History of Children and Childhood

http://shcyhome.org/2015/01/chc-episode-4-developmental-thinking/
Episode 4 of CHILDHOOD: History & Critique offers a brief review essay of the 2008 book _A Historical Sociology of Childhood_ and an extended conversation with its author - André Turmel, professor emeritus at Laval University.

CHC is a series of interviews, essays, and happenings in historical studies of childhood presented for the Society for the History of Children and Youth.

Centuries of Childhood was a multidisciplinary conference exploring the history of children and childhood in Ireland and beyond from the late sixteenth century onward. Hosted by the DCU School of History and Geography, it took place on 15-16 June 2018 on the DCU St Patrick's Campus in Dublin, Ireland. The conference featured speakers from universities in Ireland, Britain, Germany and India.

Zadnji dan leta 1943 je preko Jadranskega morja odrinila prva skupina od skupaj skoraj 30.000 beguncev, ki so našli zatočišče v šotorskih begunskih taboriščih Egipta. Večino so sestavljali ženske in otroci. Daleč od doma in očetov, ki so se borili proti okupatorju v domovini, so ženske prevzele vlogo samohranilk, ki so skrbele za dobrobit svojih otrok. Pri tem sta jih podpirala Centralni odbor beguncev in zavezniško vodstvo taborišč, ki sta s pomočjo britanske vojske in ameriškega Rdečega križa zagotavljala primerno
prehrano za mnogokrat podhranjene otroke in mladino. Kljub nekaterim začetnim težavam so za otroke organizirali ustrezno zdravstveno varstvo. Na pobudo beguncev in njihovega vodstva so takoj po prihodu prve skupine v Egipt organizirali tudi prvi šolski pouk, ki so ga vodili vse do končnega zaprtja taborišč. Otroci v taboriščih so imeli tudi politični pouk in so bili kot pionirčki ter mladinci vzgajani kot dobri bodoči državljani povojne socialistične Jugoslavije.

THE DESERT CHILDREN: GROWING UP IN THE SECOND WORLD WAR YUGOSLAV REFUGEE CAMPS IN EGYPT: On the last day of 1943, the first group of almost 30.000, mostly Croat refugees set sail over the Meditearrean for tented refugee camps in Egypt. Most of the refugees were women and children, who relied on the guidance of the partisan and allied administration at the camps. Many children arrived to the camps malnourished and were dependent on the military provisions to help them recover their strength as well as voluntary societies to provide adequate medical support. With plenty of iniciative amongst the refugees, the first school classes were organised immediately after the arrival of the first group. These classes evolved into proper elementary and middle schools. The children refugees were also inducted into Pioneers' Association. In this manner, the partisan administration secured excellent citizens of the new Yugoslavia, at the same time giving thern practical foundation for further education after the war.

En las investigaciones colombianas dedicadas a socializar y examinar el fenómeno de los Niños, Niñas y Adolescentes (NNA) que se vincularon y posteriormente dejaron atrás la guerra, sobresalen, la mayoría de las veces,  las  conclusiones  coyunturales,  disciplinares  y  circunscriptas  a  la ilegalidad.  Este  trabajo,  mediante  un  tratamiento  multidimensional  y  en larga duración, propone siete tesis o premisas contrarias y complementarias de varias ideas instaladas en las publicaciones y en los medios de
comunicación que informan o ilustran sobre la temática, en particular, en lo que atañe a otros actores, instituciones, saberes, objetivos y políticas públicas que fueron invisibilizadas o exploradas mínimamente desde que en  1996  se  oficializara  esta  rama  de  estudio  con  el  Informe  de  Graça Machel de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas.

Palabras clave: Niños Soldado - Conflicto Armado Colombiano - Niños y Guerra -
Violencia Política. Infancia y conflicto armado colombiano. Reclutamiento menores Colombia. Reclutamiento forzado infancia en Colombia.

Après la Première  guerre mondiale, la tuberculose devient un enjeu de lutte collective : de vastes campagnes visent à rendre à la nation malade un corps robuste et sain. Faute de guérir les enfants, on les éloigne des villes en les plaçant, selon la gravité de leur état, en aérium, en préventorium ou en sanatorium. Sur tout le territoire, châteaux, chartreuses, maisons de maître sont transformés en centres, constituant un véritable enjeu économique. Souvent citadins issus de milieux populaires, plusieurs centaines de milliers d’enfants et de jeunes sont séparés de leurs familles, parfois plusieurs années, et découvrent le monde clos du château, lieu d’innovations pédagogiques ou de maltraitances sévères. Juifs cachés pendant la guerre, enfants placés sur critères sociaux pour remplir des centres condamnés par l’arrivée des antibiotiques, cobayes destinés à tester l’efficacité des médicaments, élèves de classes modèles ou descolarisés, ils sortent de cette expérience durablement transformés. De 1917, date de la création de la Fondation Rokefeller, à l’origine de la modernisation du système médical, à 1970, année de l’avalanche du plateau d’Assy, cette communication se propose de tracer un panorama des jeunesses en milieu préventorial en s’interrogeant sur la valorisation du château comme lieu de réhabilitation des classes populaires, la façon sont soignants et soignés s’approprient les espaces qui leur sont proposés et enfin sur leurs stratégies de partage, de cohabitation ou d’affrontement.

