Medieval charters

Hungary was a large kingdom and the Arpads did not only stay in the medium regni but also traveled to the surrounding parts of the country. In addition to the main royal residences, bishoprics or monasteries, they also used their courts to stay. Royal castles along with palaces and farmyards were scattered throughout the country. The kings had residences - palaces in, for example, Székesfehérvár, Várkony, Pécs, Pannonhalma or Zadar. The Composition of the 14th century chroni¬cle mentions several sites, which are designated as curia, curtis, castellum, allodium or villa. These Latin terms indicate that these may have been royal (or princely) courts, for example, Pécsvádad, Kortó, Halom, Ikervár, Zirc, Csepel, Dömös, Bákonybel, Zámor, Megyer, Ikervár, Cinkota, Csór and others. The royal monasteries together with residences, castles and courts were very important places for the monarch in the sacral topography, where they regularly stopped on the roads around the country. Most of the monasteries were founded by the Arpads in the medium regni in popular places, not far from the bishops’ settlements or the royal forests – Pan¬nonhalma, Veszprémvölgyi, Pécsvarád, Zalavár, Bakonybél, Apácsavásárhely (Tor¬nowa), Tihány, St. Andrew near Visegrád, Szekszárd, Esztergom-sziget (Prímás Sziget), Somogyvár, Báta and Hahót. From the period 1000 – 1200, 192 documents were preserved. Of this number, there were approximately 48 counterfeits or not very reliable documents, and only 17 papers (including counterfeits) also men¬tion the place of issue. These were Győr, Sóly, Székesfehérvár (3x), Old Buda (2x), Pécs, Szeged, Somogy, Zadar, Vác, Nitra, Esztergom (2x), Eger, Veszprém and Cse¬pel-sziget. Non-royal documents issued in the presence of the ruling court of 1134, 1146 and 1152 mention sites such as the Oradea, Szentendre and Mezősomlyó. In all these cases, the King issued, confirmed or sealed the deed while staying in the main residences, bishops’ settlements, the county castles, the Dalmatian towns, where the collegiate chapter was, or in other popular places.

Very few authentic charters have come down to us from the 11th century. It is this rather
thin source material that justifi es the attention that linguists pay to non-authentic charters
and those not preserved in their original form, as well as to the Hungarian fragments
contained therein. In linguistic research such documents are known collectively as charters
of uncertain chronological status, for the assessment of the Hungarian linguistic
elements they contain is fairly uncertain. Th e linguistic analysis of false and transcribed
charters can only be carried out according to new methodological principles. While undoubtedly
diffi cult, such an analysis is indispensable: given the small number of linguistic
sources available for the early history of Hungarian literacy, no document of uncertain
linguistic historical status can be excluded from inquiry without convincing justifi cation.
Th e present paper accordingly outlines the theoretical background of current research
that explores the linguistic historical value of forged charters.

У раду се расправља питање дипломатичке природе Свето-
стефанске хрисовуље сачуване у облику књиге. Оригинал Милутинове повеље није
нужно морао да буде обликован у виду свитка, а примерак који се сачувао могао би
да буде сам оригинал, уобличен тек пошто је архиепископ Никодим издао потврду,
најраније 1317. У другом одељку настоји се одговорити на питања када је, где и под
каквим околностима пронађена хрисовуља цара Душана за манастир Бањску.

The critical edition of The Principal Navigations is under contract with Oxford University Press in 14 volumes. It will provide an unparalleled resource for researchers and teachers working on early modern travel, trade and colonialism. The individual volumes will cover:

Vol 1. Medieval Voyages
Vol 2. Medieval Voyages and the English in Muscovy
Vol 3. Muscovy and Persian Travel
Vol 4. Russia, Iceland and Anglo-Spanish Relations
Vol 5. Medieval Travel and the Early Levant Trade
Vol 6. Levant Travels, South Asia, and Anglo-Ottoman Diplomacy
Vol 7. Travels to Africa and the Far East, and the Anglo-Spanish War
Vol 8. Maritime War with Spain, the Northwest Passage, and West Africa
Vol 9. The Northwest Passage, Travels to Newfoundland, and the Gulf of St Lawrence
Vol 10. Voyages to New France, Roanoke, and Florida
Vol 11. Voyages to New Mexico, California, and New Spain
Vol 12. West Indies Voyages
Vol 13. Travels to Guiana, Brazil, and the River Plate
Vol 14. The South Seas, Far East, and Spanish Trade and Navigation

The wine produced in Syrmia (Srijem, Srem, Szerémség), a land between the Danube and the Sava, on the gentle slopes of the local mountain of Fruška Gora, was the most famous and most appreciated wine of the continental parts of the Hungarian-Croatian Kingdom in the Middle Ages. It was well known beyond the borders of the kingdom, occupying the most important place in the total Hungarian export of wine to other countries. Data on its production, as well as consumption and trade, are scattered in numerous written sources from the end of the 12th to the 16th century - official charters, private letters, accounting documents, narrative works, etc. Although several historians showed interest in this topic so far, mostly Hungarian, no one has yet undertaken research into the history of Syrmian wine in its full scope. The present paper attempts to delineate the contours of such a documentary history of Syrmian wine in the Middle Ages and during the Renaissance period. The early section of this history is presented through a consideration of several sources mentioning vineyards
in Syrmia as well as Syrmian wine or wine „of Marchia“ (another medieval name for Syrmia) as a subject of trade in the central and northern parts of the kingdom. Sources unveil details about the wine duties towards the landowners and the taxes taken from Syrmian wine at the markets of Esztergom and Pest. The late and final section, on the other hand, is presented here through a selection of diverse records that reveal the
great reputation that Syrmian wine enjoyed at the dawn of the modern times which coincided with the Ottoman conquest of the Hungarian Danube region, including Syrmia. The most eloquent praises of Syrmian wine can be found in humanist writers of the 15th and 16th centuries, several of whom are considered here: Galeotto Marzio, Stephen Brodarić, Nicholas Olahus and Antun Vrančić-Verantius. The widely accepted
judgment on this wine was summarized by Stephen Brodarić, bishop of Srijem and diplomat of King John of Zapolja, who described it, with a little exaggeration, as “the most praised wine in the entire North”.

U prvom dijelu rada prikazuje se toponimijska uporaba hrvatske riječi brod i mađarske riječi rév u srednjem vijeku, s osobitim obzirom na donje međurječje Drave i Save. Drugi dio rada izlaže nastanak i razvoj kontroverzije oko najstarijeg pisanog spomena grada Slavonskog Broda, o kojem spomenu starija historiografska tradicija drži da potječe tek iz druge polovice 15. stoljeća, a novija, pretežito lokalna, misli da bi se nalazio u dobro poznatoj povelji kralja Bele IV za Bosansku biskupiju iz 1244. U trećem dijelu rada pokazuje se da se ni riječ brod niti mjesno ime Brod ne pojavljuju u toj povelji i za to se iznose fi lološki i topografi jski argumenti.
Ključne riječi: brod, rév (pristanište, skela), portus, vadum, brazda / barázda, Slavonski Brod, srednjovjekovne listine, prvi spomen naselja.
Key words: brod (‘ford; ship’), rév (‘port, ferry’), portus, vadum, brazda / barázda (‘furrow’), Slavonski Brod, medieval charters, first mention of settlement.

