International Aid and Development

Instead of the proposed Global Fund for Social Protection, this paper proposes increased technical assistance for social protection services and general budget support for qualifying countries under normal circumstances and a revitalized Compensatory Financing Facility at IMF for surges in financial needs for social protection.

A major historical weakness of redistributive land reforms has been their frequent failure to create conditions for sustainable farm and other enterprises managed by land reform communities, as a result of problems of integration with wider local social, economic and environmental planning. However the methods of impact assessment currently applied to land reforms by governments and development agencies have not been designed to enable improvements in land reform policies and planning.

El trabajo analiza la creación en la Argentina, entre los años 1930 y 1954, de una
estructura administrativa nacional, orientada a la prevención y el tratamiento de las enfermedades
venéreas. Dicho esfuerzo responde a un proyecto político de un grupo de médicos,
quienes intentaron dar respuesta a los problemas sociales desde el ámbito de la higiene y
colonizar la estructura burocrática del Estado en su calidad de expertos. Por otro lado,
indaga acerca del proceso de especialización de las disciplinas encargadas de estas enfermedades
y su reconocimiento oficial como especialidades médicas.
PALABRAS CLAVE: Enfermedades venéreas, profilaxis, legislación, burocracia, especialidades médicas.

During the 1990s and 2000s, a policy known as Education with Community Participation (EDUCO) not only became the cornerstone of education reform in El Salvador but also became a global education policy, one which is known for decentralizing to rural families the responsibility for hiring and firing teachers. As is shown in this paper, its rise to fame was not only a product of the particular political-economic context in which it was borne, but was also a product of the impact evaluations produced by the World Bank, which served as the evidence base through which this and other international institutions could legitimately promote the neoliberal model of community involvement represented by EDUCO. Problematically, however, a reappraisal of these impact evaluations reveals, first, that their findings and conclusions around significant effects were not warranted and, second, that the entire impact evaluation enterprise is fundamentally flawed due to the financial-political-intellectual complex out of which these studies emerged and back into which they fed as they were used to advocate for market-oriented policy solutions around the world. Thus, in addition to explaining the reform dynamics that gave rise to EDUCO, this paper (a) systematically reviews the findings and limitations of each of the six impact studies that constitute the international knowledge base around this policy, (b) reconsiders what we can reasonably claim to know about EDUCO, (c) reflects on the national and international implications of the critical review presented here, and (d) remarks on the shortcomings of—and the alternatives to—impact evaluations as a
means to produce policy-relevant findings.

This research examines the gap between the socio-political and economic reality of Palestine, under Israeli Occupation, and the perceptions, assumptions and limitations of small aid donors like Switzerland in a colonial context. It looks at how global and Swiss aid is formulated and dispensed to fragile ‘non-states’ like Palestine. My thesis found that aid in general is ineffective, with Swiss aid in particular being modest, lacking robustness and failing to respond to the colonial context that prevents Palestine from profiting the most from international aid. In addition, Swiss aid is afflicted by many shortcomings that have been identified by contemporary research: a large part of aid is tied; consultations with local partners are limited, excluding, by and large, civil society; and time constraints are such that current programs are generally designed on a relatively short-term basis.

During the war the situation of the some ''safety'' places is not exactly ''safe''. Providing people opportunity for producing their own foods is better than sending money or giving them usefulness materials is not exactly helping. However, helping people on their way as supporting them is the best way of helping. In example, If you want to send cheese to them you cannot know if they like that or will not sell it. But if you provide them all equipment of producing cheese, they can produce what they consume in Syria. They can also sell to other families.
Milking and producing milk products are not easy in Syria. The number of the cows, sheep and goat is not enough. There is no big farm. On the other hand, in some of places, families have enough animals compering with other places. But the equipment is not available. In this report, I've found out the animal numbers in Afrin (with sub-districts and villages) and what people consume as milk products (local cheese, yogurt etc.)

The  ‘Eastern  Partnership  Youth  Policy  Analytic  Report’  (EYPAR)  was  prepared  between  September and December 2015, following a request
by the European Commission (DG NEAR)  to provide a study on youth policy developments in the EaP region. 
The report was developed  under the framework of the Eastern Partnership Youth Regional Unit Project (EPYRU), and is based  on  data  available  from  this  project, as  well  as  other  relevant  sources  identified  for  this  purpose.