Since Barbara Kellum’s pioneering work on child murder in medieval England, published in 1973, medieval historians have argued that the courts adopted an approach to child murder that highlighted “the casual nature and mild consequences of infanticide in late medieval England.”  Kellum concluded that royal officials rarely bothered to prosecute either infanticide or filicide, and justices and jurors treated those cases that did appear in the courts with lenience: specifically, Kellum argues that the courts viewed child murdering mothers as mentally incompetent and thus awarded them pardons. Further compounding the argument, Barbara Hanawalt has noted that a mother was not even guilty of homicide in the killing of her infant until the mid-sixteenth century under statute law, thus medieval “jurors may have been unclear whether or not indictment was appropriate.”  The goal of this paper is to test these commonly held assumptions about child murder, employing a sampling of 131 instances of child murder (comprising 144 victims) from the late thirteenth to the early sixteenth centuries in England.  In particular, this paper will argue that infanticide was a felony in the Middle Ages and that neither jurors nor royal officials treated child murder with indifference.  In fact, there is no reason to believe that the English royal courts treated the murder of infants or older children as anything less than homicide. This paper will ask a number of pertinent questions in order to uncover the nature of medieval child murder and its treatment in the courts of medieval England. How did royal officials and jurors react to cases of child murder? Was this a woman’s crime (in particular, was this a singlewoman’s crime)?  Were the victims usually female?  Finally, what happened to child murderers?  For the purposes of this paper, child murder as a category is restricted to cases of infanticide by a parent (homicide of an infant, from newborns up to the age of one), and filicide (homicide of young children, that is under the age of seven).

The Irish cultural revival of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries bolstered calls for increased or outright political independence for Ireland by emphasising the uniqueness of Irish culture and by extension its separate nationhood. At a time when societies in the western world increasingly saw children as a national resource, many Irish nationalists recognised that children had an important role to play in the revival and promotion of indigenous Irish culture at both a practical and a symbolic level. This podcast script discusses how and why various Irish nationalist individuals and organisations attempted to engage children and youth in the Irish cultural revival, particularly in the early twentieth century. It also explores the link between the promotion of a specifically Irish cultural identity and the political socialisation of Irish nationalist youth in the same period. For some children, an engagement with the cultural revival helped to influence their political socialisation as Irish nationalists, fostering their willingness as adults to support the Irish struggle for independence.

This dissertation examines how a series of interlocking labor, welfare, and education policies framed the practices of growing up working-class in the half-century before World War II.  For the masses of working people in northern American cities, youth became a period of life protected from adult laboring relations, given over to therapeutic professionals, and situated in high schools that became committed to a peer-centered economy of consumption.  Working-class youths were active protagonists in these events.  As much as anyone, it was they who elevated the cult of youth over the filial piety demanded by their parents' traditions and the self-control expected by the new professionals.  Yet, ongoing waves of culturally distinct generations did not emerge.  This study shows that "youth culture" can not be comprehended as autonomous from "adult culture."  It suggests that a cult of youth sponsored by professional groups, but shaped by working-class youths and their parents, radically individualized how gender, race, and religion informed identities.  The meanings of maturation were increasingly directed inward toward the body and the personality of individuals.  This disassociated them from the interdependency that was articulated through kinship, religious institutions, and other remaining expressions of paternal order.

Established in 1265 as the Padua’s general hospital for needy adults and hospice of the infirm and orphans, the Ca’ di Dio was transformed in the course of the 15th century into the city’s principal orphanage. The transformation of the Ca’ di Dio into an orphanage can be viewed within the context of a general movement of welfare reform in north Italian cities, where the foundling hospital was a major innovation of the 15th century. This hospital was managed by a lay confraternity, and controlled by communal authorities. Thus, the administration of the hospital was to be lay, communal and secular from the outset. The Ca’ di Dio’s leadership in the later middle ages, who were university professors, jurists, bankers, and notaries, was recruited from many of the leading families of Padua. In 1484 the hospital looked after 290 foundlings, thanks to the work of 321 wet nurses.

