Knowledge sharing

Purpose -The research study involved an exploration of the thoughts and perspectives of Generation X aerospace engineers regarding strategies, processes, and methods to enhance the transfer of knowledge from baby boomers to Generation X aerospace engineers.

This academic paper was written by academia of FISIP UGM and Policy Analyst Development Center of National Institute for Public Administration Republic Indonesia. The paper is provided for basic argumentation of how importance the role of policy analyst to improve the quality of public policy process in Indonesia

Purpose -This paper proposes an integrative framework for supply chain collaboration which is based on the reciprocal approach. Design/methodology/approach -A reciprocal approach is adopted to capture the interaction phenomenon of different features of collaboration in attaining overall supply chain performance. Findings -A collaborative supply chain framework is composed of five connecting features of collaboration, namely collaborative performance system, information sharing, decision synchronization, incentive alignment, and integrated supply chain processes. Research limitations/implications -Further research could be carried out to capitalize the framework for diagnosing and improving supply chain collaboration. Practical implications -The proposed framework enables the chain members to scrutinize key features of supply chain collaboration before and during collaborative initiatives. Originality/value -Previous research on supply chain collaboration mainly assume the unilateral phenomenon of collaboration that focuses on a single feature such as information sharing or co-managed inventory. The proposed framework for the first time explicitly addresses the interaction of different connecting features of collaboration.

Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), carrera de Educación y Gestión del Aprendizaje, curso de Antropología. En este mapa mental es sobre la lectura "La Sociedad del Cansancio". Trata sobre nuestra reflexión de la lectura y sobre como es el ser humano. Se ve la competencia de gestión e innovación

Autores:
- Orianna Orlandini
- Arianna Díaz

In the present paper we examine the different ways of knowledge sharing in the contemporary business environment. In order to do this, we need to divorce R from D in R&D. For the purpose of this paper we distinguish four types of knowledge and correspondingly we introduce four metaphors of knowledge sharing: the four knowledge restaurants. In buffets ready-made knowledge is offered for self-service; there are restaurants in which the knowledge broker fulfils the role of the waiter offering a la cart menus; in some very expensive restaurants we can try what is recommended by the chef; finally, we sometimes make our own coffee in the coffee room and, obviously, have a chat along.

Dissemination is the interactive process of communicating knowledge to target audiences so that it may be used to lead to change. The challenge is to improve the accessibility of desired knowledge products by those they are intended to reach. This means ensuring physical availability of the product to as large a proportion of the target audience as possible and making the product comprehensible to those who receive it.

Introduction: Both networking and knowledge management can give a company a competitive advantage. But the combination of these two approaches is particularly interesting. Knowledge sharing is crucial in the building industry, because it is changing all the time nowadays. The knowledge of new technologies and environmentally friendly building materials is especially important for companies from the construction industry. Also an average investor, who plans on building a house, has a very low level of knowledge about building materials and  modern building technologies. So it is not surprising, that there are some business networks in building industry, which use knowledge sharing in their strategy. Objectives: The objective of this study is to explore the knowledge sharing in business networks from the building industry. Our research question is: what forms of knowledge sharing take place in the construction industry and what is the scale of this phenomenon. Methods: The case study ...

The creation of new knowledge that comes from Knowledge Mode Conversion (KMC) activities improves New Product Development (NPD) activities. However, there is still limited understanding of “how” a Knowledge Mode Conversion activity varies using collaborative and conversational technologies to improve product development performance. The main contribution of this research is to establish a set of indicators that can be used as guides to help identify effective Knowledge Mode Conversion activities that can be useful for ...