The  report  includes  information  on  the  current  legal  frameworks  for  youth  policies  in  each  of  the  six  EaP  countries (Republic  of  Armenia, Republic  of  Azerbaijan,  Republic  of  Belarus, Georgia,  Republic  of  Moldova, and Ukraine) and  analyses  the  current  situation  on  mainstreaming youth issues across relevant policy spheres in EaP region, with a particular focus on  youth  employment  policies.  These are accompanied  by  references  and  examples  of  good practice  of  cross-sectoral  cooperation and  recommendations  on  youth  policy  development  and possible measures of EU support.

The current document provides a brief summary of the information contained in the EYPAR.

This paper provides context for the voluntary repatriation program for Burundi refugees in Tanzania, considers some assumptions inherent within it, and describes some of the effects of the plan on refugees, particularly on members of the younger generation.

The development literature lacks consensus about the link between aid effectiveness and governance improvement. A basic rational actor model is introduced to clarify how donors can influence recipient behaviors and more broadly how foreign aid can support or impede governance quality improvement. Adopting the underutilized perspective of donor behavior, this study identifies mechanisms through which aid hinders governance improvement and offers substantive recommendations about how donors can enhance aid effectiveness, including strategies for donors to raise the level of effort recipients devote to project success.

La ponencia describe y analiza la cooperación internacional captada por Costa Rica durante los últimos años, a partir de datos inéditos del Ministerio de Planificación y del Ministerio Hacienda. Se aborda también la cooperación que Costa Rica ofrece a otros países, ratificando los avances en el doble rol del país como receptor y oferente de cooperación.

While US private philanthropic foundations are small in comparison with other international donors, the Ford Foundation was an important international actor and the biggest player within international philanthropy for almost 50 years. US-funded think tanks and research centers articulated various iterations of a development paradigm, but these paradigms shifted over the same 50 years. What are the driving forces behind these shifts? Why, for instance, were US foundations working directly with government officials in the 1950s while in the 1990s working mostly through non-governmental organizations? This article seeks first to trace the major shifts in the way the Ford Foundation engaged in international development and second aims to explain how and why these shifts took place. In order to conduct this research, I relied on archival research, such as annual reports, minutes from congressional hearings, and internal unpublished reports, and interviews with former high-level employees at Ford Foundation. In addition, I coded and analyzed a database of more than 40,000 grants from the Ford Foundation from 1951 to 2001.The article analyzes the Ford Foundation through four mechanisms of change:internal leadership, external regulation, displacement by competitors, and domestic pressures. These four factors are set against the backdrop of wider shifts in international politics.

The European Union (EU) is widely recognized to be a major actor in international development cooperation. First, this chapter discusses key issues and debates on EU development policy. Secondly, the uniqueness of this policy domain, compared to other EU policies in this volume, is highlighted. Thirdly, the chapter elaborates two main policy-making domains: the EU as a donor itself and as a coordinator of member states' policies. Overall, the EU follows the regulatory and distributional modes in its role as a donor, and when it seeks to coordinate member-state policy, the policy coordination mode is to the fore. Moreover, intensive transgovernmentalist features appear in both domains. The conclusion summarizes the main trends and future challenges.

Small island economies very often depend on external financial resources such as workers' remittances, international aid, bilateral aid from a patron country, or military spendings of a foreign country with special diplomatic and strategic agreements.
Such a rent may bring "dutch disease" types of effects on their economy, or may be viewed as a specialization of the economy in the export of  human capital (bringing remittances) or strategic services (bringing foreign aid).

En 2017, le Canada lançait sa nouvelle politique féministe d'aide internationale. Cette dernière repose sur l'hypothèse que l'égalité des genres et l'autonomisation des femmes constituent le moyen le plus efficace d'éliminer la pauvreté. En vertu de cette politique, 95 % de l'appui bilatéral du Canada doit contribuer à l'égalité des genres et à l'émancipation des femmes et des filles. Bien que l'importance de l'égalité femme-homme en matière de réduction de la pauvreté ne soit pas remise en question, le réchauffement climatique représente aujourd'hui une menace imminente pour le développement mondial. La politique de développement international du Canada n'incorpore que de façon très sommaire les changements climatiques et la viabilité environnementale. Or, elle ne tient pas suffisamment compte de l'urgence du réchauffement planétaire et de ses effets attendus sur la pauvreté et la sécurité mondiale. La concentration des efforts bureaucratiques et financiers sur le genre pourrait ainsi entraîner une perte de possibilités pour le Canada sur le plan de l'adaptation et la mitigation aux changements climatiques. En l'absence d'une intégration explicite des enjeux climatiques dans son cadre de programmation, le Canada risque de compromettre les progrès en matière d'égalité et de bien-être qui font l'objet de sa politique féministe d'aide internationale. Contenu