Una vez apareció la Convención sobre los Derechos del Niño (CDN) en 1989, la producción académica e institucional subsiguiente se centró sobre todo en promocionarla y en celebrarla. A excepción de unas contadas miradas que la discutieron y la declararon incapaz de cumplir con las promesas auguradas, las razones relacionadas con su pobre impacto quedarían relegadas del debate y de las publicaciones sobre la materia.
A raíz de este panorama, este artículo de reflexión propone al lector un somero repaso por cinco hechos sociales de índole jurídico, político, económico, cultural y epistemológico que crecieron paralelamente a la CDN y que han sido determinan-tes para su concreción pasiva o para la baja intensi-dad que ha tenido en el día a día de los niños, niñas y adolescentes en América Latina.

L' esposizione, cioè l'abbandono di un bambino in luogo pubblico, è pratica antichissima, testimoniata nel mondo ebraico, nel mondo pagano, greco e romano, e in quello cristiano. Il diritto, i testi storiografici e letterari, il mito, ma anche i messaggi lasciati fra i panni dei neonati e l'utilizzo frequente di cesti per proteggere i piccoli indicano che tale atto non era, di norma, un'espressione d'indifferenza da parte dei genitori, né una forma d'infanticidio, anche se quest'ultimo poteva assumere la forma dell'esposizione in luoghi non frequentati 1. Talvolta le motivazioni dell'abbandono erano le stesse che inducevano al delitto, ma le finalità del gesto, indipendentemente dai suoi esiti, erano del tutto opposte. Quando l'estrema povertà o l'assenza di un sostegno parentale non lasciavano altra scelta, si affidava un bambino al buon cuore di un estraneo, per offrire al piccolo una possibilità di sopravvivenza, senza escludere, in molti casi, la speranza o l'illusione di un futuro ricongiungimento, quando le cose fossero andate meglio. Esposizione infantile e assenza di una figura paterna erano spesso sinonimi, ma, se è vero che tale mancanza poteva discendere dal rifiuto o dall'impossibilità maschile di riconoscere un figlio nato fuori del matrimonio, va ricordato che anche in Italia, almeno fino al Sei-Settecento, tale rifiuto non fu né scontato né sistematico, come dimostrano le genealogie nobiliari e principesche. La stessa nozione di "nascita legittima" restò per secoli più ampia 2 di quella che si sarebbe affermata progressivamente e in modo disomogeneo nei secoli successivi all'introduzione della normativa matrimoniale definita dal Concilio di Trento. Esemplare è la vicenda di Leonardo da Vinci, che le fonti cinquecentesche definivano "legittimo figliuolo", benché nato da una donna di "bon sangue", vale a dire nubile, perché era stato riconosciuto dal padre, Ser Pietro, pur in assenza di matrimonio 3. D'altra parte, nelle società d'antico regime gli alti tassi di mortalità ordinaria e straordinaria-dovuti ad epidemie o carestie-privavano della presenza o del sostegno economico maschile anche molte famiglie legittime. A lungo, nel determinare il percorso di vita di un neonato o di un fanciullo, svolse un ruolo fondamentale non tanto lo status giuridico della madre-e, forse, nemmeno la sua presenza, surrogabile con quella di una balia, se c'erano i soldi per pagarla-quanto la presenza di un padre 4 o di un altro parente maschio prossimo, che potesse e volesse garantire il mantenimento del minore o che, come vedremo, potesse esservi costretto. Per Milano, in particolare, ancora a fine Seicento sono ben documentati nei registri degli esposti casi di figli naturales tantum, conviventi con il genitore, che fu-La famiglia dell'Ospedale nei secoli

Susana Sosenski INTRODUCCIÓN E 1 primero de mayo de 1920, los obreros mexicanos se preparaban para conmemorar la tradicional "Fiesta del Trabajo". Ese año, el Sindicato de Panaderos era el encargado de planear las ceremonias que se llevarían a cabo en la Ciudad de México. Las organizaciones obreras habían acordado comenzar una marcha a las diez de la mañana, que culminaría en las oficinas de ese sindicato. Ahí, dos líderes obreros hablarían en nombre de los trabajadores mexicanos. Por la noche se celebraría una velada en donde tomaría la palabra el obrero Rosendo Salazar, la niña Silvia Zendejas y las personas que así lo desearan! Ese primer día del mes de mayo diversas organizaciones obreras, con sus banderas rojinegras, se concentraron en el Hemiciclo a Juárez, ubicado en uno de los parques públicos más grandes de la Ciudad de México, la Alameda Central, que se ubicaba a menos de veinte cuadras de la calle Nezahualcóyotl, donde se encontraban las oficinas del Sindicato de Panaderos. México vivía un momento delicado, la etapa armada de la Revolución Mexicana (1910)(1911)(1912)(1913)(1914)(1915)(1916)(1917)(1918)(1919)(1920) había terminado y en la Constitución Política proclamada en 1917 se había planteado un nuevo orden nacional. El gobierno del presidente Venustiano Carranza (1914)(1915)(1916)(1917), antiguo jefe del Ejército Constitucionalista -que junto con otras fuerzas armadas había logrado derrocar al dictador mexicano Porfirio 1 Agradezco a Itzel Cruz Arellanes y Diana Correa por su colaboración en el trabajo de búsqueda de fuentes primarias para este texto.

