Hybrid Organizations

In this study, in the context of Turkey, it is aimed that how multiple organizational culture are enacted in the daily work practice routine regarding city hospital which are formed as a hybrid organizations and how the contractor companies, which are the private party of the public private partnership (PPP), deal with the paradoxical organization's culture and routine which expose conflicting demands. The main motivation of the study is to empirically show that the public-private partnership in city hospitals may not be able to conform to conceptualized western literature, and the strategies of the contractor firm to cope with the demands of public and medical professionals will be specific to the Turkish context. According to this purpose and motivation, an empirical study was conducted using qualitative research techniques on city hospitals, which are hybrid organizations based on public-private partnership (PPP), as they are suitable for the analysis of conflicting cognition and culture. Analysis of data, which are obtained through document reviews, field researches and interviews with city hospital managers, showed that the public service and the contractor manipulate different templates than their own beliefs and benefits. Research findings indicate the existence of a structure in which legal regulations do not shape the organizational practices and forms of public and contractor actors in city hospitals and in which informal relations with the public are more determinative than the contractual legal form.

Drastic cuts in government budgets will force cultural organizations to reconsider their position by initiating internal discussions on how to avert the risk of these cuts. In order to avoid gradual withering of their proposition, cultural organizations will increasingly search for new organizational constellations with new business models. Converting the cultural organization into a hybrid organization combining cultural as well as business values, is one of the options and a major challenge. There seems to be pressure on preserving the cultural values that belong to the artistic core. This paper investigates the application of the IDER-model, that combines design thinking and design related implementation theories that take the potential conflicting value systems into account as well as a focus on the subsequent realization of associated organizational changes. An additional challenge is to realize the new structure in a way that it stays flexible as were it of a prototypical nature. Based on this theoretical discussion the paper proposes an agenda for future research to generalise our findings. The model explicated in the paper relates to the fundamental choices underlying the adaption to external changes through hybridization.

This chapter explores the distinctive characteristics of hybrid organizations; a new organizational form that expands our existing categories of organizations by bridging the for-profit and non-profit domains. In particular, we utilize a positive lens to explore the role of hybrids in creating positive social and environmental change on two levels. At the firm level, hybrid organizations develop new products that promote environmental and social well-being, and new practices for producing and bringing them to market. At the institutional level, hybrid organizations diffuse acceptance for their products and practices throughout their markets, competitors, and industry. To explain how hybrid organizations accomplish these objectives, we present a Sustainability-Driven Business Model that explains their social change agency. The theoretical model has three basic elements: 1) Social change as organizational objective; 2) Mutually-beneficial relationships with suppliers and supplier communities, employees, and customers; and 3) Progressive interaction with markets, competitors, and industry institutions. The chapter discusses the implications for theory and practice, and concludes with suggestions for future research.

The main purpose of this article is to introduce the Social Enterprise Model Canvas (SEMC), a Business Model Canvas (BMC) conceived for designing the organizational settings of social enterprises, for resolving the mission measurement paradox, and for meeting the strategy, legitimacy and governance challenges. The SEMC and the analysis that explains its features are of interest to academics concerned with the study of social entrepreneurship because they offer a new analytical tool that is particularly useful for untangling and comparing different forms of social enterprises. Also, it is of interest to social entrepreneurs, because the SEMC is a platform that can be used to prevent ‘mission drifts’ that might result from problems emerging from the mismanagement of such challenges. The arguments presented are grounded on scientific literature from multiple disciplines and fields, on a critical review of the BMC, and on a case study. The main features of SEMC that makes it an alternative to the BMC are attention to social value and building blocks that take into consideration non-targeted stakeholders, principles of governance, the involvement of customers and targeted beneficiaries, mission values, short-term objectives, impact and output measures.

The world has changed drastically during the past three decades. Today, Not-For-Profit and NGO Foundations face a variety of challenges ranging from lack of funding to political interference. Effective action is becoming more and more bound to donation and grants. In a competitive business environment, with shrinking support from both government contracts and private donors, and with society’s increasing need for its services, the nonprofit must embrace the best practices of the commercial, for-profit world in order to survive .
In Jordan –particularly, and the Arab East as well as in other places around the world, many appraisable civil society initiatives have either failed or lost their souls. In many instances the integrity of NGO’s and other nonprofit bodies have been repeatedly compromised and exploited. Some were pressured by local authorities, others by foreign ones, and many were bought off. In fact, many have been found suspiciously funded.
To maintain organizational and public integrity while remaining afloat, an organization in the current dominant conditions and challenges should be able to remain so –unsuspiciously, by one means or another. This paper will address one possible means of achieving sufficiency in theory and concept to be later experimented in the next paper –the second part of the Research series.