The critical edition of The Principal Navigations is under contract with Oxford University Press in 14 volumes. It will provide an unparalleled resource for researchers and teachers working on early modern travel, trade and colonialism. The individual volumes will cover:

Vol 1. Medieval Voyages
Vol 2. Medieval Voyages and the English in Muscovy
Vol 3. Muscovy and Persian Travel
Vol 4. Russia, Iceland and Anglo-Spanish Relations
Vol 5. Medieval Travel and the Early Levant Trade
Vol 6. Levant Travels, South Asia, and Anglo-Ottoman Diplomacy
Vol 7. Travels to Africa and the Far East, and the Anglo-Spanish War
Vol 8. Maritime War with Spain, the Northwest Passage, and West Africa
Vol 9. The Northwest Passage, Travels to Newfoundland, and the Gulf of St Lawrence
Vol 10. Voyages to New France, Roanoke, and Florida
Vol 11. Voyages to New Mexico, California, and New Spain
Vol 12. West Indies Voyages
Vol 13. Travels to Guiana, Brazil, and the River Plate
Vol 14. The South Seas, Far East, and Spanish Trade and Navigation

Na osnovu dokumentacije Arhiva Bosne i Hercegovine u Sarajevu o restituciji arhivske građe između Austrije i Jugoslavije prilog pokazuje kako je  nakon dugotrajnih pregovora povelja bosanskog kralja Dabiše kćeri Stani iz 1395. godine dospjela u Bosnu i Hercegovinu.

Ključne riječi: Bosanski kralj Dabiša, arhivistika, arhivska građa, restitucija.

This paper shows how, after lengthy negotiations, Bosnian King Dabiša’s 1395 Charter made present to his daughter Stana arrived to Bosnia and Herzegovina. The documentation which is the basis for this research i.e. records on restitution between Austria and Yugoslavia is held by the Archives of Bosnia and Herzegovina in Sarajevo.

Key words: Bosnian King Dabiša, archive administration, archival units, restitution.

Deutsch-russische Kulturbeziehungen in Mittelalter und Neuzeit. Aus abendländischen Beständen in Russland, hrsg. von Natalija Ganina, Klaus Klein, Catherine Squires, Jürgen Wolf [= Sonderschr. Akad. gemeinn. Wiss. Erfurt 49 (2017)], Erfurt 2017: pp. 253-262.

In this paper, i aim to introduce a major and yet poorly known lexical segment of the old Frisian lexicon, namely the lexis found exclusively in Old Frisian charters. As part of a larger research project on compounding in old Frisian, a notably productive word-building tool that is attested from early on, I will highlight three semantically based groups of compounds that are notably numerous in the charters. These are: (1) the designations of feast days; (2) the designations of coins; (3) names for inhabitants. On the basis of a brief analysis, five morpho-semantic features will be outlined. It is hoped that this paper will draw attention to Old Frisian as a complex language and invite further scholarship on the language heritage.

The development of the duchy of Brabant in the twelfth and thirteenth century has already been analysed by many diplomatic scholars. Nevertheless, the political discourses in the charters of the dukes have never been scrutinized before. Charters are written in a formal lexicological framework and do not seem to be the ideal sources for the study of political discourses. Still, discourse analysis can offer new
insights into medieval diplomatic studies and reveal “hidden” ideologies behind the structure of a charter. This contribution deals with the use of different identities (such as Lotharingia, Louvain and Brabant) in the ducal charters and how they contributed to the legitimate authority of the dukes. Furthermore, the authority of the dukes will be analysed related to other contemporary actors present in the charters (such as the
emperor, religious and urban communities) and their part in the territorial politics of the dukes.

The Benedictine Abbey of Pécsvárad was founded by St. Stephen. The authentic foundation
charter of the abbey was presumably completed at the beginning of the 11th century, and it was
followed by the authentic registering charter at the end of the century. The originals of these charters
did not survive separately, only as parts of the fake charter of Pécsvárad. The fake charter of Pécsvárad
was written around 1220, using the previously issued charters (e.g. the authentic foundation
and registering charters) as sources. The fake charter was not preserved in its original form either,
only in multiple transcriptions from the early 15th century. In this study, the author comments on the
source value of the fake charter in place-name history, based on the name Sorlogys included in the
charter. The author attempts to answer the question whether or not the denotation of the name form
can be related to the date of the authentic charter, that is, to the 11th century. In the second part, the
study analyses the connection between the place name Ζαλέση in the foundation charter of the nunnery
in Veszprémvölgy and the name Sorlogys in the present charter.

