en contexte, et à Laurianne Passerieux, pour ses très aimables encouragements et ses corrections. Je souhaite enfin exprimer ma gratitude envers mes hôtes du Centre Soufi de Montréal, pour leur hospitalité et leur chaleur, leur confiance gratuite, leur indulgence généreuse, et leurs enseignements aux visages nombreux. Je leur dois, au delà des bons souvenirs et des belles conversations que j'ai eu la chance de recevoir, les brèches et les réflexions que j'ai pu faire ou croiser depuis mon séjour auprès d'eux, et qui resteront toujours avec moi. Je leur présente mes plus sincères condoléances pour le décès, ce mois de mai 2014, de leur maître et guide qu'ils ont tant aimé, et qui leur a légué le bonheur que suscite leur compagnie. Je leur souhaite de rester réunis, selon le mode de vie et la vision qui les ont séduits et avec lesquels ils sauront toujours séduire.

This article addresses the debate about the relative utility of accommodative federalism as a method of conflict management in multinational states. It challenges the 'substantivist' bias of existing literature by demonstrating that symbolic aspects of territorial reform (formal recognition of minority nationhood) may matter more than substantive ones (e.g. shifts in decision rights or resources) in accounting for the escalation of secessionist crises. The argument rests on a comparison between processes of territorial accommodation of Catalonia and Quebec. When autonomy for minority regions is broadened without symbolic recognition, majority elite response unfolds in the policy arena, mostly through attempts to symmetrize autonomy arrangements. However, when combined with formal symbolic recognition of minority nationhood, the extension of territorial autonomy paves the way for majority political backlash. Majority's open political opposition to the minority national project can, in turn, produce a strong secessionist counter-reaction.

Coletanea de artigos sobre Comportamento Organizacional escritos por Thomaz Wood, Jr. e Miguel P. Caldas, sozinhos ou em parceria. Download gratuito mediante citacao:
Wood Jr., T., & Caldas, M. P. (2007). Comportamento organizacional: uma perspectiva brasileira. Sao Paulo: Atlas.

Edited collection of articles on Organizational Behavior authored by Thomaz Wood, Jr. and Miguel P. Caldas, either solo or co-authored by both. Download is free of charge, but citation is appreciated:
Wood Jr., T., & Caldas, M. P. (2007). Comportamento organizacional: uma perspectiva brasileira. Sao Paulo: Atlas.

Culture is defined as a whole of thoughts and ideas which support sthe rules and approaches to respond the demands and needs of various communities and human groups (Fikretoğlu, 1990:24). Organizations first took place as a human group in the organizations and management literature first in 1980’s and afterwards the former organizational approaches which tends to consider the organizations as mechanical structures yielt to the new approaches which comprehends and underlines the believes, values the main underlying assumptions and finally symbols.Considering that the limited depth of meaning output swhich would have been gained through tthe researches predicted by rational positivist research methods which tends to accept organizations as mechanical structures, corporate culture is discussed within the organizational symbolism concept.

Symbolic stars vs Strategic pillars; Polyhedra vs Helices; Logic vs Comprehension?
Dynamic bonding patterns in n-tuple helices engendering n-fold rotating symbols
Embedding the triple helix in a spherical octahedron
Embedding the quadruple helix in a spherical cube
Embedding the quintuple helix in a spherical dodecahedron and a Pentagramma Mirificum
Embedding six-fold, eight-fold and ten-fold helices in appropriately encircled polyhedra
Embedding twelve-fold, eleven-fold, nine-fold and seven-fold helices in appropriately encircled polyhedra
Neglected recognition of logical patterns -- especially of opposition
Dynamic relationship between polyhedra engendered by circles -- variously implying forms of unity
Symbol rotation as dynamic essential to engaging with value-inversion

Estudio que pone de relieve que el sistema de flotas entre la Península y América que Carlos V introdujo como reglamnto para el comercio y la comunicación con los territorios americanos no era solamente una medida de protección sino respondía también en gran medida a política simbólica resaltando el carácter imperial.

