Mean

Acute exposure to moderate (552Torr, 73.6kPa) and high (428Torr, 57.1 kPa) altitude resulted in a decrease in the thermosensitivity of arm, chest and thigh sweating during light and moderate exercise. This effect was not accompanied by any change in the esophageal temperature threshold for sweating onset at any of the three sites. 2. Whole body wettedness was decreased an average of 23% at high altitude during light (40°/. ~O 2 peak) and moderate (60% ~O2 peak) exercise. There was no change in mean weighted skin temperature at either moderate or high altitude.

The long-term foetal surveillance is often to be recommended. Hence, the fully non-invasive acoustic recording, through maternal abdomen, represents a valuable alternative to the ultrasonic cardiotocography. Unfortunately, the recorded heart sound signal is heavily loaded by noise, thus the determination of the foetal heart rate raises serious signal processing issues. In this paper, we present a new algorithm for foetal heart rate estimation from foetal phonocardiographic recordings. A filtering is employed as a first step of the algorithm to reduce the background noise. A block for first heart sounds enhancing is then used to further reduce other components of foetal heart sound signals. A complex logic block, guided by a number of rules concerning foetal heart beat regularity, is proposed as a successive block, for the detection of most probable first heart sounds from several candidates. A final block is used for exact first heart sound timing and in turn foetal heart rate estimation. Filtering and enhancing blocks are actually implemented by means of different techniques, so that different processing paths are proposed. Furthermore, a reliability index is introduced to quantify the consistency of the estimated foetal heart rate and, based on statistic parameters; [,] a software quality index is designed to indicate the most reliable analysis procedure (that is, combining the best processing path and the most accurate time mark of the first heart sound, provides the lowest estimation errors). The algorithm performances have been tested on phonocardiographic signals recorded in a local gynaecology private practice from a sample group of about 50 pregnant women. Phonocardiographic signals have been recorded simultaneously to ultrasonic cardiotocographic signals in order to compare the two foetal heart rate series (the one estimated by our algorithm and the other provided by cardiotocographic device). Our results show that the proposed algorithm, in particular some analysis procedures, provides reliable foetal heart rate signals, very close to the reference cardiotocographic recordings.

: The first two parts of this study present the results of a survey of Chinese writings that discovered 30 proposals that China should acquire several types of anti satellite weapons. Many foreign observers have mistakenly claimed that China is a pacifistic nation and has no interest such weapons. The Director of the US National Reconnaissance Office Donald Kerr confirmed a Chinese laser had illuminated a US satellite in 2006. These skeptical observers dismissed that laser incident, but then appeared to be stunned by the reported Chinese destruction of a satellite January 11, 2007. China declined to confirm the event, but many foreign governments immediately protested,1 including Japan, South Korea, Australia, Canada and Britain, while Russia's defense minister suggested the report may not be fully accurate. A Chinese foreign ministry spokesman, while declining to confirm the incident, said other countries should not be alarmed. A US NSC spokesman said China fired a missile to d...

This paper is written for the purpose of comparing the difference between private and public banks by taking top Indian Public and private banks and using certain parameters which are very valuable for a bank. We know the banking sector is any country is the backbone of the economy. But in the case of country like India it's the soul. Just because the nature of Indian population and the economic condition they heavily depend on banks to boast the economic activities. In this study top 3 banks from both public and private sectors where taken as they are leaders in the banking industry in terms of reach and data was extracted from the annual report from 2016 to 2020. Statistical techniques where used to interpret the data. This study revealed even with the vast difference in resources how private banks are performing way better then public banks. The study has done proper literature gap review and explored the area which was not done before. This will very helpful for managers and researchers to take a look at the whole sector as one and see and find out what fundamentally can be done further in this area.

The paper examines the impact of Superhero cartoons such as Bheem, Little Singham and Vir
on school going children in India. Children lack perceptual defence to mass media messages, unlike
the adults. They learn to speak, to dress, to eat and to behave from these cartoon characters. Online
survey has been conducted on 66 respondents to gather data. Percentages and Central tendencies of
data have been calculated for data analysis. For detailed study an expert named Kiran Gupta has
been interviewed. The both results show cartoons play an important role in school children‘s life

A generalized geometric distribution is introduced and briefly studied. First it is noted that it is a proper probability distribution. Then its probability generating function, mean and variance are derived. The probability distribution of the sum Y, of r independent random variables, distributed as generalized geometric, is derived. Finally, sufficient conditions are presented under which we can derive the limiting distribution of Y, -kr as r ~ o0.