Many organisations are striving to implement knowledge management strategies to their respective organisations. Many of these initiatives result in failure, and very expensive ones at that, mainly because management have thought that the answer to their problems lay with the installation of an information technology solution, often because they have been listening to the seductive sales pitch of the software vendors. This paper attempts to show some of key dynamics that do not even reach the discussion table of the project board implementing a knowledge management system. There is much debate at present as to how knowledge can be shared. It is felt by some that there is an over-dependence upon IT based systems to share knowledge and that such systems do not reflect the complex nature of social organisations. The phrase 'social architecture' is being more commonly used as an element of the systems that affect and can support knowledge sharing. The overall aim of the paper is to discuss the role and nature of social architecture in the sharing of knowledge within organisations. The paper is based upon work in progress that is exploring the role of social architecture in enabling organisational learning and the transfer of knowledge in organisations. The premise is that the role of networks, building design and work systems have a far greater impact upon the potential to successfully share knowledge than any IT based knowledge management system currently has.

W artykule przedstawiono studium przypadku sieci biznesowej, która powstała w celu zorganizowania konferencji międzynarodowej ABSL w 2014 roku w Poznaniu. Celem artykułu jest określenie uczestników sieci, którzy tworzą podstawowy, wzbogacony i poszerzony produkt na rynku turystki biznesowej. Założono, że podstawą do identyfikacji takiej sieci będzie wymiana wiedzy między podmiotami zaangażowanymi w organizację konferencji. W związku z tym w artykule omówiono rolę wymiany wiedzy w kształtowaniu sieci biznesowych, uwarunkowania sieci w przemyśle spotkań, metodykę badań prowadzonych w celu identyfikacji sieci związanej z konferencją ABSL 2014 oraz efekt badań, jakim jest wykaz podmiotów tworzących tę sieć.

Purpose-This paper seeks to examine the factors and barriers that contribute to successful knowledge sharing among the university teaching staff. Design/methodology/approach-Based on an extensive review of literature, measures of knowledge sharing are identified. These include such factors as nature of knowledge, working culture, staff attitudes, motivation to share and opportunities to share. A model is developed for the study and hypotheses are formulated. Primary data were collected through a survey from a sample of teaching staff from both public and private universities in Malaysia. Findings-Based on empirical research, the study shows some contrasting findings. As for the sample drawn from teaching staff belonging to public universities, there is a significant relationship between knowledge sharing and the independent factors mentioned earlier. Results from the sample from staff teaching in private universities do not show such relationships. Research limitations/implications-The sample size itself and the generalisation of results to teaching staff from higher education institutions in Malaysia constitute a major limitation. Practical implications-The findings of the study provide useful insights to management of higher education institutions in providing facilities to enhance knowledge sharing among teaching staff. Originality/value-The study makes a valuable contribution, given that there is a dearth of empirical studies of this nature focusing on the South East Asian region.

Cross-agency collaboration and sharing of digital data is critical to respond to or prevent threats to U.S. interests. While traditional hierarchical information sharing approaches ensure that only relevant information is delivered to authorized nodes, the resulting organizational overhead severely impedes timely sharing of critical information. Although alternative approaches to secure data release have previously been proposed, they all have had severe practical limitations. Initial SFINKS implementation is deployed within Risk Analysis Workbench -a collaborative information sharing environment.

Evidence suggests that some factors can determine the successful implementation of strategic IT systems, i.e. Business Intelligence (BI). Although BI systems can provide companies with insights into their business operations they are painstakingly difficult to implement. Most frequently, employee resistance and change management related issues have been identified as the main causes of system implementation failure. This is particularly true for Chinese firms, where cultural nuances such as personalism and particularism serve as powerful barriers to 'intelligence' sharing. In this case study, we report how Chinese CEOs can overpower these restraining forces to facilitate implementation success. Preliminary evidence from our case firm suggests that a strong, committed and adaptive leadership style provides a basis for effective BI exploitation. Further, we also identify some strategic and tactical actions that Chinese CEOs can use to foster a knowledge sharing culture that is conducive to BI systems implementation.