Diverse philosophies constitute the theoretical ground of the study of
the aesthetic side of organization. In fact, there is not a single unique
philosophy behind the organizational research of the aesthetic dimension
of organizational life. Organizational Theory and Aesthetic Philosophies
will illustrate and discuss this complex phenomenon, and it will be
dedicated to highlighting the philosophical basis of the study of aesthetics,
art and design in organization.
The book distinguishes three principal “philosophical sensibilities”
amongst these philosophies: aesthetic, hermeneutic and performative
philosophical sensibility. Each of them is described and critically assessed
through the work of philosophers, art theorists, sociologists and social
scientists who represent its main protagonists. In this way, the reader
will be conducted through the variety of philosophies that constitute a
reference for aesthetics and design in organization.
The architecture of the book is articulated in two parts in order to
provide student and scholars in philosophical aesthetics, in art, in design
and in organization studies with an informative and agile instrument for
academic research and study.
Antonio Strati is a senior professor of sociology of innovation and
organization at the University of Trento, Italy, and chercheur associé at
i3-CRG, École polytechnique, France.

Dietro le quinte': la ricerca qualitativa sulla dimensione estetica dell'organizzazione ANTONIO STRATI This is the final draft as submitted for publication. The final version was published in: L'ANALISI QUALITATIVA. TEORIE, METODI ED APPLICAZIONI A cura di Roberto Cipriani Armando Editore Questioni di metodo della ricerca organizzativa estetica La ricerca empirica e le riflessioni teoriche sulla dimensione estetica dell'organizzazione si sono consolidate nell'ambito della sociologia dell'organizzazione, della teoria organizzativa e negli studi di direzione aziendale a cavallo tra la fine del secolo scorso e l'inizio di questo. Lo osserva, tra gli altri, Pasquale Gagliardi (2006: 702) nella rinnovata stesura del capitolo dedicato all'estetica nell'organizzazione per la seconda edizione dello Handbook of Organization Studies: a dieci anni di distanza dalla prima edizione, gli scritti apparsi su questo tema sono divenuti numerosi e l'estetica organizzativa non può più essere illustratacome spesso si è fatto nell'ultimo scorcio del secolo passatonei termini di tematica negletta dello studio dell'organizzazione. Stella Minahan e Julie Wolfram Cox (2007) rafforzano questa immagine parlando di 'svolta estetica' negli studi organizzativi e nelle teorie di gestione dell'organizzazione. Fatto sta che gli studi e le ricerche sulla dimensione estetica dell'organizzazione e sui metodi impiegabili per studiarla, comprenderla e comunicarla sono ora:

Human beings have adopted tools, pets, technology, especially computer science and Deep Learning (DL) in Virtual Intelligent Assistants (VIA). Digital technical assistance systems that predict the future in culture, business and politics are now in demand. The experience gained with Deep Learning (DL) is to be mapped to a model of a Virtual Intelligent Assistant (VIA) for social science, culture and economics. The Deep Learning (DL) model is based on an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) that contains artificial nodes (simplified nerve cells) and artificial neurons (simplified synapses). The special feature is that the artificial nodes (simplified nerve cells) are arranged in several hidden layers with autonomous filtering processes. Autonomous filters in the artificial nodes (simplified nerve cells) require rules that are static, i.e. time-invariant. For this purpose, the Logia of the Gospel of Thomas are proposed. It seems that the Gospel of Thomas summarizes insights and experiences from 80 thousand years of human history in 114 Logia. They are shown in outline points 1 to 114. Ultimately, the weight of the interaction determines that artificial neurons (simplified synapses) are represented in the model, as an entered statement at the output of the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is to be understood. The boundaries between the machine, the individual and society continue to dissolve in the chaotic. It would be nice if world knowledge, as collected by the company Cyrorp, could be modelled. Instead of a model of world knowledge, Eva Soyah proposes the collection of Logia in subdivision points 1 to 114 and Permanent Truths from item 115.

This paper examines the dominant scenario of the communist manager's social role, using the metaphor of the theatre. Through an extensive retrospective study, mainly by means of a critical analysis of the press focusing on dominant symbols, or symbols created and transmitted by the political authorities. The scenarios or role scripts consisting of these symbols are first identified and then interpreted. The study focused primarily on Poland, but the observations have a certain relevance also for other ex-communist countries. The aim ...