This paper is written for the purpose of comparing the difference between private and public banks by taking top Indian Public and private banks and using certain parameters which are very valuable for a bank. We know the banking sector is any country is the backbone of the economy. But in the case of country like India it's the soul. Just because the nature of Indian population and the economic condition they heavily depend on banks to boast the economic activities. In this study top 3 banks from both public and private sectors where taken as they are leaders in the banking industry in terms of reach and data was extracted from the annual report from 2016 to 2020. Statistical techniques where used to interpret the data. This study revealed even with the vast difference in resources how private banks are performing way better then public banks. The study has done proper literature gap review and explored the area which was not done before. This will very helpful for managers and researchers to take a look at the whole sector as one and see and find out what fundamentally can be done further in this area.

collection of problem solving tools and the most sophisticated useful method in achieving process stability and improving the process capability through the reduction of variability. In the manufacturing process, every product doesn't meet the desired range of quality consistently with the customer specification. This inconsistency occurs due to several sources of variations such as machines, operators, materials etc. The Ultimate target of control chart is to monitor the variations, and subsequently control the process. On account of applying SPC methods, this study deals with the control and improvement of the quality of bolt by inspecting the bolt's height, diameter and weight from a bolt manufacturing company. In this inspection, we have developed X bar chart, S and Range control chart for each three variables. Furthermore, we have also focused on Estimated Weighted Moving Average (EWMA) for detecting small process shifts and multivariate Hotelling's T 2 for simultaneous monitoring of height and diameter of bolt. These inspections show that either the process is in control or out of control. For the out of control situation, the assignable reasons behind it should be identified and prevented by taking necessary steps.

The author discusses the question of whether animals have a language. The article examines the similarities and differences in the linguistic capabilities of animals and humans. The similarity lies in the fact that animals can use symbolic signs to receive and send messages. Among other things, they can receive and interpret signs on a delayed basis without the direct presence of their sender, although to a fundamentally lesser extent than people. The comparison is carried out both for signs perceived by the organism (afferent signs) and for signs created by the organism (efferent signs), both related to communication and the perception of the environment outside the community. The main difference is the possibility of telling about events outside the "here and now" in which the narrator could or may not take part. This is the narrative. No signs of animals using the narrative were found. The resulting differences in storytelling use are hypothesized to be related to additional language functions that have increased in humans compared to animals. People have psychological characteristics caused by the presence of the stage of individuation and separation in development. This allows them to move away from the situation and see it from the outside, which is necessary for retelling. On the other hand, people need to communicate with the help of a narrative, since their society includes a sacred part, whose members receive descriptions of events, requests, questions, and their answers in the form of various signs and the results fortune-telling need a detailed interpretation.

Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing the burden, to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports (0704-0188), 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number.

: The method of successive substitution is shown applicable to solve for the classical minimum distortion quantizer parameters. The method is self converging and parameters can be calculated to any desired accuracy. The minimum distortion quantizer parameters, as well as parameters based on other criterion such as quantizers for signal detection, minimum risk quantizers and quantizers for LMMS estimation can be solved by Max's trial and error technique. There are also many other approximation methods to calculate the quantizer parameters. This report applies the method of successive substitution and its modifications to solve for the Lloyd-Max quantizer parameters. It is more accurate and computationally more efficient than the previously reported methods. It is shown to easily generate 7 bit (128 level) optimum quantization. The Lloyd-Max minimum mean square distortion quantizer problem deals with transforming a random variable X of differentiable probability density function f...

In radar signal detection, the problem is to automatically detect a target in a nonstationary noise and clutter background while maintaining a constant probability of false alarm. Classical detection using a matched filter receiver and a fixed threshold is not applicable due to the nonstationary nature of the background noise. Therefore, adaptive threshold techniques are needed to maintain a constant false-alarm rate (CFAR). One approach to adaptive detection in nonstationary noise and clutter background is to compare the processed target signal to an adaptive threshold. In the cell-averaging CFAR processing, an estimate of the background noise from the leading and the lagging reference windows is used to set the adaptive threshold. A threshold multiplier (or scaling factor) is used to scale the threshold to achieve the desired probability of false alarm. In the first part of this report, we have proposed two modified cell-averaging detectors for multiple target situations. The firs...