Extended Abstract
Sharing knowledge is considered a voluntary and optional work in which a person's knowledge is transferred to others in a comprehensive and efficient way. Accordingly, knowledge will be reachable to everyone and people can share their common experiences and targets, and also exchange their ideas and information (Ipe, 2003). Organizations need to consider how elitism and knowledge are transferred from elites to naive employees who are, in fact, in need of the knowledge. Therefore, it's not sufficient to have the knowledge in an organization, but to exchange I to others to provide them with the possibility of learning from elites which, finally, leads to a useful function (Cross & Sproull, 2004).
Organization voice means the whole tendency of an organization members to present their ideas and thoughts in the job process (Detert & Burris, 2007). Recently, it's been especially important for organizations to pay more attention to employee voice. That's because employees' ideas and thoughts, in one hand, can solve many organization problems, and on the other, it would reflect their interests and expectations to the management (Van Dyne & Le Pine, 1998).
If people are not able to talk about their ideas and information, and prefer silence, they gradually become stressed, nervous, uninterested, and disappointed which results in lack of job satisfaction and commitment. When employees find their ideas and opinions fruitful to primary changes in their job environment, they would work to benefit their organization. However, the concept of organization voice does not necessarily mean positive ideas by employees. Some aspects of this reflection might be considered as destructive and harmful. Thus, the variables to reinforce the positive aspects of organization voice and to ruin the negative ones must be taken into account (Doustar & Esmaeelzadeh, 2013).
If sharing knowledge correctly occurs in the education system, it will lead to many advantages and helpful results. Sharing knowledge among teachers in a true way guarantees the development of best teaching methods in education centers and enables them to easily solve their educational problems and difficulties (Zeinabadi & Mahmoudi, 2016). Therefore, the principals of education centers must search for identifying useful factors in sharing knowledge. In fact, the present study focuses on the employee voice. Thus, the main aim of this study is to determine a relationship between employee voice and sharing knowledge the faculty of Sistan and Balouchestan University.
Case study :
faculty members of university of Sistana and Baluchestan.
Materials and Methods
. Research method was descriptive-correlational and the data was collected through a survey. A sample of 183 faculty members were stratified random selected out of a population all faculty members of university of Sistana and Baluchestan. Research instruments included standard questionnaires employee voice and knowledge sharing. To analyze the obtained data, Pearson correlation coefficient and simultaneous regression analysis were used with SPSS21
Discussion and Results
In first step, the relationship between employee voice and sharing knowledge is considered by the Pearson correlation coefficient as it is shown in table 1.
                     
According to the above table, there is a negative and significant relationship between obedient and defensive voice and sharing knowledge amongst faculty. But the relationship between altruistic voice and sharing knowledge is positive and significant (p>0.001). The second step used multiple regression in order to predict sharing knowledge base on triple voices above which is shown in table 2.
According to the regression model, the coefficient of determination (R2) equals 0.523 which means employee voice determines 52.3 % of sharing knowledge variance. Also, the findings show that among employee voice, altruistic voice with β (0.516) increases the amount of sharing knowledge among faculty members. But, obedient voice with β (-0.329) decreases the amount of sharing knowledge among faculty members (p<0.001).
Conclusion
This study with the aim of determining the relationship between employee voice and sharing knowledge amongst the faculty members of Sistan and Balouchestan University. The results of the study showed that there is a negative and significant relationship between obedient and defendant voices and sharing knowledge among faculty members, while there is a positive and significant relationship between altruistic voice and sharing knowledge among faculty members (p<0.001). This means that as the obedient and defendant voice among faculty members increases, the sharing knowledge decreases, whereas the enhancement in altruistic voice among faculty members leads to increase in sharing knowledge among them. Also, regression findings revealed that employee voice determines 52.3 % of sharing knowledge variance. In employee voice, altruistic voice increases sharing knowledge among faculty members while obedient voice decreases sharing knowledge among faculty members (p<0.001). According to the findings of this study, it is suggested to the chairpersons in universities to avoid dictator leadership, and mostly tend to moral leadership. That is bacause employees under a dictator leadership reveal worrisome on expressing their ideas and thoughts. In other word, dictator leadership controls faculty voice.