Handing over the Krakow SCOS2022 organizers Farewell drink See you next year! Overview of paper sessions 20 minutes/paper, 10 minutes presentation, 5 minutes for the discussant and 5 minutes for open discussion. The session chair introduced the presenter and discussant and keeps track of time. Session Number Session Title Presentations by A1 Leadership; gender, diversity, dynamic leadership

In this study, the relationship between the symbols in/within the
organizations and the psychological empowerment is examined. Among the
physical symbols that are used in the organizations are dresses and props, the
design of physical landscape and office, the technology and dramaturgical props.
Physical symbols, like the language, transmit meanings and messages to the
employees. The point that business administration reached requires a work
environment in which the hierarchial levels decrease and the importance of
empowered staff increases. Empowerment is a concept that has been wide spread
after 1980s and includes efforts to prevent situations that may cause theweakness of the employees and thereby to increase the self efficacy of
individuals. In this way, the physical symbols in the organizations through
transmitted meanings and messages may have an impact on individuals to feel
themselves empowered psychologically. By the theoretical relationships set up in
the study, a proposal was developed to be tested in the further research.

Biological organisation and psychic organisation are closely linked and subject to constant review in the scientific literature. The study of these phenomena sheds light on the nature of life and how it differs from inanimate matter. The organisation of the psyche and the flow of psychic energy have a long established history in the esoteric literature. Such organisation has been illustrated as chakras and centres in a " subtle body. " Could the organisation of this " subtle body " be more than just a subjective experience and have an objective existence, even if this organisation does not match the appearance of the physical body? Could the organisation of the " subtle body " reflect the organisation of something universal as the ancient philosophers believed? This paper suggests that it does, discusses the organisation of human beings as described by scientists and mystics, and considers the differences. Both the esoteric and the scientific literature describe an immaterial body that maintains a gradient between the material and immaterial worlds. Les Mystères de L'Organisation Biologique : Le Microcosme et le Macrocosme par Daniel Harris, BSc MRes Résumé L'organisation biologique et l'organisation psychique sont intimement liées ; ce phénomène est constamment analysé dans la littérature scientifique. L'étude de ces phénomènes met en lumière la nature de la vie, à savoir la différence entre celle-ci et la matière inanimée. Or, l'organisation du psychisme et la circulation de l'énergie psychique sont depuis longtemps étudiées dans la littérature ésotérique ; elles ont été par exemple décrites comme les chakras et les centres psychiques présents dans un « corps subtil ». L'organisation de ce « corps subtil » pourrait-elle être plus qu'un simple critère d'expérience subjective et donc posséder une existence objective, même si elle ne correspond pas à l'apparence matérielle du corps physique ? L'organisation du « corps subtil » pourrait-elle refléter le principe universel en lequel croyaient les anciens philosophes? Cette recherche laisse entendre qu'il en est ainsi, examine l'organisation des êtres humains telle que décrite par les scientifiques et les mystiques et examine de près les différences. En effet, soit la littérature ésotérique que la scientifique décrivent un corps immatériel qui constitue un niveau intermédiaire entre les mondes matériel et immatériel.

Gender is one of the most powerful of symbols; indeed, the very word 'gender' encapsulates all the symbols that a culture elaborates to account for biological difference. Therefore a symbolist approach is particularly able to grasp the ambiguity of gender relations, since the function of a symbol is to express a polysemy, to contain and to convey ambiguity. The contribution of organizational symbolism to the analysis of gender as a social practice highlights both how gender is 'done' at work, and how organizations 'do' gender. Both play an active role in gender performativity trough the interplay of ceremonial and remedial work underpinning the symbolic ordering of an organizational culture. Gender symbolism is maintained, reproduced and culturally transmitted through the ceremonial work that takes places within organizations, while remedial work restores the symbolic order of gender following instances when it has been challenged.

Gender is one of the most powerful of symbols; indeed, the very word 'gender' encapsulates all the symbols that a culture elaborates to account for biological difference. Therefore a symbolist approach is particularly able to grasp the ambiguity of gender relations, since the function of a symbol is to express a polysemy, to contain and to convey ambiguity. The contribution of organizational symbolism to the analysis of gender as a social practice highlights both how gender is 'done' at work, and how organizations 'do' gender. Both play an active role in gender performativity trough the interplay of ceremonial and remedial work underpinning the symbolic ordering of an organizational culture. Gender symbolism is maintained, reproduced and culturally transmitted through the ceremonial work that takes places within organizations, while remedial work restores the symbolic order of gender following instances when it has been challenged.