During the Enlightenment, education was considered fundamental to advancing a
society’s progress and happiness, which were based on the desired “common good”.
Consequently, educational initiatives to encourage the moral, intellectual and physical
development of children were accompanied by pedagogical systems designed to improve and facilitate learning. Chief among these methods was the role of images, games and conversation, which in turn shaped the sociability of children.

The book is in Lithuanian, with Lithuanian and English photo captions, and an English summary. ISBN 978-609-8061-10-9
http://v2.valdovurumai.lt/en/activities/publications/povilas-blazevicius-the-oldest-lithuanian-toys#.XOzIPtSLRpg

Ši knyga yra pirmasis mėginimas pažinti istorikų užmirštus ir archeologų atrastus, nuo pat vaikystės tokius svarbius lavinimosi ir lavinimo draugus – žaislus ir žaidimus. Priešistorės laikų pramogų tyrimai, iš pirmo žvilgsnio atrodantys nesudėtingi ir žaismingi, iš tiesų yra svarbūs ir reikšmingi. Tiriant XIII–XVII a. Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės žaidimus ieškoma atsakymų į esminius klausimus, susijusius su jų chronologija, geografiniu ir socialiniu paplitimu, kilme, raida bei ryšiais su artima ir tolimesne geografine aplinka. Knygoje keliami klausimai dėl socialinių kultūrinių pramogų aspektų, galimų kultūrinių, ekonominių ir politinių priežasčių žaislų ar žaidimų populiarumui, legalumui ir jų vietai tuometinėje visuomenėje. Ši knyga turėtų būti įdomi ir naudinga ne tik specialistams, bet ir plačiajai visuomenei, besidominčiai Lietuvos žaislų ir kasdienybės istorija.

This book is a first attempt to become reacquainted with what historians have forgotten and archaeologists have found – old toys and games, which were the most important friends and educational tools of our youth. At first glance, research into the leisure activities of prehistoric times might seem simple and fun but, in truth, is also important and meaningful. By researching the games of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from the 13th-17th centuries, an attempt is made to answer essential questions concerning their chronology, geographical and social spread, origin, development, and ties with their geographical neighbors, near and far. The book raises questions concerning the social and cultural aspects of leisure activities; the probable cultural, economic, and political reasons for the popularity and legality of toys and games, and their place in the populace of the time. This book should be of interest not only to specialists, but also to the general public interested in the history of Lithuanian toys and everyday life.

Recenzavo prof. habil. dr. Albinas Kuncevičius, prof. dr. Libertas Klimka, dr. Gintautas Zabiela
Lietuvių kalbos redaktorė Jurga Dzikaitė
Vertėja į anglų kalbą Inga Baranauskienė
Viršelio dailininkės Alicija Širvinskienė, Sigutė Mikšaitė
Maketavimas Virgaudas Minialga

Knygoje tekstai skelbiami lietuvių kalba, taip pat pateikiami lietuvių ir anglų kalbomis parengti iliustracijų aprašymai, publikuojama angliška santrauka.

Išleido Nacionalinis muziejus Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės valdovų rūmai
Vilnius, 2011
240 p., iliustruota
Spausdino UAB „Baltoprint“, tiražas 700 egz. ISBN 978-609-8061-10-9