Research shows that the ascendency of managerialism in the higher education sector and its fundamental contradictions with the professional values has placed misaligning identity claims upon academics. However, the identity tension that arises from the misfit between the professional ethos and the organisations' market-driven requirements, and the ways in which academics cope with it has received insufficient attention. In this article, grounded on a conception of identity that describes it as in-progress narratives available to people, I analyse the routine work of academics in a Canadian public university. The results reveal that they reflexively and situationally construct different versions of their professional selves to minimise the tensions between the co-existing yet contradictory identity claims. In so doing, I found that the academics undertake two discursive strategies of embracing and distancing. I explain how these 'identity work' mechanisms help to strike a balance between the two contradictory discourses and suggest some directions for future research.

The paper focuses on hybrid business and governance models, specifically referring to the Italian social and healthcare sector, in order to infer practical implications. Three types of business and governance models can be conceptualised, namely the integrated, disintegrated and semi-integrated models. From in-depth interviews with managers and board members of NPOs, critical issues for managers of hybrid organizations have emerged. In particular, six factors best describe hybrid business and governance models’ characteristics and aspects: internal and external legitimacy, monetary exchanges, loss of identity risk, organizational structure and constraints to growth. Comparisons between hybrid business and governance models will be provided, highlighting each model’s advantages and disadvantages in relation to specific criticalities.

Additive Manufacturing (AM) has the potential to revolutionize key aspects of Military Logistics and partnerships between governmental and industrial organizations. Extreme outsourcing of key capabilities has created complex and deep hybrid organizations between armed forces and the private sector. In this study, the internal and external effects and requirements of Additive Manufacturing in the context of the hybrid organization of The Finnish Defence Forces (FDF) and its strategic partner in Maintenance, Repair, Overhaul (MRO), and Millog Oy were studied. First, with a literature review, we sought to link the capability development processes and the change drivers within them in both military and commercial contexts. Then, we utilized an existing, structured capability model used by the FDF (DOTMLPFI) and its individual change drivers to form an initial concept of AM as a part of the hybrid organization in question. The initial concept shows that AM can increase the performance of the commercially backed Military Logistic System by mitigating the risks of spare parts shortage in case of supply line disturbances and by facilitating localized spare parts production. However, the different primary goals of the military and commercial organizations and the contractual base of the hybrid organization impose constraints on the capability development process. Administrative decision-making across the organizations and the conflict between maximizing military and commercial potential are the key challenges in maintaining joint-capability systems of hybrid organizations.

This article is interested in people excluded from traditional markets as employees, producers, or consumers. Traditionally they are believed to lack skills required by the market. This article describes the processes through which these perceived liabilities can be overcome by so called hybrid organizations. Hybrids pursue explicit social missions through business-inspired earned-income strategies, with the express goal of creating market disequilibria. The paper demonstrates the challenges hybrids face and outlines how to overcome them by identifying hidden complementarities, by creating new ones, by eliminating the need for complementarities, by creating demand for antagonistic assets, or by using partnerships.

Relying on the hybrid organization literature and the circular economy literature, our study aims at theorizing how hybrid organizations adopt circular economy business models to contribute to sustainable development. Through six in-depth interviews with social entrepreneurs located in different regions of Italy and operating in different industries, we theorize that four aspects are unique to hybrid organizing that adopt a circular economy business model. We find that hybrid organizations foster sustainable development thanks to their ability to develop and maintain relationships with the surrounding organizational realities. Additionally, we find that hybrid organizations contribute to sustainable development thanks to their motivation to guard and watch over the natural environment and human beings. In addition, we find that hybrid organizations foster sustainability by educating, spreading knowledge, and ennobling the human spirit. We therefore present a conceptual model that shows how hybrid organizations that adopt circular economy models contribute to sustainable development. In sum, our findings expand on previous literature, add new knowledge, and integrate fields of research that usually develop in silos.