Imagining the Flag of Europe otherwise?
Borromean challenge to comprehension of any trinity?
Requisite curvature: reconciling the Triple Helix, the Triskelion and the Borromean condition
Necessary cognitive twist: star symbols as bladed propellers -- for propulsion in 3D?
Direction of propulsion in a global context -- as enabled by configuration of symbolic stars
Engaging globally with knots and riddles -- Gordian and otherwise
Conversation theory, actor interaction and boundaries
Comprehension of elusive connectivity and coherence for sustainable governance
Unrecognized reminder of globality from the focus of ball games
Constraints on comprehension and communication: technology and intellectual property
Engaging experientially with potential: anticipation and nostalgia

outlines the intention of his Avicenna and the Visionary Recital in a manner that provides a useful entry point into discussion of symbolic education. The goal of this text is to "…elucidate the structure and inner progression that make Avicenna's mystical recitals an organic and consistent whole… in which the thinker recaptures his spiritual autobiography in the form of symbols…" (Corbin 1960, p. xi) The question, then, is why an individual's spiritual biography is to be recaptured through symbols. What is the nature of a symbol, and what is it about this nature that allows us to comprehend the spiritual dimension of self? We should probably begin with the hermetic dictum-'as above, so below'. (Scott 1993) The same forms structure all levels of reality. Taking up the example of natural symbolism, the forms from which the order of nature emanates are the same forms that structure the evolution of psychology and of the soul. Natural symbols, then, contain the essence of the forms that structure all levels of being (at least when reality is not deprived of its intimacy with the Nothing-Infinite Eternal…). The flight of the bird rises from the same form as the ascension of the soul. In this sense we might argue that a land-based pedagogy is a symbolic pedagogy in that we learn from the land in of the way that it acts as a symbol for the Nothing-Infinite Eternal Forms that structure all levels of creation. The question of artificial symbols, distinguished from natural symbols in that form and symbol are mediated by historically produced subjectivity, is far more complicated.

This paper examines the dominant scenario of the communist manager's social role, using the metaphor of the theatre. Through an extensive retrospective study, mainly by means of a critical analysis of the press focusing on dominant symbols, or symbols created and transmitted by the political authorities. The scenarios or role scripts consisting of these symbols are first identified and then interpreted. The study focused primarily on Poland, but the observations have a certain relevance also for other ex-communist countries. The aim is to understand how the role developed, and also how it was meant to be received by the "audience" at whom the authorities were directing the symbols. Finally the implications of the performance of managerial roles in the past for the creation of new roles after 1989 are discussed. This historical context of contemporary managerial roles should be taken into consideration by institutions involved in management education in Poland.

Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisa kinerja perbankan syariáh dengan maksud menemukan perbedaan dan perbandingan kinerja keuangan perbankan syariah setelah dan sebelum go public dengan menggunakan metode RGEC (Risk Profile, Good Corporate Governance, Earning, dan Capital). Penelitian ini menggunakan sampel laporan rasio kinerja keuangan dan laporan Good Corporate Governance (GCG) sebelum dan sesudah Go Public dengan menjadikan PT BRI Syariah Tbk yang telah dipublikasikan. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode perbandingan uji statistik non parametrik dua sampel terkait (uji Wilcoxon). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa bank syariáh lebih baik setelah go public. Hal ini dapat dilihat dimana variabel Kewajiban Penyediaan Modal Minimum (KPMM) memiliki perbedaan yang cukup besar. Sedangkan variabel lainnya seperti Non Performing Fin ancing (NPF), Financing to Deposit Ratio (FDR), Return on Asset (ROA), Return on Equity (ROE), Net Operating Margin (NOM), dan Good Corporate Governance (GCG) memiliki perbedaan yang cukup kecil.

Symbols are habitually used by organizations to transform the meaning of their actions and intentions in ways that enable them to manage complex stakeholder relationships and achieve competitive advantage. However, applications of symbolic management across disciplines and research traditions in the organization sciences are fraught with theoretical ambiguity pertaining to the meaning of symbols, the value of symbols to organizations, the tactics used by organizations to manage symbols, and the outcomes of symbolic management. Thus, we review the literature to solidify our theoretical understanding of organizational symbolic management. Based on our review, we advance a process framework of symbolic management to describe the relationships between organizational approaches to managing symbols, the forms of symbolic value organizations seek to create and capture, and the prevailing outcomes of symbolic management. Using this framework, we also examine the literature for insights pertaining to the management of symbols for competitive advantage in separate contexts of organization-stakeholder interaction, leading to the development of a strategic framework of symbolic management. We conclude by outlining a set of directions for future research that evoke pressing questions about the role of symbolic management in organizations to encourage new pastures of scholarly inquiry.