Papal impact on peripheral areas in the Middle Ages depended on the means of and possibilities for communication. This case study of the Livonian crusade and mission in the first half of the thirteenth century demonstrates the difficulties of implementing a central leadership in an area that lacked established communication patterns with the papal curia. Traveling was expensive and depended completely on the seasonal rhythm of navigation. To receive a papal letter presupposed personal attendance at the curia; in addition, the papal legates in the Baltic did not establish a regular system for exchange of information. Another important reason leading to this situation was the absence of personal networks that could connect Rome and the Baltic region.

In current paper the digital reproduction of two imperial diplomatic documents writing in the Italien chanceries of Holy Roman Empire are presented: the Charter of the Emperor Guido issued in the year 891 February 2 — Diploma di Guido G6, and the Charter of the Emperor Otto I issued in the year 969 April 18-Privilegium Ottonis I DO 371. The both documents were conserved in episcopal archive of Parma in Italy, the history of their movement from Parmenisse archive is not known, they have been purchased by Russian academician N. P. Lihachev in the end of XIX century or in the beginning of XX century, and the documents are in the funds of Institute of History, Russian Academy of Sciences, now. The digital copies of the charters are received on photocopies of the year 1937 edition by S. A. Anninskii.

A bakonybéli apátság alapításkori adományait tartalmazó Bakonybéli alapítólevél egyike a Szent István korára (1037) visszahamisított okleveleknek. Az alapítólevelet különböző oklevelek és legendák felhasználásával vélhetően 1230 és 1240 között írták. A 13. század első felében készült oklevélnek azonban nincs meg az eredetije, szövege többszörös átiratban maradt ránk. Az oklevelet a következőképpen datálhatjuk: +1037[1240 k.]/+1246/1330 (mindehhez vö. Szőke 2016: 49, 2017: 137, további irodalom az idézett munkákban).

Programme de l'année 2029-2020 : « Donner vigueur à l’acte et entretenir son efficacité (VIIe-XIIIe siècle) ; « Études de diplomatique pontificale » ; « Travaux récents et études en cours » ; Atelier de diplomatique (en quinzaine) : dossiers et cas apportés par les étudiants et auditeurs »

The Charter of Pécsvárad forged for the age of St. Stephen (1015) was probably
recorded in the first half of the 13th century, using the authentic 11th-century
founding charter from the era of St. Stephen among other sources, along with the
survey charter from the end of the century. These charters (the authentic founding
charter and the survey charter) have not survived on their own, only as part of the
forged charter. We know the oldest section in the founding charter, i.e., the 13thcentury
forged charter, from a document surviving from the 15th-century after
multiple copies. We may date the Charter of Pécsvárad the following way:
+1015/+1158 [1220 k.]/1323/1403/PR.
We can use the Charter of Pécsvárad with an uncertain chronological status
successfully as a source in historical linguistics if we analyze the records of the
founding charter individually and in this process explore whether the specific data
belong to the 11th, 13th or 15th century chronological layer of the charter, i.e.,
whether they had been present already in the original authentic charter, or were
added only later, at the time of forgery or when the charter was copied; we also
need to examine which century the linguistic elements belong to based on their
historical phonological and orthographic features.
Of the toponyms in the Founding Charter of Pécsvárad listing 41 settlements
as donations, in my paper I analyze the Scedluc name, confirming that it may be
identified as Szellő settlement in Baranya County today and that it derives from
the szőlő ‘grape’ plant name.
After concluding the comprehensive analysis of the name form from the
perspectives of historical phonology and orthography, we have discovered
several phenomena indicating the early 11th century (the age of St. Stephen). This
is a significant circumstance because on the one hand it supports the existence of
the authentic charter from 1015, while, on the other hand, it also means that the
Scedluc record of the Charter of Pécsvárad represents the earliest mention known
so far of the szőlő ‘grape’ plant name (which is a Chuvash type Old Turkic loan
word; cf. Chuv. *śidläk ~ *śidläγ).