This study aimed at correlating the presence of extrahepatic manifestations with hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes in patients with chronic HBV infection.This was a national (France), multicenter, retrospective, cross-sectional study. HBV genotypes were determined in 190 patients HBsAg-positive for at least 6 months and documented before any treatment.Patients were aged 42±15 years and mainly male (77%). Alcohol intake was high in 6% of them, ALT elevated in 73%; 27% were cirrhotic. All HBV genotypes were found, mainly A (24%), D (29%), C (11%), and E (10%). Thirty (16%) patients had clinical extrahepatic manifestations, mainly sensory-motor deficiency, sicca syndrome, myalgia, glomerulonephritis, and arthralgia-arthritis. Their presence was not related to any epidemiologic, viral (including genotypes) or hepatic factor, but to a higher platelet count (P=0.004). Twenty-nine (15%) patients had biological extrahepatic manifestations, mainly anti-smooth muscle, antinuclear, and anti-nucleosome antibodies. Their presence was related only to anti-HBe antibodies positivity (P=0.007) or elevated platelet count (P=0.003). Carrying precore mutant HBV increased by 2.8 folds the risk to have at least one extrahepatic biological manifestation.No relationships between HBV genotypes and the presence of extrahepatic manifestations were evidenced in patients with chronic HBV infection.

Direct numerical simulations of bubbly flows are reviewed and recent progress is discussed. Simulations of homogeneous bubble distribution in fully periodic domains at relatively low Reynolds numbers have already yielded 9 considerable insight into the dynamics of such flows. Many aspects of the evolution converge rapidly with the size of the systems and results for the rise velocity, the velocity fluctuations, as well as the average relative orientation 11 have been obtained. The challenge now is to examine bubbles at higher Reynolds numbers, bubbles in channels and confined geometry, and bubble interactions with turbulent flows. We briefly review numerical simulations used 13 for direct numerical methods of multiphase flows, with a particular emphasis on methods that use the so-called "one-field" formulation of the governing equations, and then discuss studies of bubble in periodic domains, along 15 with recent work on wobbly bubbles, bubbles in laminar and turbulent channel flows, and bubble formation in boiling.

In TDMA (time division multiple access), stations trans-mit their messages on a shared communication channel us-ing their dedicated time slots. All the previous delay anal-yses of TDMA have been based on the assumption that ei-ther the interarrival times of the traffic is exponential or ...

Stream data mining is the process of excerpting knowledge structure from large, continuous data. For stream data, various techniques are proposed for preparing the data for data mining task. In recent years stream data have become a growing area for the researcher, but there are many issues occurring in classifying these data due to erroneous and noisy data. Change of trend in the data periodically produces major challenge for data miners. This research concentrates on incremental missing value replacement for stream data. The proposed method generates the value for the missing data considering the data type and data distribution. It also considers the concept drift in the data stream. The method is applied to different datasets and promising results derived.

Public repolrting burden for this collection of Informatlion is estimated to average 1 hour per response, Including the time for reviewing Intrunilors, searching existing data sources, gathering and maiaining the data needed, and comlpleting and reviewing the colection of Information. Send conimerts regardng this burden estlmate or any other aspect of this collection of Intornallon, Including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services. Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlngton, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget. Paperwork Reduction Projed (0704-0188). Washinglon. DC 20503.

The findings in this report are not to be construed as an official Department of the Army position, unless so designated by other authorized documents. 9' Citation of commercial organizations and trade names in this report does not constitute an official Department of the Army andorsament u, approva; of the products or se,-vices of these organizations. Human Use Human subjects participated In these studies after giving their free and Informed voluntary consent. Investigators adhered to AR 70-25 and USAMRDC Regulation 70-25 on "Use of Volunteers in Research". Distribution Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

The contents of this report are not to be used for advertising, publication, or promotional purposes. Citation of trade names does not constitute an official endorsement or approval of the use of such commercial products. VI Conversion Factors, SI to Non-SI Units of Measurement SI units of measurement used in this report can be converted to Non-SI units as follows: Multiply By To obtain meters 3.281 feet cubic meters 35.32 cubic feet square kilometers 0.39 square miles tonne 1.1 US ton VII Effective Discharge Calculation in Support of a Channel Restoration Evaluation: Case Study River restoration Stable channel design 16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF:

The characteristics of an optically fed phased array antenna are affected by the amplitude and phase noise introduced by optical amplifiers (EDFA) used in the system. A theoretical derivation and a numerical computation of the effect of phase noise on antenna performance are given in this paper. The phase fluctuations make the main beam to jitter around a mean value directly related to the mean and the variance of the amplified spontaneous emission induced random phase change.