An "extra life" for the arcade: Entrepreneurship, hybridization, and industry renewal Abstract Entrepreneurs pursue opportunities in a variety of contexts. Research has focused on opportunity creation and recognition in new and emerging industries. However, how entrepreneurs pursue opportunities in struggling industries at the end of their lifecycles is not clear. To investigate this phenomenon and induce an empirically grounded theoretical model that explains how it unfolds, this study examined the case of the U.S. arcade industry-an industry that despite precipitous declines has experienced a recent and unexpected rebirth through entrepreneurial activity. The findings contribute to research on entrepreneurship in unmunificent environments and suggest that dying industries contain the seeds for renewal through entrepreneurship and business model hybridization.

Economical liberalization, market globalization and soy expansion stimulated the advance of big transnational companies in the Southern Cone countries (Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay). Currently, the main corporations acting on the last links of the productive chain are ADM (Archer Daniels Midland), Bunge, Cargill and Dreyfus (the ABCD firms), global leaders in the soy trade. The objective of this contribution is to analyze the different strategies these companies articulate in the Southern Cone, and their dynamics in local space through market relations with local producers. The results show the rapid and intense process of denationalization of the firms in the soy productive chain as well as the high level of market internationalization and company concentration. In spite of this, this study shows that all transnational power of ABCD firms, which seems so abstract and intimidating when seen in the global scale, depends on its basis of the formation, maintenance and exploration of relations of proximity, trust and reciprocity with local actors (especially rural producers), including family friendship linkages.

Organisations can play a decisive role in steering societies towards sustainable, resilient, and regenerative pathways of development. However, little is known empirically about how they do so. Such knowledge is vital as COVID-19 has laid bare the need for a wide range of systemic transformations. We examine the role of Sustainability-Oriented Hybrid Organisations (SOHOs), which use market related practices to solve social and environmental problems, in building foundational transformative capacities for regenerative sustainability. We further develop an existing framework and operationalise transformative capacities as: (1) reconnecting social and ecological systems dynamics in ways that are mutually supportive, healthy, and regenerative of life-support systems; (2) fostering healthy individual and political agency; and (3) contributing to building rich community relationships and enhancing social cohesion. Through this lens we explore the practices, activities, and strategies of nine SOHOs in and around the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona. We show that SOHOs emerge from and are decisive in further building transformative capacities within communities creating contagious virtuous cycles. However, their strategies and associated actions may also harm the development of these capacities at the urban scale. Broader institutional innovations, enabling environments, and continually adaptive and critical learning approaches are needed to avoid unintended negative consequences.

Research in the field of sustainability has been dominated by an instrumental logic in which social and environmental aspects are reduced to their ability to generate financial benefits. However, the increasing problems facing society are highlighting the need to change this logic. In this context, a growing body of literature is developing around what are known as hybrid organisations, entities characterised by their combination of a social and/or environmental mission with the pursuit of economic benefit. This research uses a descriptive case study approach in order to examine how a Spanish winery—Celler la Muntanya—has implemented a sustainable business model to create positive social and environmental change. The agricultural sector is receiving increasing attention in the sustainability field because of its impact on society and the territory. In addition, agricultural activity generates tensions between social/environmental dimensions—such as the preservation of ecosystems and biodiversity—and economic benefits. Our case study draws on the 'sustainability-driven hybrid business model' and its three basic elements: social and environmental change as organizational objective; mutually beneficial relationships with stakeholders; and progressive interaction with markets, competitors and industry institutions. Our findings contribute to the literature by helping to explain how agricultural organisations can implement their business model based on sustainability criteria.

Given current limitations of global and national governance arrangements in redirecting economic globalisation towards a climate-safe and sustainable world, it is crucial to understand how organisations that aim to tackle social and environmental problems using market mechanisms can contribute to fostering sustainability transformations. This review identified 60 different terms or concepts for hybrid organisations aiming to solve social and ecological problems through market related activities, reflecting a high degree of discontinuity and inconsistency in the literature. To assess the contribution to societal transformations of this array of innovative ventures, we introduce and operationalise Sustainability-Oriented Hybrid Organisations (SOHOs) as an umbrella concept to carry out a comprehensive review of 126 scientific articles that discuss them. Unlike traditional enterprises who apply one logic (commercial) and social and environmental enterprises who combine two logics (social-commercial or environmental-commercial), SOHOs unite commercial, social, and environmental logics , beliefs, and practices simultaneously-thereby adopting a higher level of organisational hybridity. SOHOs are oriented towards achieving net-positive sustainability and consider future generations and global socio-ecological systems which makes transforming enterprises towards SOHO models a potentially significant intervention point for promoting sustainability transformations. However, the narratives and actions of SOHOs can perpetuate rather than ameliorate the underlying causes and differential impacts of complex problems like climate change, unless the organisations adopt systemic, global, long-term, and socio-ecologically embedded strategies.