Knowledge represents one of the most valuable resources by which both individuals and organizations leverage and extract value resulting in benefits such as increasing individual’s domain expertise, improving work performance, and achieving competitive advantage. Traditional knowledge management literature focuses mostly on knowledge creation and dissemination within organizations. Due to the recent advancements in information and communication technologies, online social structures (e.g. virtual community-of-practice) are emerged with the primary purpose of knowledge exchange.  Prior research on KM has highlighted various factors that affect individual’s willingness to share knowledge. However, there has been little research focused on understanding individual’s intention of future participation in these online societies. Since members‟ continuous voluntary contribution is critical to the sustainability of an electronic environment, it is timely to investigate what drives members’ motivation to continue knowledge sharing in the electronic communities.
In this study, we focus on knowledge sharing behavior in the Electronic Networks-of-Practice. We examine the motivations that drive individuals to continue sharing knowledge in the open content contributing network, specifically Wikipedia.

Keywords: Electronic Network-of-Practice (ENoP), online communities, knowledge sharing, knowledge management, Wikipedia

A multikulturalizmus nyomában -Amin és az idegenek társadalma Ash Amin: Land of Strangers. Cambridge-Malden, Polity Press, 2012, 205 oldal. z ezredforduló drámai terrortámadásai után Nyugaton mind nagyobb populáris és tudományos érdeklődés mutatkozik a multikulturalitás, és persze mindenekelőtt az iszlám és a kereszténység együttélésének problematikája iránt. Ez, és az Egyesült Államok által meghirdetett terrorizmus elleni háború minden korábbinál radikálisabban hozza fölszínre a Nyugat ideologikus reprezentációit a Keletről. A nyelvünket földuzzasztja a biztonságpolitika szókincse, s fokozatosan megerősödik az a nézet, mely szerint a multikulturális társadalmak eleve bukásra ítéltettek -elvégre nincs szilárd alap, amely egyben tartaná őket, szól az érvelés. Amikor másfél évtizeddel később ázsiai és afrikai migránsok százezrei jelennek meg az Unió határain -úgy a Balkánon, mint a tenger partján -, a befogadó országok és polgárok eltérő módokon reagálnak. Egyesek bizalmatlanok a jövevényekkel szemben, tartanak a szokatlan testektől, mások éppen ellenkezőleg, befogadóak. A kérdés az, hogyan gondoljuk el az idegent?

This article describes a knowledge management (KM) approach conceived from countermeasures targeted at addressing failure factors suggested in the literature. In order to counteract failure factors, the approach combines the technology of knowledge-based KM systems, with the flexibility and understanding of knowledge facilitators, and the processes of the target community. In the KM system, the approach uses knowledge engineering concepts to represent knowledge artifacts and to enforce managerial responsibilities. By imposing a strict representation format, the approach guides and helps users. It does so by determining what knowledge to contribute, by enabling knowledge collection, and by representing knowledge. The purpose of knowledge facilitators is to complement the limitations of the computerbased component by verifying the quality of submitted artifacts and by motivating members to adopt the system. The design and operation of this approach is guided by identifying the processes of the target community and the level of specificity where they are useful. The importance of this contribution is that it offers guidelines to design a KM approach that relies on conclusions from published literature. In addition, it also proposes a means to validate knowledge sharing. A conclusion of this work is that it may be easier to address failure factors of KM approaches when all members of the target community have the same technical goals, are motivated by a common interest, are organized on a flat hierarchy, and are receptive to innovation. In addition, the use of a representation of the community's processes helps standardize capture, guide contributors, and associate existing with new artifacts. This association of artifacts can be used to validate knowledge sharing.

This report shows that Aboriginal business development
creates wealth and employment, which can ensure the
well-being of Aboriginal peoples at both the individual and
community levels. It profiles five successful Aboriginal
businesses and proposes best practice guidelines based
on common success factors and lessons learned. These
guidelines are designed to inspire and encourage others
to develop successful Aboriginal businesses. The findings
in this report are based on comprehensive literature review
and interviews conducted with community members,
Elders, Aboriginal leaders, territorial leaders, and political
leaders. They are also based on the experience and expertise
of representatives of Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal
businesses; Aboriginal groups; community bands, councils,
and hamlets; economic development organizations and
initiatives; and training and education programs.