Averaging (in statistical terms, estimation of the location of data) is one of the most commonly used procedures in neuroscience and the basic procedure for obtaining event-related potentials (ERP). Only the arithmetic mean is routinely used in the current practice of ERP research, though its sensitivity to outliers is well-known. Weighted averaging is sometimes used as a more robust procedure, however, it can be not sufficiently appropriate when the signal is nonstationary within a trial. Trimmed estimators provide an alternative way to average data. In this paper, a number of such location estimators (trimmed mean, Winsorized mean and recently introduced trimmed L-mean) are reviewed, as well as arithmetic mean and median. A new robust location estimator tanh, which allows the data-dependent optimization, is proposed for averaging of small number of trials. The possibilities to improve signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of averaged waveforms using trimmed location estimators are demonstrated for epochs randomly drawn from a set of real auditory evoked potential data.

Diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging (DT-MRI) is unique in providing information about both the structural integrity and the orientation of white matter fibers in vivo and, through “tractography”, revealing the trajectories of white matter tracts. DT-MRI is therefore a promising technique for detecting differences in white matter architecture between different subject populations. However, while studies involving analyses of group averages of scalar quantities derived from DT-MRI data have been performed, as yet there have been no similar studies involving the whole tensor. Here we present the first step towards realizing such a study, i.e., the spatial normalization of whole tensor data sets. The approach is illustrated by spatial normalization of 10 DT-MRI data sets to a standard anatomical template. Both qualitative and quantitative approaches are described for assessing the results of spatial normalization. Techniques are then described for combining the spatially normalized data sets according to three definitions of average, i.e., the mean, median, and mode of a distribution of tensors. The current absence of, and hence need for, appropriate statistical tests for comparison of results derived from group-averaged DT-MRI data sets is then discussed. Finally, the feasibility of performing tractography on the group-averaged DT-MRI data set is investigated and the possibility and implications of generating a generic map of brain connectivity from a group of subjects is considered.

The main goal of investors is to minimize risk at any point of a given returns or/and maximize returns at any given risk. Asset allocation involves allotting investments among different assets. Optimal asset allocation minimizes risk of portfolio to the barest level and maximizes returns better. The aim of this paper is to investigate the two asset allocations; Black Litterman model (BLM) and Mean Variance model (MVM) and examine the model that minimizes risk better and maximizes return optimally. The data used are monthly data of groundnut oil, palm oil and palm kernel. The study shows that the BLM minimizes risk of portfolio better and maximizes return optimally than MVM.

This review article considers research  into  job quality  that was undertaken in Australia and Europe before discussing  the very different labour market  of  the UAE with  a particular  focus  on Dubai. The paper will also explore the role that HRM that can play in  improving  job  quality  for  employees  in  both  countries, despite their different contexts. Improving  job quality  is  firmly on the  public  policy  agenda  in Australia  and  the  EU. Recent labour market  reforms  have  been  justified  in  part  on  the  basis that they would  improve  job  quality. In  the UAE  the  labour market is heavily reliant on expatriate workers,  largely from the Indian sub‐continent  and  Arab  nations  (Tanmia,  2005). However,  expatriate workers generally  fall  into  two  categories: white collar  professionals  and  those  who  are  working  on construction sites  and  living  in  labour  camps. As  such,  the analysis and  discussion  of  job  quality  in  the UAE  takes  plac...

ii REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing the burden, to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports (0704-0188), 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number.

This paper is dedicated to the statistical analysis of the space of multivariate normal distributions with an application to the processing of Diffusion Tensor Images (DTI). It relies on the differential geometrical properties of the underlying parameters space, endowed with a Riemannian metric, as well as on recent works that led to the generalization of the normal law on Riemannian manifolds. We review the geometrical properties of the space of multivariate normal distributions with zero mean vector and focus on an original characterization of the mean, covariance matrix and generalized normal law on that manifold. We extensively address the derivation of accurate and efficient numerical schemes to estimate these statistical parameters. A major application of the present work is related to the analysis and processing of DTI datasets and we show promising results on synthetic and real examples.