The April 2015 earthquake in Nepal was the most damaging one in over 80 years.  In one of the world’s poorest countries, the widespread destruction will be difficult to recover from, particularly with the need for secure shelter before winter.  Through collected news reports and first person accounts, this paper will examine what aid the international community has provided and the level of effective use of aid money and resources.  Research suggests that the international aid community could be much more effective and efficient in distribution of aid in a disaster zone, particularly if local nationals are looked to in order to provide vital labor and services in the response effort.  Unfortunately, unless and until the international aid-industrial complex makes a shift away from being primarily concerned about self-preservation and enrichment and more toward providing the most value per aid dollar, the same mistakes and inefficient expenditures will continue to be repeated.  Rather than treating the victims of disaster as unable to care for themselves and needing to depend on the beneficence of the international community, disaster agencies should look upon the disaster victims as survivors, and help them directly to survive, recover, and rebuild.

Purpose of this paper: The completion of construction projects in a timely manner is often a critical factor and measure of project success. However, in many cases, delays plague the delivery of construction projects in many parts of the world. The purpose of the paper is to critically evaluate the performance of the UK-funded Education Sector Support Programme (ESSP) infrastructure projects in Malawi, with respect to timely completion. Design/methodology/approach: The research uses a case study approach, which critically evaluates the extent of schedule overruns through the collation and analysis of secondary data from the portfolio of projects administered by Malawi’s Education Infrastructure Management Unit (EIMU) between 2003 and 2008. Findings: A significant number of the educational projects administered under the ESSP have been plagued by delays, and other project management and delivery problems. Out of 184 contracts administered between 2003 and 2008, less than a third of t...

Cecilia Milesi was one of the experts and social leaders from around the world invited to contribute to an on-line global consultation aiming better understanding the multiple dynamics between international and local actors during aid initiatives, including exits and transitions.

The consultation brought together 95 participants from over 40 countries to critically engage with discussions on: Power Dynamics in the Aid Sector, The Role of Local Actors and Capacity Building and Sustainability. The process was part of a USAID-funded collaborative learning project, ‘Stopping As Success’, which is being carried out by Peace Direct, Search for Common Ground and CDA Collaborative Learning Projects.

This consultation report presents key insights from global leaders consulted. They answered diverse questions such as:

a) Is capacity building a waste of time? b) What is local ownership? c) what is means “decolonising aid”.

Bangladesh's post-secondary education has become a hunting ground for local economic conglomerates and their transnational allies. Applying a holistic lens helps to understand the factors and short-term effects of blindly applying neo-liberal induced deregulation

Myanmar's current transition involves a concerted international effort to promote the rule of law. Legal education is integral to promoting the rule of law, and so calls for development aid that works to improve a country's legal education system. The nature of development aid, however, calls for some analysis of its efficacy. This paper contributes to this call by taking as a case study the state of transnational aid efforts to improve legal education in Burma/Myanmar, and finds issues that threaten the efficacy of international aid efforts to reform legal education in developing countries. The analysis concludes with recommendations to mitigate such issues.

With a renewed focus among the international community on aid effectiveness, increased attention is being paid to the impact of international aid and on education specifically. In low income countries, aid accounts for as much as 20% of education budgets.

This article discusses the divergent developmental outcomes among postwar South Korea, Taiwan, and South Vietnam. While U.S. aid has correctly been identified as a key factor in the rapid postwar development of South Korea and Taiwan, the failure of aid to establish strong institutions in South Vietnam calls for a closer analysis of how different historical and geopolitical factors explain the greater political stability and institutional capacity of South Korea and Taiwan. In particular, the legacies of Japanese colonialism are seen as having played a key role in establishing the strong developmental states of South Korea and Taiwan, while the postcolonial South Vietnamese state was more fragile. As such, there was greater political resistance to land reform in the latter, and large amounts of U.S. economic and military aid were unable to quell domestic insurgency and establish the basis for economic development.

The World Bank has for decades influenced the regulation and international liberalisation of public procurement markets. However, proliferating procurement chapters of trade agreements and cheap commercial credit flooding emerging markets, along with new development banks on the horizon, forced the Word Bank to conduct the first complex reform of its procurement policies, and to compete for its share in the market of development aid. The reform has produced new Procurement Regulations to be implemented from July 2016 onwards. New rules offer plentiful options, of how to configure procurement processes, and give borrowers much more flexibility in terms of negotiating with bidders, or applying environmental and social considerations. Subject to the bank’s consent, the new rules allow the use of borrower’s own or other development banks’ procurement rules, continuing a process initiated with the introduction of Piloting Program on the Use of Country System in 2008. By doing so, the new rules are meant to attract borrowers who could now develop their national procurement systems and be compliant with international obligations without having to use special procurement regimes for bank-financed projects.