Un elemento no desdeñable de las religiones políticas contemporáneas, desde el jacobinismo al nazismo, fue la emulación del pasado clásico, no solo en sus formas culturales y artísticas, sino también en lo que tenía de retorno a la ética presocrática y precristiana con su desprecio por la debilidad. El peligro de la evocación del imperialismo del mundo clásico no ha estado circunscrito a los nacionalismos o al colonialismo. De hecho, en sus orígenes estuvo más bien vinculado con tendencias políticas revolucionarias.
Este ensayo constituye un recorrido exhaustivo por las fuentes de la literatura y la historia de la Antigüedad Clásica para exponer la crueldad sistémica de esa época, y, mediante el análisis de los textos contemporáneos que se sirvieron de modelos antiguos para legitimar sus políticas de violencia, establecer los vínculos que se dieron entre la evocación del mundo clásico y las políticas de terror del mundo contemporáneo.
El primer problema que afronta el historiador de la crueldad es la relativa ausencia de materiales textuales pertenecientes al género que hoy día podríamos llamar ‘literatura de denuncia’. La indignación moral ante el sufrimiento de las víctimas inocentes, si estos eran ajenos a la comunidad política o cultural a la que se pertenecía, es algo que muy raramente encontramos en las fuentes clásicas. Aun así, hay decenas de textos del mundo clásico, además de evidencias arqueológicas y artísticas, que permiten hacer un estudio de la violencia estructural con los débiles que se daba en esas sociedades: masacres de prisioneros desarmados, violencia indiscriminada contra civiles en conflictos bélicos y luchas políticas, violaciones en masa de mujeres, suplicios capitales y tortura judicial, la esclavitud o el abuso sexual y explotación laboral de niños.

[RO] Rezumat. Confruntată cu primele eforturi de modernizare, societatea românească din prima jumătate a secolului al XIX-lea a încercat să-și prezerve mecanismele culturale tradiționale, atitudinile și cutumele pe care și-a clădit imaginarul. Modul maniheist și intransigent de a percepe realitatea a afectat și mamele, cu practici care le plasau fie în lumea onoarei, fie în cea a păcatului. Catalogat de vocile masculine ale epocii drept o practică maternă reprobabilă, abandonul copilului nou-născut este perceput de comunitatea tradițională ca indicator al absenței iubirii materne. Prin urmare, lucrarea de față își propune să reevalueze factual și cât mai obiectiv această ipoteză, prin analiza singurelor surse istorice directe care ne pot indica rațiunile din spatele practicii abandonului, biletele cu care au fost părăsiți copiii, regăsite în arhivele Institutului copiilor sărmani din București. Corelate cu realitățile socioeconomice, cu expresiile culturale, legislative și instituționale ale maternității, cu perspectivele statului și ale Bisericii, concluziile cercetării de față pot fi edificatoare chiar pentru descoperirea modului în care societatea percepe primele încercări de modernizare din secolul al XIX-lea românesc.

Cuvinte-cheie: maternitate, abandon, copii aflați, practici materne, modernizare

[EN] Not knowing how to prove to the world... Maternity and child abandonment in the early to mid-19th Romanian century. Challenged by the efforts of modernisation in the first half of the 19th century, the Romanian society tried to preserve its traditional mechanisms, cultural attitudes and customs. The manichaeism and intransigence in perceiving the world also affected the mothers, whose practices could place them either in the world of honour or in that of the sin. Depicted by the masculine voices of the era as a damnatory maternal practice, the recourse to the abandonment of infants was perceived as the absence of maternal love. Therefore, the article attempts to reevaluate this claim based on facts and as objective as possible, by analyzing the only direct historical sources that could indicate the reasons behind the practice of abandonment: the mothers’ notes that accompanied the abandoned newborns, now in the archives of the former Institute of the poor children of Bucharest. Correlated with the socioeconomic realities, with the cultural, legislative and institutional norms of motherhood, with the perspectives of the State and the Church, the conclusions of this research could be relevant also in order to understand better how the Romanian society perceived the efforts of modernization at the beginning of the 19th century.

Key words: maternity, abandonment, foundlings, maternal practices, modernisation

Incomplete working notes for biography, "Fifty Years of Begging: Dr. J. Calvitt Clarke and Christian Children's Fund. Notes arranged chronologically and begin with the first known Clarke in his family tree, Joshua Giles Clarke, and ends with Dr. J. Calvitt Clarke III, actually the fifth Joseph Calvitt Clarke, the author of "Fifty Years of Begging."

La sezione Brefotrofio rappresenta il segmento principale di un corpus documentario-l'Archivio Istituti provinciali assistenza infanzia Milano 1-formato da molteplici complessi, alcuni dei quali sono ancora in corso d'inventariazione. Tale sezione costituisce, a sua volta, il prodotto parziale dell'azione storica dei diversi istituti milanesi che, dal XV fino al XX secolo, si avvicendarono nel soccorso all'infanzia e alle partorienti. La documentazione è in gran parte nominativa: circostanza, questa, riconducibile in primo luogo-ma non certo esclusivamente, come vedremo-sia alla fisionomia assunta dal brefotrofio milanese all'epoca delle grandi concentrazioni ospedaliere quattrocentesche 2 , sia alla posizione assegnata agli ospizi per gli esposti dopo l'unificazione nazionale. Nell'uno e nell'altro caso, infatti, la struttura andò a costituire la "costola" istituzionale di enti più grandi e polifunzionali che continuarono a sussistere come tali, nonostante i passaggi di competenze e le soppressioni degli enti dipendenti. Ciò significa che, per gli aspetti amministrativi generali e patrimoniali, i vari complessi della sezione trovano parziale completamento negli archivi storici di altri soggetti: in quelli dell'Ospedale Maggiore di Milano e dell'Ospedale Maggiore di Lodi 3 , per il periodo che va dal XV secolo fino al 1866-68; in quello della Provincia di Milano (Via Vivaio), per gli anni successivi. Vediamo dunque, innanzi tutto, il percorso storico compiuto dal nucleo principale