Long-Term Equity Anticipation Security or LEAPS is a call option introduced as a more conservative security that can replicate a common stock position. This study's objective is to examine the effect of applying the strategy of "Buying In-The-Money LEAPS Calls vs. Purchasing Stocks" proposed by CBOE on the performance of traders in terms of risk and return trade-off and the risk-adjusted performance in practice, using a sample of 54 common stocks listed on NYSE and NASDAQ and 54 LEAPS calls on the same underlying stocks listed on CBOE during 2008-2010. The results indicate that LEAPS calls are not a preferred financial instrument to replace common stocks for risk-averse traders. When the stock market experiences a progressive downturn trend, the portfolios of LEAPS calls provide much higher negative returns, significant loss and poor performance as well as higher levels of volatility relative to the portfolios of common stocks. The results of this study also suggest that riskseeking traders, who can tolerate the higher level of risk in compensation for higher returns, choose the portfolio of LEAPS calls with high Book-To-Market (BTM) ratio assets. This portfolio is less volatile relative to the portfolio of LEAPS with low BTM ratio and provides higher rates of return in comparison to the portfolios of common stocks in favorable market conditions.

Approaches based on the maximum likelihood (ML) method and on the order statistics are described and evaluated for the estimation of the mean and standard deviation of a normal population from a left-singly censored sample, i.e. a sample for which some measurement results fall below the reporting limit of the analytical method. The performance of the methods is evaluated by means of data simulations. The sample size considered is small to moderate: N = 6-18. Simulation data show that the ML method performs better than the method based on order statistics, especially in difficult situations, e.g. large expected censored proportion h ex (h ex ≥ 50%) and for small sample size (N = 6). The reliability of the estimates depends on the censored proportion. The larger the censored proportion, the poorer the quality of the estimates. When the expected censored proportion does not exceed 50%, i.e. when the true mean µ of the measurement results is above the reporting limit, the performance of the ML method in the estimation of the mean of a censored sample is very acceptable, i.e. it is comparable to that using classical moment calculation on a complete (non-censored) sample. When the expected censored proportion is very high (e.g. 83%) the estimates are, as expected, largely biased. The performance of the ML method in the estimation of the standard deviation of censored data is not as good as in the estimation of the mean. A formula is given for the approximate sample size required to have a specified confidence level that a ML estimated mean for the censored sample will not differ from the true mean by a certain magnitude.

In this paper, the phenomenology of wave propagation through foliage and forest ground reflectivity is investigated for assessing the feasibility of foliage-covered target detection at millimeter-wave frequencies. An experimental procedure for simultaneous measurements of foliage attenuation and ground reflectivity is outlined. This measurement procedure is implemented for two different tree stands, one mostly coniferous and the other deciduous, using a nadir-looking, high-resolution, 35-GHz radar positioned above the tree canopy. Statistics of the two-way attenuation and ground reflectivity for these two well-characterized stands are derived. Strong spatial and angular fluctuations in the two-way foliage attenuation coefficient are observed. The mean, standard deviation, and median of the measured two-way attenuation factor at Stand (mostly coniferous trees with 0.140 trees/m 2 stocking density and 45.45 Kg/m 2 green biomass) are 25 4, 18 3, and 48 2 dB, respectively, while the mean, standard deviation, and median of the measured two-way attenuation factor at Stand 2 (deciduous trees with 0.1055 trees/m 2 stocking density and 30.90 Kg/m 2 green biomass) are 15 4, 12 7, and 33 6 dB, respectively. The mean attenuation rates of Stand 1 and Stand 2, derived from the measured two-way attenuation factor, are 0.40 and 0.24 Np/m, respectively. Only a small percentage of the data had two-way foliage attenuation values exceeding 70 dB. The mean, standard deviation, and median of the power reflectivity of the forest floor at Stand 1 are 14 2, 11 0, and 21 1 dB, respectively, while for Stand 2, the same statistical measures are 16 0, 14 3, and 22 2 dB, respectively. The results demonstrate the potential for using MMW nadir-looking radars for the detection of targets underneath foliage-cover.

Public reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to a penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number.