The present study explores the degree of participation of organizational identification as a mediator in search for behaviors associated with knowledge sharing, in a hybrid organization. To do that, the influences of both the person-job fit and the level of mean-ingfulness at work on those behaviors are evaluated. The study is demarcated by individual perceptions of employees of for-profit but social-oriented companies. In this way, a survey is conducted on 321 employees of a Colombian micro-finance institution, whose data are scrutinized through a structural equation model. The obtained results suggest that, despite the importance exerted by the organizational identification on the behaviors of collection and donation of knowledge, the person-job fit turns out being the factor that shows a more direct influence on those behaviors compared to an improving in the levels of meaningfulness. The study concludes by discussing the implications resulting from these findings.
RESUMEN
El estudio explora el grado de participación de la identificación organizacional, en cuanto mediadora en la búsqueda de comportamientos asociados al logro del conocimiento compartido, en una organización híbrida. Para esto se evalúa la influencia del ajuste al puesto de trabajo y del nivel de significancia laboral sobre dichos comportamientos, de modo que se delimita el estudio a percepciones individuales de los empleados de organizaciones con ánimo de lucro pero con enfoque social. De esta forma, se conduce una encuesta sobre 321 empleados de una institución de microfinanzas colombiana, cuyos datos se examinan a través de un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales. Los resultados sugieren que, a pesar de la importancia de la identificación organizacional en la obtención de conductas de compartición de conocimiento, es la adaptación al puesto la que muestra una influencia más directa sobre dichas conductas en comparación con una mejoría de la significancia laboral. Se concluye con las discusión de las implicaciones de dichos hallazgos.

Public-private collaborations, or hybrid organizational forms, are often difficult to organize because of disparate goals, incentives, and management practices. Some of this misalignment is addressed structurally or contractually, but not the management processes and practices. In this study, we examine how the coordination of these social and work relationships, or relational coordination, affects task performance and the creation of social value. We employ a dyad perspective on two long-term relationships that are part of a wider ecosystem. We illustrate the social value creation process, identifying mutual knowledge and goal alignment, as necessary to create relational coordination. We find that the degree of professional embeddedness moderates the link between coordination and task performance, and explore the role that organizational and ecosystem experiences play. We develop a model of how relational coordination influences social value creation in hybrids. The findings have implications for social value creation, hybrid collaborations, and organizational design.

(1) Background: The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a set of objectives and sub-targets that aim to promote a more comprehensive system for sustainability, peace, and social justice. The SDGs propose a more holistic approach to the evolution of society, enlarging the responsibilities and roles for their implementation; therefore, it is worthwhile asking who will be in charge of the processes to develop adequate strategies. (2) Methods: This is a positional paper based on a literature review about the two main topics of this analysis: hybrid organizations and the SDGs' governance. (3) Results: The hybrids combine diverse institutional logics within a unique organizational structure as a central tool for SDG implementation. The scientific literature explains how this organizational form is capable of mitigating possible tensions and trade-offs stemming from its heterogeneity and how hybrid structures can prove to be a useful solution for SDG implementation at the micro-level. (4) Conclusion: Although hybrid organizations can be a valuable aid to sustainable development, the absence of clear-cut coordination and responsibility structures at the macro-level could jeopardize efforts at the micro-level. In light of this hypothesis, this paper argues that hybrid organizations cannot be left in isolation in this mission, especially as the SDGs' rationality is based on a new, holistic vision of development, which exposes a risk of implausibility surrounding macrolevel political forces.

This article analyses how non-managerial professionals in public service organisations experience the tension between managerial and professional institutional logics and manage to minimise it through identity work. By studying how academics in ten Canadian public universities talk about their routine work activities, it is found that they interpret the institutional contradictions between these logics as threats to their identities and mitigate them by undertaking discursive strategies to author legitimate selves. Three mitigation strategies of delegitimisation, selective identification and appropriation of realised publicness are identified. These findings are synthesised in a process model of construal and response that illustrates a set of micro-practices of professionals by which the institutional hybridity is maintained. By moving beyond professionals' resistance and hybridisation (integrating the two logics) and identifying a recursive relational positioning mechanism as a way of coping with institutional complexity, this study complements previous findings in the growing literature on organising professionalism.