Résumé
Largement diffusées dans le monde grec à l’époque archaïque, les figurines en terre cuite de « nain ventru » sont issues de l’iconographie des dieux nains égyptiens Bès et Ptah-Patèques. Cet article examine les différentes variantes hellénisées du type en analysant les modes de réappropriation du motif, ses différentes fonctions religieuses, et les raisons de la durée si brève de sa production.

Abstract
Widely distributed in the Greek world in the archaic period, clay figures of « crouching dwarfs » reproduce a selection of features of the Egyptian dwarf gods Bes and Ptah-Pataikoi. This paper examines the different variants of the hellenised type and analyses how the motif was adapted, its different religious functions, and the reasons of its short production period.

How did adults, religious institutions and the state view children during the Ottoman Empire? This volume gathers specialists in the social history of the Ottoman Empire as a whole – in regions ranging from Anatolia through the Arab provinces to the Balkans, and from the 15th to the early 20th century – to respond to recent theoretical calls to recognise children as active agents in history.
https://edinburghuniversitypress.com/book-children-and-childhood-in-the-ottoman-empire.html

The educational and rehabilitative work that three young women carried out with uprooted child Holocaust survivors in postwar children’s homes forms the subject of the following article. These caretakers also had lost most of their families, communities, and prewar social networks. While most survivors were rebuilding their own lives, they dedicated the immediate postwar years to their work in children’s homes. The author establishes how they perceived the children and interacted with them, tracing their concerns, deliberations, and professional choices, and elucidates the practices and strategies they formulated.

I saggi raccolti nel volume indagano il tema dell'infanzia in prospettiva stori-co-religiosa, lungo un arco cronologico che va dal iii millennio a.C. al vi sec. d.C., con un approccio multidisciplinare. Il confronto fra contesti culturali, geografici e cronologici diversi fa emergere una notevole continuità nella perce-zione dell'infanzia, ma anche elementi peculiari a ciascun ambito. In tal senso l'osservazione del "trattamento religioso" del bambino si conferma centrale e strumento ideale per far emergere specificità e consonanze. La documentazione di cui disponiamo non restituisce una percezione del bambino in quanto tale, fornendo semmai informazioni su alcune specifiche serie di "non adulti". Nel mondo antico è la stessa categoria "bambino" a essere problematica. In tale contesto le società sembrano prioritariamente interessate a trasformare più rapi-damente possibile il "non adulto" in "un adulto" coerente ai propri fini. L'atten-zione ricade essenzialmente su quei bambini che si trovino nelle condizioni di potere o dovere affrontare tale processo. Essi risultano, infatti, titolari di tutele sacrali, riti e funzioni allorché sono presi in considerazione nella loro qualità di "prole", "figli", membri in itinere di un determinato gruppo. La maggior parte dei bambini documentati, del resto, è caratterizzata da una provenienza sociale alta o medio-alta, mentre sul destino degli altri sappiamo poco o nulla, così come scarsissime sono le informazioni sulle bambine. In definitiva sembra de-linearsi una distinzione quasi ontologica fra bambini-figli e bambini tout-court.

The dissertation explores the administrative practices and social dynamics of imperial settlement in the German-Polish borderlands before WWI. Between 1886 and 1914, Prussia, the dominant German power, invested a billion Marks in settling about 120,000 Germans in small farms in its majority Catholic and Polish border region. By bringing in new populations and tying them to the land, the state attempted to shift the ethnic composition and reshape political loyalties in the region. Against the backdrop of the anti-Catholic Kulturkampf, increasing tensions with the Russian Empire, and an intransigent Polish national movement, settlement was a pivotal strategy for buttressing Prussian-German imperial authority, which was increasingly defined in national terms.
Rather than a matter of state policy, as most of the existing scholarship suggests, German settlement in Polish Prussia was a multifaceted and contradictory social process. The state’s settlement agency, the Colonization Commission, purchased large estates, divided them into small plots, and recruited German-speaking, predominantly Protestant farmers to settle the land. Looking at the interplay between the administrative practices and the social dynamics of settlement, the dissertation shows that the creation of a frontier of settlement in the imperial border region involved multiple historical actors as well as a range of institutional and personal networks that stretched across Imperial Germany. Working-class children and their families, welfare officials, municipal politicians, and radical Pietist villagers played a role in settlement and often asserted their own interests, contesting and subverting official policies and the hegemonic, ethnically exclusive notion of Germanness that underpinned them.
The dissertation demonstrates how empire-making and nation-making coalesced at the intersection of settlement as a state project and a social process by focusing on three sites of social production and reproduction: recruitment and migration, architecture and the spatial organization of social life, and the provision of German labor to settler households. Showing how settlement in the border region was intertwined with the imperial heartland to the west, the dissertation re-centers Polish Prussia in the history of Imperial Germany, highlighting an internal colonial trajectory that was present not only in cultural representations of otherness but in concrete institutions and practices of settlement.