Regarding efficiency, efficacy and incentive, free-sharing online (of recordings, live broadcasts , software and published works) outperforms market and property systems by reducing costs of production and distribution, increasing quality and access and better promoting creativity. Free-sharing online emerged within " global network capitalism " and non-capitalist networks. Free-sharing of purely informational content online challenges capitalism by eliminating scarcity. However, post-scarcity is limited by constraints on time and the capacity to filter digital plenitude. These limits create scope for alternative business models. Free-sharing online tempers capitalism's " tragedy of the anticommons ". However, to date, post-scarcity remains incomplete.

Abstract—Virtual teams give many advantages to organizations, including increased knowledge sharing and improve organizational performance. Virtual teams have altered the expectations and boundaries of knowledge worker’s interactions and make a new opportunity to develop the business. In this paper, we present summary results of an online survey. The online questionnaire was emailed by using a simple random sampling method to 356 Malaysian manufacturing small and medium –sized Enterprises (SMEs). The findings of this study show that SMEs in Malaysia are gaining to use virtual teams, and it can be concluded that virtual teams provide a new platform for developing the business in SMEs. Based on the study, we suggest avenues for future research that are important to advancing our understanding of virtual team effects on business growth. Keywords—Collaboration, virtual teams, SMEs, Entrepreneurship, Business development, Survey

The success of information system development involving multi-organizational collaboration can depend heavily on effective knowledge sharing across boundaries. This paper reports on a comparative examination of knowledge sharing in two separate networks of public sector organizations participating in information technology innovation projects in New York State. As is typical of innovations resulting from recent government reforms, the knowledge sharing in these cases is a critical component of the information system development, involving a mix of tacit, explicit, and interactional forms of sharing across organizational 1 The research reported here is supported by the National Science Foundation grant #SES-9979839. The views and conclusions expressed in this report are those of the authors alone and do not reflect the views or policies of the National Science Foundation.

Public space influence on knowledge sharing acquisition has become an interesting issue among knowledge management, urban landscaper, and knowledge based development researchers. Thus, this study aim to investigate the contributing influences of the degree of public space usages on tacit knowledge sharing. Cyberjaya Malaysia was considered as the study area having been adjudged as a high technology park that foothold in knowledge sharing for its knowledge based development. A total of 384 survey questionnaires were administered by the residents of the study area in various public spaces within the city to collate the respondent’s perception on their degree of public space utilization in relation to tacit knowledge sharing behaviour. Validated variables were adapted to measure knowledge sharing while the frequencies of public space utilization were measure with the user’s degree of visits to public spaces. Data collated were analysed with statistical packages for social science “SPSS...

The sharing of knowledge within teams is critical to team functioning. However, working with team members who are in different locations (i.e. in virtual teams) may introduce communication challenges and reduce opportunities for rich interactions, potentially affecting knowledge sharing and its outcomes. Therefore, using questionnaire-based data, this study examined the potential effects of different aspects of virtuality on a knowledge-sharing model. Social exchange theory was used to develop a model relating trust to knowledge sharing and knowledge sharing to team effectiveness. The moderating effects of virtuality and task interdependence on these relationships were examined. A strong positive relationship was found between trust and knowledge sharing for all types of teams (local, hybrid and distributed), but the relationship was stronger when task interdependence was low, supporting the position that trust is more critical in weak structural situations. Knowledge sharing was positively associated with team effectiveness outcomes; however, this relationship was moderated by team imbalance and hybrid structures, such that the relationship between sharing and effectiveness was weaker. Organizations should therefore avoid creating unbalanced or hybrid virtual teams.