Rebouças adopted the racist ideology of bleaching the population. Nonetheless, there is no doubt that he experienced racism in Brazil and abroad (in the United States he was not allowed to stay in hotels, restaurants, etc., because of his "colored" skin).

Tourism has been recognised as a tool for poverty alleviation for decades and continues to attract significant investment by governments and international development partners to increase economic growth within developing countries. Over time, programs and evaluation methods to contribute towards poverty alleviation have varied, and the extent to which communities have benefited continues to be debated. Through a mixed methods approach utilising inductive and deductive methods, this research analyses the effectiveness of the realist approach to assess the tourism industry's contribution to poverty alleviation in developing countries. Forming part of this study, a survey and focus group will assist to capture stakeholders' views on how tourism can benefit communities in the Solomon Islands. Realism is a philosophy that sits between positivism, a thing that exists in the real world which can be directly observed and facts can be derived from, and constructivism, referred to as being formed from observations and scrutinized through human senses and the human brain, (Pawson, 2006;Westhorpe, 2013). Deriving from Realism, the realist evaluation method has not previously been used in the Pacific to evaluate pro-poor tourism initiatives. Preliminary findings have demonstrated that the realist approach using context, mechanism and outcome combinations may be suitable for evaluating tourism in developing countries. Furthermore, evaluation processes may need to consider how the realist approach can be incorporated into future evaluation methodologies to enhance pro-poor benefits delivered to developing communities through tourism.

CARE Burundi and partners have been advocating to the Government of Burundi to amend the gender-based violence (GBV) law through CARE Netherlands Every Voice Counts programme. This learning document highlights how we have lobbied and advocated in Burundi to give a glimpse into interventions, both innovative and those that we know work, alongside our lessons learned and opportunities for advancement.

It’s our turn to eat is much more than the story of John Githongo, a portly upper-class man in his mid-40s which dreamed of changing a country’s history of sleaze, state-capturing and ethnic identification. Githongo’s story is the personification of a change of mentality in a new generation of Kenyans which want to modernize its institutions and forget the times when your luck and wealth depended on if you shared ethnicity with the president.

La cooperación y el diálogo político entre la Unión Europea (UE) y los países de América Latina y el Caribe se han fortalecido notablemente desde los años ochenta en adelante, y esto ha producido importantes resultados, tanto en las relaciones birregionales, así como en la cooperación para el desarrollo.
El propósito de este capítulo, que reelabora y actualiza otras investigaciones realizadas por el mismo autor (Tassara 2014; Tassara 2016; Tassara & Prandi 2016), es analizar algunas experiencias de la cooperación regional de la Unión Europea con Colombia, haciendo énfasis en los ámbitos del desarrollo local, la educación superior y la cohesión social.
Por lo anterior, la primera parte del texto revisa los antecedentes de la cooperación euro-latinoamericana, especialmente la estrategia de asociación birregional y las características de la cooperación regional, con el propósito de escudriñar los avances logrados en la colaboración entre las dos regiones.
Seguidamente se examinan las características generales de tres programas regionales: URB AL, Alfa y EUROsociAL, y se presenta un estudio de caso para cada uno de ellos: el proyecto EU/LA WIN, el proyecto Universidades Estratégicas y un muestreo de las acciones realizadas en Colombia por el Programa EUROsociAL.

This paper analyses practices for monitoring, tracking and assessing the international aid and reconstruction efforts in Haiti in an attempt to ‘build back better’ from the devastation of the January 2010 earthquake. We suggest that aid and reconstruction efforts filter through an international network of development organisations. This network also acts as a governing auspice, overseeing the transformation of Haiti from a ‘failed state’ to a strong democratic state. The central governing mechanism in this reconstruction effort involves the embedding of the ideas and practices of audit within Haitian political and civic culture. We reveal how, in Haiti, this culture of audit monitors aid and reconstruction through biopolitical technologies such as benchmarks and performance indicators, and through the constitution of calculable and accountable entities. More than a means of implementing disaster recovery, audit culture is a technique of biopolitical governance that aims to transform Haiti's state, civic institutions and citizens into entities accountable to an international development agenda.