This thesis aims to make an art historical examination of early modern children and adolescents in Ottoman book paintings that were produced from the sixteenth to the beginning of the eighteenth century. This thesis has two main focuses. The first one is to examine what childhood and adolescence were and meant for the early modern Ottomans through various literary sources derived primarily from the elite culture, and to demonstrate that the perception of childhood and adolescents depended on gender, class and age. Secondly, it attempts to illuminate the artistic conventions of representations of children and adolescents by exploring the book paintings in connection to the socio-legal and cultural dynamics of the early modern Ottoman society.

Dedicating his life to the welfare of children, Dr. J. Calvitt Clarke (1887-1970) was one of the twentieth century’s most successful charitable fundraisers.  In the last decade of his life, Dr. Clarke began writing his autobiography, “Fifty Years of Begging.”  It exists today only as a scattered and badly fragmented manuscript in various stages of editing.  I have compiled, edited, and commented on “Fifty Years of Begging.”

This article explores the cultural consumption of adult comics by Mexican children, focusing on comics that considered the figure of child kidnappers (robachicos) in the context of the mid-twentieth century. In a time, when mass culture offered a wide range of cultural productions, children were active consumers of high dose violence stories, that had children as protagonists. The comics studied here show the tension between the world of adults and children. In particular, the comics exposed an adult world related to children through physical and symbolic violence where children were abused, not heard and silenced by the injustices and the dangers of urban life. Finally, I analyse how emotions related to fear were commercially exploited in these comics and how the autonomous use of the city by children became, during the forties and the fifties, a risky activity for them.

Growing up in ancient Roman society was full of risks meaning that ancient infant and child mortality was high. Children up to the age of five appear to have been particularly vulnerable, but the prospect of survival increased after that age. Still, children of all ages died prematurely leaving parents and siblings in grief. From the first century BCE children regularly appear as the subjects of funerary iconography and epigraphy; from that time onward, the loss of a child was regularly manifested on memorials.  Family members and close kin are most commonly the commemorators of deceased children for whom they expressed their grief and loss within social conventions with images and words. The various modes of expressing grief for a deceased child, in iconography and epigraphy, and the further emotional and social implications of losing a child prematurely are discussed in this contribution.

It is well known that the archives of charitable institutions represent rich mines for the history of medieval and modern age adoption and fosterage practices. The acts drawn up by notaries employed by the old hospitals are a repository of sources that have often never been explored but are nonetheless of signal importance for the history of abandoned children. Just a glance at the historical and archival research conducted over the past thirty years on the hospitals in the Italian communes will suffice to get an idea of the quantity and quality of the documents still preserved in the archives of these establishments. 1 However, rather less is known about the hospital archives in southern Italy, which for decades have suffered neglect at the hands of local administrations. I am referring specifically to towns in the South that have allowed or often even perpetrated the dispersal of thousands of documents produced by the hospitals and confraternities in the Kingdom of Naples. 2

JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. This content downloaded from 149.171.67.164 on Fri, ABSTRACT The excavation of the Cumberland/Gloucester Streets Site in Sydney's historic Rocks area in 1994 was marked by the successful application of an innovative, integrated approach to urban archaeology in Australia. This approach allowed fresh explorations of many aspects of Sydney's social and cultural development, including the material world of the first generation of convict settlers. This paper examines that world within the wider context of standard and more recent interpretations of the convict colony, as well as drawing on and evaluating scholarship in the history of material life over the last 20-odd years. It offers some reflections on the idea of the worldview, the importance of local context, and the ways in which we approach the archaeology of settler societies.