This edition is the result of a substantial work of reconstitution of the family archives of a medieval noble family from the southern Low Countries, the Berthout family, lords of the city of Mechelen as well as a number of rural lordships in the duchy of Brabant and in neighbouring Flanders, Hainault and Namur. The extensive introduction explains the reconstitution and traces the history of the records since the Middle Ages, bringing together originals and copies preserved in 50 archival repositories, located in six countries. All 354 texts are edited in full. They include a large number of charters; covering the period 1212-1425 and a number of accounts from the middle of the 14th and the beginning of the 15th century. Two supplements include all wills and testaments that have survived but were not part of the family records, as well as documents relating to marriages of members of the Berthout family in other archival collections.

Le gouvernement épiscopal du diocèse et des églises locales a été récemment étudié dans plusieurs régions de l’Europe du Nord-ouest, hors de la Normandie. Cette thèse vise à mettre en lumière la manière dont s’est construit le pouvoir épiscopal sur les églises paroissiales de la province de Rouen entre le XIe et le XIIIe siècle. Trois grandes étapes doivent être distinguées. Avant 1130, malgré les premières initiatives destinées à permettre un contrôle de l’évêque sur les clercs paroissiaux, le pouvoir épiscopal sur les églises demeure assez mal établi et fréquemment contesté. À ce moment, le sort des églises et de leurs desservants se règle essentiellement entre les élites laïques et les moines bénédictins. Il faut attendre la période 1130-1180 pour qu’une génération d’évêques énergiques et réformateurs fasse partout reconnaître l’autorité épiscopale sur les églises et mette en place des innovations juridiques et institutionnelles d’importance, destinées à redéfinir les droits des laïques sur les églises et à instaurer un vrai contrôle épiscopal sur les bénéfices paroissiaux. L’impact de ces innovations n’est vraiment perceptible qu’après 1180 : si le pouvoir épiscopal en sort renforcé, les rapports sociaux autour des églises ne sont pas profondément modifiés. Religieux et laïques s’adaptent pour maintenir leur influence sur les clercs et leurs droits sur les revenus paroissiaux. C’est au même moment, dans le contexte de Latran IV, qu’émergent plus nettement des préoccupations pastorales, en partie censées corriger les abus générés par les évolutions du XIIe siècle : la qualité de la cure des âmes et de la desserte paroissiale est alors mise en avant.

Episcopal government of the diocese and of the parish churches has recently been studied in several regions of North-Western Europe. Normandy had been staying apart from these studies. This thesis aims at explaining the way Episcopal power has been built over parish churches in the province of Rouen between the XIth and the XIIIth centuries. Three main steps must be distinguished. Before 1130, in spite of the first attempts permitting a control of the bishop over parish clerics, Episcopal power over churches is still badly established and often contested. At this moment, the destiny of churches and their priests is essentially the matter of lay aristocracy and Benedictine monks. It is only during the period 1130-1180 that  a generation of dynamic and reforming bishops have Episcopal authority recognised everywhere, and develop important juridical and institutional innovations, in order to redefine lay rights over churches and to institute a real Episcopal control over parish benefices. The impact of these innovations is perfectly sensible only after 1180 : if Episcopal power is consequently reinforced, social relations around churches are not deeply modified. Religious and lay men adapt themselves to maintain their influence over the clerks and their rights over parish revenues. It is at the same time, in the context of Latran IV, that pastoral preoccupations emerge more precisely, partly to correct abuses provoked by the evolutions of the XIIth century : the quality of the cure of souls and of the parish service is then put forward.

Complete reference of the volume : Jeunes chercheurs en Sciences humaines et sociales. Travaux de doctorants de l’École Doctorale « Littératures, cultures et sciences sociales » – II, Cahiers de la Maison de la Recherche en Sciences Humaines, n° spécial, décembre 2007.