Purpose: This review examines the contributions of hybrid organisations to wellbeing in small Pacific island countries. Design/methodology/approach: The concept and different forms of hybrid organisations is examined, and then the operation and contributions to wellbeing of three Fijian hybrid organisations are considered. Findings: Hybrid organisations in this region operate with a commitment to the common good and an ethic of care. The Fijian organisations improve social and economic wellbeing for individuals, families and communities by providing employment, schools and training facilities, financial and support services, sustainable agriculture projects and facilitating networking. These services improve individual community social and economic wellbeing, build resilience, add to personal and family security, offer opportunities for the future, advance leadership skills and sustain the environment. Commercial activities support these organisations including product sales, service fees, project levies and investment income. Research limitations/implications: Generalisability beyond the Pacific region is not assured since this review only examines hybrid organisations in small Pacific island countries.

We study the introduction of the private logic into a mature Italian hospital that was governed previously as a hybrid of professional and public logics. Intriguingly, the reconstituted hospital was for several years widely praised for its strong clinical and financial performance, but quickly and with little warning became riven by political differences that led to its demise. Through our case analysis, we develop a multi-level model that reveals the destabilizing process that can unfold when a new logic enters an established organization. We contribute to the hybrids literature by explaining the puzzle of how a new logic can become accepted and then rejected in organizations, emphasizing the critical importance of the interaction between the audience, organization, and practice levels. Crucially, we reveal that positive feedback from multiple audiences may be a mixed blessing for hybrids: while it offers resource and legitimacy advantages, it can induce internal tensions with severe destabilizing consequences. Our findings and model also run counter to two core assumptions within the institutional literature: that social endorsement is advantageous, and that alignment with institutional expectations results in stabilization. We qualify these assumptions and indicate the circumstances under which they are unlikely to hold.

The aim of this paper is twofold: first, it aims to analyze what kind of value is generated by hybrid organizations and how; second, it aims to understand the role of social impact assessment (SIA) in the measurement of added value, especially in terms of social and economic change generated by hybrids. Hybrid organizations are a debated topic in literature and have different strengths in responding to needs, mainly in the public interest. Nevertheless, there are not many studies that identify the impact and change generated by these organizations. After highlighting the gap in the literature, the study proposes an innovative approach that combines SIA, interview, interventionist approach and documental analysis. The breakdown of SIA through the five elements of the value chain (inputs, activities, outputs, outcomes, and impact) guarantees a linear definition of the value generated through change with procedural objectivity capable of grasping hybrid organizations’ complexity. The v...

Hybrid organizations face particular challenges and opportunities due to combining different logics within one organizational structure. While research on hybrid organizing has advanced considerably our understanding of how these organizations can cope with such tensions, institutional theory suggests that organizational legitimacy and success will also depend on processes that take place at the field level. We connect these two perspectives to examine how field hybridity influences
organizational legitimacy. Specifically, we consider both a field’s maturity and its degree of hybridity as two important variables that determine the effects that field hybridity has on organisational legitimacy. Drawing from extant research and leveraging our empirical work in the fields of
microfinance, social entrepreneurship and impact investing to provide illustrative examples, we propose a framework that considers both positive and negative effects of field hybridity on organizational legitimacy. We contribute to the literature on hybrid organizing in two ways. First, we show that hybrid organizations face different challenges and opportunities depending on the stage of development and degree of hybridity of the field they operate in. Second, we suggest that the effects of field hybridity on organizational legitimacy can be understood as trade-offs that organizations need to understand and approach strategically in order to leverage opportunities and mitigate challenges.

The term "international sports law" has firmly established itself in the lexicon of international lawyers. What are its subjects? The athlete possesses a number of rights and duties spelt in international documents, he can also defend his rights in the Court of Arbitration for Sports in Lausanne. However, he is rather a beneficiary of these norms than its creator. Undoubtedly states and intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) are subjects of international sports law. A notable contribution to the formation of international sports law is made by international nongovernmental organizations. Set up in 1999 as a juridical person on the Swiss territory, the WADA activities in the fight against doping in sports have assumed an international scope. Nowadays the WADA unites representatives of the Olympic movement, 18 governments and 2 IGOs. The WADA is a unique hybrid organization whose legal status and normativity of whose international documents call for a further analysis.