This chapter discusses the issue of organizational symbolism, which is frequently encountered in business life, and its meaning in the tourism industry. Symbols are the most apparent and observable aspects of organizational life; simultaneously, symbolic elements are the most subtle and comprehensive. Due to the nature of the hospitality sector, the workflow takes place instantaneously. Therefore, employees, managers, and tourists search for some of the generally accepted symbols used in the organisation during this rapid workflow. If symbols are removed from this relationship, communication suffers and as a result harms the overall functioning of the organization. This chapter proposes that it is important to look at the origins of the organizational symbolism and to comprehend the role of symbols in the tourism industry. In this sense, this chapter should be seen primarily as an effort to review and systematize the overall understanding of organizational symbols in the tourism industry.

Diverse philosophies constitute the theoretical ground of the study of the aesthetic side of organization. In fact, there is not a single unique philosophy behind the organizational research of the aesthetic dimension of organizational life. Organizational Theory and Aesthetic Philosophies will illustrate and discuss this complex phenomenon, and it will be dedicated to highlighting the philosophical basis of the study of aesthetics, art and design in organization. The book distinguishes three principal “philosophical sensibilities” amongst these philosophies: aesthetic, hermeneutic and performative philosophical sensibility. Each of them is described and critically assessed through the work of philosophers, art theorists, sociologists and social scientists who represent its main protagonists. In this way, the reader will be conducted through the variety of philosophies that constitute a reference for aesthetics and design in organization. The architecture of the book is articulated in two parts in order to provide student and scholars in philosophical aesthetics, in art, in design and in organization studies with an informative and agile instrument for academic research and study. Antonio Strati is a senior professor of sociology of innovation and organization at the University of Trento, Italy, and chercheur associé at i3-CRG, École polytechnique, France.

Das Ziel dieser Arbeit liegt darin, aufzuzeigen, dass Klassifikationen scheinbar grundlegender Bestand gesellschaftlicher Stabilität sind. Ausgehend von Durkheims und Mauss´ Studie "Über einige Formen von Klassifikation" soll hierbei im ersten Kapitel (S. 2-15) ein Überblick über die verschiedenen Ordnungsmodelle geboten werden, nach denen sich Sozietäten in ihren Repräsentationen organisieren. Dieser Text ist eine wesentliche Grundlage für ein Überdenken meiner bisherigen Durkheim-Exegese, da, ein wesentliches Element, das bislang in der Forschung zu kurz kam, die Kombination zwischen mentalen Kategorien und Demographie ist.

Estudio que pone de relieve que el sistema de flotas entre la Península y América que Carlos V introdujo como reglamnto para el comercio y la comunicación con los territorios americanos no era solamente una medida de protección sino respondía también en gran medida a política simbólica resaltando el carácter imperial.

This paper examines the dominant scenario of the communist manager's social role, using the metaphor of the theatre. Through an extensive retrospective study, mainly by means of a critical analysis of the press focusing on dominant symbols, or symbols created and transmitted by the political authorities. The scenarios or role scripts consisting of these symbols are first identified and then interpreted. The study focused primarily on Poland, but the observations have a certain relevance also for other ex-communist countries. The aim is to understand how the role developed, and also how it was meant to be received by the "audience" at whom the authorities were directing the symbols. Finally the implications of the performance of managerial roles in the 1 We would like to thank SJM's anonymous reviewers for their suggestions and contributions to this paper.

This paper examines the dominant scenario of the communist manager's social role, using the metaphor of the theatre. Through an extensive retrospective study, mainly by means of a critical analysis of the press focusing on dominant symbols, or symbols created and transmitted by the political authorities. The scenarios or role scripts consisting of these symbols are first identified and then interpreted. The study focused primarily on Poland, but the observations have a certain relevance also for other ex-communist countries. The aim is to understand how the role developed, and also how it was meant to be received by the "audience" at whom the authorities were directing the symbols. Finally the implications of the performance of managerial roles in the 1 We would like to thank SJM's anonymous reviewers for their suggestions and contributions to this paper.