In this study, hypothetical implications demonstrate the aftereffect of the exploration that we distinguish of model variables relationship-based contribution. There is a crushing assortment of theoretical reasons to continue the point of view that managerial settings give an increasingly productive scene to knowledge-oriented leadership (KOL) connections. KOL implies the influence of organizational performance (OP). The study investigated the direct and indirect relationship among KOL and OP via Knowledge Sharing (KS) in the Ministry of Interior (MOI). The study implemented SEM to investigate the study's hypotheses. A sample of 441 employees in the MOI was selected randomly. After testing the direct and indirect relationships, the study's results show that, there is a positive effect of KOL on OP through KS. All the hypotheses were accepted. At last, managerial and theoretical implications were examined.

Web-based tagging systems for educational resources allow users to associate free keywords with resources. This paper first studies similarities and differences of tagging systems that are an integrated part of learning platforms, and then introduces a case study on teachers' use of social tagging tools. Analysing more than 20,000 teacher-created tags from five platforms, it was found that even if the tagging system designs differ, more than 30% of the posts were shared through tags between two or more platforms. Thus, tags can create interplay not only between the users and their tools, but also between diverse learning platforms.

Two competitive intelligence processes within a Global Energy Multinational are critically analyzed-Competitive Strategic Business Intelligence (CIAD) and Competitive Technical Intelligence (CTI). It has been found that the CIAD process is linear and carried out by small team of analysts from which intelligence moves upward to be actioned at the highest levels of a layered organization. There is limited feedback and knowledge sharing. In contrast the CTI approach follows a networked model, with competitive intelligence viewed as individual line responsibility. Intelligence information passes laterally, upward and downward through a flat organizational structure. Consequently these models can be viewed as a response to a variance of styles of management and organizational structure within the organization. A key stumbling block is found to be an organizational culture that prevents open knowledge sharing. The use of technology is identified to be a key enabler allowing transparency and rapid transfer of intelligence across the organization, and thereby facilitating a knowledge-sharing culture. Knowledge management and competitive intelligence are therefore viewed as intimately related. A successful competitive intelligence process requires attention to cultural issues, facilitated by technology to ease knowledge sharing.

Purpose – The dynamism of new economy requires information professionals not only to create knowledge quickly but also to acquire and apply knowledge through knowledge sharing (KS). So, determining factors that may influence knowledge sharing within an organization or among organizations has become an important area of research. This paper aims to review determinant factors influencing inter- and intra-organizational knowledge sharing in order to offer a framework. Design/methodology/approach – The present paper proceeds in three phases. In the first phase, the published literature on knowledge sharing has been reviewed extensively with consideration of their empirical applications. Next, based on the understanding gained from the previous stage, a conceptual framework of successful factors for effective inter-organizational knowledge sharing has been proposed. In the third phase, the proposed framework has been developed and finalized towards its maturity. Findings – Based on the l...

Background: Research funders, educators, investigators and decision makers worldwide have identified the need to improve the quality of health care by building capacity for knowledge translation (KT) research and practice. Peer-based mentorship represents a vehicle to foster KT capacity. The purpose of this exploratory study is to identify mentoring models that could be used to build KT capacity, consult with putative mentee stakeholders to understand their KT mentorship needs and preferences, and generate recommendations for the content and format of KT mentorship strategies or programs, and how they could be tested through future research. Methods: A conceptual framework was derived based on mentoring goals, processes and outcomes identified in the management and social sciences literature, and our research on barriers and facilitators of academic mentorship. These concepts will inform data collection and analysis. To identify useful models by which to design, implement and evaluate KT mentorship, we will review the social sciences, management, and nursing literature from 1990 to current, browse tables of contents of relevant journals, and scan the references of all eligible studies. Eligibility screening and data extraction will be performed independently by two investigators. Semi-structured interviews will be used to collect information about KT needs, views on mentorship as a knowledge sharing strategy, preferred KT mentoring program elements, and perceived barriers from clinician health services researchers representing different disciplines. Qualitative analysis of transcripts will be performed independently by two investigators, who will meet to compare findings and resolve differences through discussion. Data will be shared and discussed with the research team, and their feedback incorporated into final reports.