Relying on the hybrid organization literature and the circular economy literature, our study aims at theorizing how hybrid organizations adopt circular economy business models to contribute to sustainable development. Through six in-depth interviews with social entrepreneurs located in different regions of Italy and operating in different industries, we theorize that four aspects are unique to hybrid organizing that adopt a circular economy business model. We find that hybrid organizations foster sustainable development thanks to their ability to develop and maintain relationships with the surrounding organizational realities. Additionally, we find that hybrid organizations contribute to sustainable development thanks to their motivation to guard and watch over the natural environment and human beings. In addition, we find that hybrid organizations foster sustainability by educating, spreading knowledge, and ennobling the human spirit. We therefore present a conceptual model that sh...

Given current limitations of global and national governance arrangements in redirecting economic globalisation towards a climate-safe and sustainable world, it is crucial to understand how organisations that aim to tackle social and environmental problems using market mechanisms can contribute to fostering sustainability transformations. This review identified 60 different terms or concepts for hybrid organisations aiming to solve social and ecological problems through market related activities, reflecting a high degree of discontinuity and inconsistency in the literature. To assess the contribution to societal transformations of this array of innovative ventures, we introduce and operationalise Sustainability-Oriented Hybrid Organisations (SOHOs) as an umbrella concept to carry out a comprehensive review of 126 scientific articles that discuss them. Unlike traditional enterprises who apply one logic (commercial) and social and environmental enterprises who combine two logics (socia...

El capítulo aborda el fenómeno de las redes de empresas recuperadas por sus trabajadores en Argentina. Estas empresas manifiestan una naturaleza híbrida y han construido su propio campo organizacional a lo largo de dos décadas de lucha social y de enriquecer lazos económicos, sociales y políticos. La conformación de redes constituye una forma de inter-cooperación y es una estrategia de promoción de sostenibilidad de la economía social y solidaria. El propósito de este trabajo fue comprender la práctica de participación en una meta-organización e identificar los desafíos a nivel organizacional, grupal y social así como los factores simbólicos y materiales que interceden. Se presentan aquí los resultados de un estudio de caso sobre la primera red del país, la Red Grafica Cooperativa, que permite asimismo ilustrar la historia de las empresas recuperadas por sus trabajadores. De manera complementaria, se examina el balance de su reconocimiento institucional por parte del Estado y la aplicación de políticas públicas específicas. El estudio de caso evalúa la importancia de los roles que juegan los diversos actores como también de la creación de estructuras técnico-administrativas propias y de instancias de apoyo de otros actores de su campo de acción, como el Estado, sindicatos y organizaciones de la economía social y solidaria. Finalmente, este estudio permite comprender los aportes de las redes para la sostenibilidad multi-dimensional de la economía social y solidaria y para la construcción de un campo organizacional propio de las empresas recuperadas.

Purpose – This  paper  aims  to  explain  why  Fairtrade  International  (FI),  an  organization  committed to empowering the producers of Fairtrade certi ed products, at times (paradoxically),  excluded them from its highest bodies of governance. A within-case study of Fairtrade’s inclusive  and  exclusive  reforms  over  25  years,  along  with  insights  from  the  social  enterprise,  hybrid  governance and political sociology literatures, is used to generate several propositions about how  voluntary  sustainability  standards-setting  organizations  (VSSSOs)  engage  stakeholders  – especially producers – in governance. Design/methodology/approach – This study uses process-tracing methodology, which focuses on  the sequential, intervening processes that link potentially important variables within a single case. It  draws on data from over 100 interviews and nearly 6,000 archival documents collected from FI and its  member Max Havelaar Netherlands. Causal process observations were extracted from the documents  and  compiled  to  create  a  68,000-word  chronological  narrative  used  to  evaluate  six  potential  explanations  of  Fairtrade’s  governance  reforms:  legitimacy,  resources,  identity,  oligarchic  tendency,  leadership and producer mobilization. Findings – This study  nds that Fairtrade’s inclusion/exclusion of producers re ected its desire to  increase its moral legitimacy among external actors and understanding of how to signal legitimacy. The  discussion  proposes  that  VSSSOs,  especially  in  times  of  heightened  competition,  leverage  their  comparative advantages to differentiate themselves from other organizations. In cases (like FI) in which  the  advantage  is  legitimacy,  changing  notions  of  legitimacy  may  have  a  destabilizing  effect  on  governance. Originality/value – This evidence-based account of FI’s governance decisions should help resolve  some debates about the nature of FI’s relationship with producer groups. The broader propositions offer  guidance  for  future  cross-case  research  aiming  to  explain  VSSSOs’  governance  structure  and  hybrid  governance, more generally. Because FI includes producers in governance to a much greater extent than  most VSSSOs, it is an important case.