La Casa editrice e gli Autori si dichiarano pienamente disponibili a regolare eventuali spettanze per quelle immagini di cui non sia stato possibile identificare e reperire la fonte. Avvertenza: divieto di ulteriori riproduzioni o duplicazioni con qualsiasi mezzo delle immagini presenti nel catalogo. Alla scoperta dell'arte: gli Uffizi dei bambini Eike D. Schmidt Infanzia nel mondo romano: una storia ancora da scrivere Lorenza Camin, Fabrizio Paolucci Riti di passaggio, iconografia e antropologia dell'infanzia e dell'adolescenza a Roma Marco Cavalieri Fra bulla e praetexta: essere bambini nell'antica Roma

In this study through an in-depth analysis of a series of documents from the Turkish national archives that date in 1936-1939 I delve into the ways in which the issue of destitute children manifested itself in the early republican era. As the prevailing scholarship maintains childhood as a social construct is contingent and uent, and has been re-invented and restructured by each society over time in accordance with the changing value systems and world views informing those societies. The fact that childhood is almost invariably rediscovered by the founding nationalist elites as part of their nation-state building strategies is also well-documented. In Turkish case the concept of childhood was extensively utilized as a discursive instrument as the nationalist cadres fought their way into creating a new regime and re-habituating the society in the Western mould. The "child cause" as it was named by the decision makers and the pro-regime intelligentsia of the era encompassed policies with respect to bio-political power technologies, citizen formation practices and introduction of the modern notion of childhood. This study ascertains to explain the reasons that generated the conspicuous discrepancy between the glorication of children in ofcial discourse and the actual perception and treatment of destitute children in the early republican era. Although the issue of children at risk have been studied conventionally under the rubric of social policy and the history of social services in Turkey I assert that the case of destitute children as reected in the mirror of national archival documents has the potential to give insights into the meaning and value of the child and to enhance our knowledge in the understudied realm of the history of childhood. Bu çalışma Cumhurbaşkanlığı Devlet Arşivleri'nde bulunan ve 1936-1939 yıllarını kapsayan bir dizi belge üzerinden erken cumhuriyet döneminde kimsesiz çocuklar m e s e l e s i n i n g ö r ü n ü m l e r i n e d a i r b i r v a k a s u n u m u v e d e ğ e r l e n d i r m e s i gerçekleştirmektedir. Bir toplumsal inşa kategorisi olarak çocukluğun olumsal ve akışkan olduğu ve her toplumda değişen değer sistemlerine ve dünya görüşlerine bağlı olarak zaman içinde yeniden icat edilme ve yeniden yapılandırma süreçlerine tabi olduğu bilinmektedir. Çocukluğun yeniden keş ve yeni rejimin gerekleri doğrultusunda işlevsel bir söylemsel araca dönüştürülmesi de ulus-devlet inşası süreçlerinde aşina olunan bir olgudur. Bu olgu Türkiye örneğinde erken cumhuriyet siyasa üreticilerinin ve rejime destek veren kültürel sermaye sahibi elitlerin verdiği isimle "çocuk davası" olarak bilinir ve çocuğun biyo-politik iktidar teknolojilerinin, yurttaş inşası pratiklerinin ve toplum için Batılı değerler ve normlara referansla kurulmak istenen yeni habitusun merkezine yerleştirildiği ve çocuğun anlamı ve değerine dair yeni bir kavrayışın yerleşebilmesi için söylemsel bir seferberliğin yürütüldüğü bir sürece işaret eder. Bu süreçte kimsesiz çocukların yerinin ne olduğuna dair çıkarımlar yapan bu çalışmada çocuğa dair resmi söylem ile somut vakalarda işleyen dinamikler arasındaki farkın nasıl açıklanabileceği sorgulanmaktadır. Böylece kimsesiz çocuklar meselesi geleneksel olarak içine yerleştirildiği sosyal hizmetler tarihi alanından çocuk tarihi alanına taşınarak çocuğun ve çocukluğun anlamı tartışmasına somut bir vaka üzerinden veri sağlamak amaçlanmaktadır. Öz Giriş Erken Cumhuriyet Dönemi Türkiye'sinde kimsesiz çocuklar olgusuna ilişkin tarih disiplini içinde üretilmiş çalışmaların ekseriyetle Darüleytamlar ve Himaye-i Etfal (Çocuk Esirgeme Kurumu) gibi devlet kurumlarının ve lantropik oluşumların etkinliklerini belgelemeye ya da üzerinde çalışılan tarihsel kesiti kapsayan süreli

The paper examines the relation between three concepts: a child's will, children's agency and child labour. Addressing the current debate about children's agency, this paper shows how these concepts were developed in Byzantine society in order to advance a religious agenda that encouraged the child to run away from home in favour of a new life in a monastery. Children were attributed with a will of their own and acted upon it before they reached the age of puberty. This perspective took the child out of the private sphere by attributing agency to it. The paper addresses the current debate about children's agency revealing the conceptualization of this term as motivated by an economic agenda in which the need to profit from the child's labour plays an important role.