A comprehensive approach to the design and implementation of multi-robots cooperative systems is described. It focuses on a design process that uses the Unified Modeling Language and on a detailed ontology description with the goal of sharing the knowledge on environments that robots can acquire through the use of their vision sub-system. We base the implementation of our robotics vision system on agents inserted in a generic multi-level architectures. The first objective of this work is to provide a framework ...

The paper proposes a reflection on the Mapping San Siro experience, a five-year action learning project, promoted by the Department of Architecture and Urban Studies in collaboration with Polisocial, the public engagement program of Politecnico di Milano. The project is currently ongoing in one of the largest public estates in Milan, known as San Siro. It aims at experimenting a pedagogical environment based on grounded, interactive, action-oriented and hybrid learning, reflecting how new approaches can enrich the experience of educational practices for the inclusive city. The paper addresses a series of issues, which emerge from this experience, reflecting on situated learning, the co-production of knowledge with community partners, and an action-oriented teaching practice. In this paper, a reflection on the pedagogical and social outcomes of the experience is also proposed.

strategy research and practice, and how this presents a radical change from established theories of organisational strategy. In light of these developments, this conceptual paper demonstrates how web based collaborative tools are being utilised to enable collaboration and knowledge sharing in open strategy initiatives, with evidence derived from an emerging stream of open strategy literature. A concise overview of this literature is also introduced to give background to the topic. Ultimately the paper uses case examples to show how organisations are practising open strategy, whilst also highlighting the potential for open strategy as a device for organisational collaboration and knowledge sharing, both internally and externally.

The paper discusses an evaluation study that investigates the impact of mobile technology on a UK police force and on knowledge sharing processes. An empirical, ethnographic approach to the research was adopted, using a mixed method approach of focus groups, questionnaires, observational &quot;work shadowing&quot; and interviews with a total of 42 staff involved in a trial of mobile technology. The

Construction is an experience-based discipline, knowledge or experience accumulated from previous projects plays very important role in successful performance of new works. More and more construction organizations have adopted commercial Knowledge Management Systems (KMSs) for developing their own Knowledge Management (KM) functionalities. The existing KMS&#39;s are mostly developed based on Communities of Practice (COPs) for knowledge sharing and exchange. Such

Harvard Business School and Stanford Graduate School of Business
are exploring opportunities for sharing educational materials across the two institutions,
including cases, videos, electronic courses, and other content. To give faculty, staff, and students
access to the body of shared content, the two schools have decided to jointly develop a business
taxonomy and to construct a contemporary faceted electronic business thesaurus to classify and
index materials and improve search and access to content on both institutions’ web sites. It is
hoped that many members of both communities will lend their expertise to make the thesaurus a
manifestation of the intellectual power of the two schools.

Purpose -The purpose of this research is to focus on the role of trust in knowledge sharing. Social capital researchers have put forward trust as an important force behind the sharing of knowledge. This study aims to investigate whether trust indeed explains knowledge sharing relationships, or whether there are in fact much more important drivers of the sharing of knowledge in new product development projects. Design/methodology/approach -A survey study was carried out in large new product development projects, including 23 teams and 91 individuals. Findings -The main finding is that trust is a poor explanatory of knowledge sharing. Team membership, on the other hand, has the largest effect on the density of knowledge sharing relationships. Social capital thus does not reside in trust but in team membership, especially for longer-lived teams. Research limitations/implications -There should be more attention for other aspects affecting knowledge sharing, including team characteristics. Originality/value -This article will be of use to organizations conducting new product development, wishing to manage knowledge sharing as social capital. Moreover, this article provides more insight on the value of the trust in knowledge sharing and offers directions for future theory development.

Part of the response of many development cooperation agencies to the challenges of globalisation, ICTs and the knowledge economy is to emphasise the importance of knowledge for development. This paper looks at the discourses and practices of "knowledge-based aid" through an exploration of four agencies: the World Bank, DFID, Sida and JICA. It seeks to analyse whether knowledge-based aid leads to greater focus on agencies' own needs rather than those of Southern partners. It also questions whether it makes them better at learning from these partners or more intent on a one-way, North-South transfer of knowledge.