Additive Manufacturing (AM) has the potential to revolutionize key aspects of Military Logistics and partnerships between governmental and industrial organizations. Extreme outsourcing of key capabilities has created complex and deep hybrid organizations between armed forces and the private sector. In this study, the internal and external effects and requirements of Additive Manufacturing in the context of the hybrid organization of The Finnish Defence Forces (FDF) and its strategic partner in Maintenance, Repair, Overhaul (MRO), and Millog Oy were studied. First, with a literature review, we sought to link the capability development processes and the change drivers within them in both military and commercial contexts. Then, we utilized an existing, structured capability model used by the FDF (DOTMLPFI) and its individual change drivers to form an initial concept of AM as a part of the hybrid organization in question. The initial concept shows that AM can increase the performance of...

Do CAP rules on integration of organizations using agricultural land create problems with competition? The current article analyses the effects of the CAP that have been transposed into Bulgarian national legislation in the form of a procedure consolidating economic organizations in terms of agricultural land use. The problem originates from the fact that, due to the rules supporting integration, an issue with competition in agriculture arises. Market deformations lead to obstructions of the access to property rights for small-sized farms. The legal, economic and social inequalities reinforce a dominant position on local markets of larger-scale economic agents. The limited access to the primary production factor – land, could lead to polarization between separate agricultural subsectors.

While considerable research on hybrid organisations has been carried out in recent years, implications for the management of hybrid nonprofits remain poorly understood. This article presents a case study on Tara Expeditions, an organisation combining scientific and civil society logics. Analysing the particular combination of advantages and challenges which is a result of hybridity, we find that a strategy of 'aggregation' is best suited to address these challenges without compromising key organizational strengths.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate how public/private hybrid and ambiguous organizations played pivotal roles in a governmental programme of housing reconstruction following a major earthquake in central Italy in 2009. Venturing beyond the boundaries of institutional isomorphism and using a Foucauldian approach, the longitudinal analysis seeks to illuminate accounting and performance challenges and provide insights to the calculative techniques associated with evacuee housing.Design/methodology/approachIn “act 1” this paper investigates the role of a consortium created during the recovery stage of the disaster to construct temporary housing. In “act 2” attention shifts to consortia established for the reconstruction of buildings in devastated communities. The total observation period is 11 years. 31 semi-structured interviews were conducted with 15 key-actors. A broad range of official documents was also consulted.FindingsIn the immediate aftermath of the earthquake ...

The French nonprofit sector has been in existence since July 1, 1901 when the legal form of associations was created. Since then, as a consequence of legal, fiscal, and cultural restrictions, it has developed characteristics that are markedly different to those of other nonprofit sectors. This paper focuses on one such characteristic that makes the French nonprofit sector virtually unique, that is the restrictions imposed on social entrepreneurism. It was not until July 17, 2001 that a new organizational form called Sociétés Coopératives d'Intérêt Collectif (SCIC) was created specifically to address this anomaly. This paper discusses the context within which this organizational form was created, and the potential advantages that it offers in respect to facilitating the development of social enterprises. The paper also explains why a specific organizational form was required and why it was placed outside the nonprofit sector. It concludes by identifying potential problems concerning organizational effectiveness in delivering socially beneficial services and the difficulties that may arise as a consequence of SCIC's unique governance structure.

This paper investigates historical and current developments regarding governmental policies aimed at enhancing spatial equity (access) or decentralization of higher education provision in three countries-Australia, Canada and Norway. We then shed light on the links or interrelations between policy objectives and initiatives and in institutional diversity and regional development more broadly. We found evidence of convergence trends in Norway and Canada resulting in the rise of hybrid organisational forms, as well as the critical importance of policy frameworks in either maintaining or eroding the traditional binary divide. The crosscountry data suggest a rather mixed or nuanced picture when it comes to regional development. Finally, the paper identifies a number of key challenges facing the systems, suggests possible ways of tackling them, and sheds light on avenues for future research.