Freelancers

This dissertation is a theoretical, interpretative, and empirical study of online freelance writing work in the 2010s in the United States. The aftermath of the 2008 recession saw a rise in remote writing work opportunities and online platforms facilitating and scaffolding such work. A field of precarious work that was predominately occupied by women, the dissertation tracks freelance writing work done on explicitly feminist online platforms for women readers and writing work done by women on crowd work marketplace platforms brokering low-paid content writing piece work. Using ethnographic methods, participant observation, and interpretative, historical textual analysis, this dissertation advances the neologism "liminal work" to ground my analysis over four chapters. Liminal, which comes from the Latin word "threshold," suggests a physical crossing from one place to another. The "liminal work" of freelance writing online is the maintenance of ambiguity, accomplished through attachments to historical and speculative concepts of autonomy and the liberal human subject. I advance this argument with attention to the mythology of entrepreneurialism as a frame that enables contemporary, situated dependencies to perpetuate in platform design. I scope the intersection of historical debates about freedom to access information online before the commercial internet with the gendered work of library service professionals as prefiguring commercial online websites and writerly work. I analyze empirical reports from women doing online freelance writing, interwoven with my own experiences as a researcher and writer. I focus on stories that are told, from the stories in published articles, stories justifying practical work processes and their logics, to stories about professional alignments, hopes, disappointments, and dependencies. The dissertation diagnoses the liminal work of online freelance writing as a technology of a compulsion to possess a subject position that is not quite realized. My analysis is grounded in theories of feminist infrastructure studies and intersubjectivity, and I give close attention to the function of apostrophe, metaphors and non-representational myths as devices of intersubjective feelings and the networked configurations of technologies and subjectivities that they are realized within. The outcome is a modest recuperation of less visible work histories. This is an interpretation of a snapshot of the inner workings of this moment in the early 21st century economy and a map of the ways that gendered intersections of networked configurations of labor and technologies open up certain futures, and also make destabilization possible. While this work is about the 2010s, the dissertation may stoke the imagination beyond the time of this writing, into the 2020s, a period during which we face yet another, even harsher, economic turndown and an unprecedented reliance on commercial and mediated digital work practices.

Wer nach einer professionellen Musikausbildung die Hochschule verlässt, hat sehr unterschiedliche Vorstellungen vom zukünftigen Berufsleben. Eines ist den fertig ausgebildeten Musiker:innen jedoch gemeinsam: Sie müssen sich mehrheitlich auf eine Laufbahn als Freiberufler:innen einstellen. Einem kleinen Teil der Absolvent:innen gelingt es, feste Verträge in Ensembles oder an Lehrinstitutionen zu erhalten; alle Übrigen, also die weitaus meisten professionell ausgebildeten Musiker:innen, sind künstlerisch und/oder pädagogisch in der freien Szene aktiv. Da Honorarkräfte und Soloselbständige meist nicht kontinuierlich oder nur in Teilzeit mit Institutionen zusammenarbeiten, werden sie weder durch Personalräte noch durch Gewerkschaften vertreten. Es wäre also naheliegend, wenn die Interessen dieser Berufsgruppe in eigenständigen Musikverbänden oder Standesvertretungen gebündelt würden – dies ist aber nicht die Regel. Dieser Artikel geht der Frage nach, warum nur ein verhältnismäßig kleiner Anteil der freischaffenden Musiker:innen und Musikpädagog:innen berufsständisch organisiert ist.

This study revealed the limitations of freelancers’ inability to perform portfolios and biographies, their performance ratings to a large community of customers. The difficulties were evident in searching for reliable, qualified and experienced freelancers from multi-channel information sources. These limitations might impact the ability of freelancers selected by customers to perform the required task to the customers’ satisfaction. This research focused on the case study of the freelance community for photography business in southern of Thailand. This aims to establish an online facility in which freelance photographers can publicize their services and performance to potential customers. The concepts entailed in web portals and e-services were the key elements in the development and ensured that its functions worked efficiently. The study employed qualitative methods were used to assess the current practices of web portal and thus determining the requirements for the e-service web...

This paper argues that Marxian perspective on class can help us analyse highly fragmented and autonomous forms of work organisation, taking 'artisanal creative work' as a test case. It surveys the difficulties of applying class categories to this group, while focusing attention on how the interaction between work organisation and technology change may catalyse the creation of new class relationships. It offers a Marxian alternative for theorising class among artisanal creative workers, centralising control over the 'means of exchange' and 'means of evaluation'. This theorisation leads to four hypotheses concerning the future direction of artisanal creative work: 1) technology enables new ways in which capital can profit through controlling market access, intensifying competitive pressures on workers 2) it extends the effectiveness of the 'reserve army' mechanism by blurring amateur-professional boundaries 3) it creates new ways of evaluating creative outputs and introducing greater comparability between them 4) it strips away the 'halo' of CCI workers, raising the prospect of new forms of contestation more oriented towards collective material interests.

This chapter takes up the heuristic of “body-work” to explain how novice women freelance writers using online freelance marketplaces handle the minefield of gendered paradoxes, and constraints, about their self-presentation online. From choosing an appropriate profile photo to responding to client requests to get positive public feedback, women writers working at a distance engage in largely invisible labors simply to get the marketplace websites to function. These labors include self-surveillance, racialized self-erasure, and deference. The chapter thus names how narratives about “freelancer” as an entrepreneurial subject and web platforms as neutral technologies are achieved through the asethetic “body-work” of freelancers.

This study examines the war-reporting industry’s attitude toward news “fixers”—the locally based
contacts who become news employees, by helping foreign reporters translate interviews, build contacts, and navigate the cultural contexts with which correspondents are increasingly unfamiliar in the era of “parachute journalism.” Conducting a critical discourse analysis of 189 articles published in English-language journalism trade publications, the study seeks to answer these research questions:

(1) How do Anglophone editors and reporters understand and value the labor of news fixers working in conflict zones?
(2) How do Anglophone editors and reporters discuss the safety of their news fixers?

Drawing upon the critical frameworks found in the field of global media ethics, the study will suggest that news fixers have the potential to facilitate more complex and productive “global–local exchanges,” which could in turn lead to a global media ethics that is, in the words of Wasserman, “truly dialogic and critical.” Yet, despite the valuable cultural perspective that fixers can bring, a critical discourse analysis shows that these media employees are currently undervaluedand underprotected by the editors and correspondents who hire them.

This study revealed the limitations of freelancers' inability to perform portfolios and biographies, their performance ratings to a large community of customers. The difficulties were evident in searching for reliable, qualified and experienced freelancers from multi-channel information sources. These limitations might impact the ability of freelancers selected by customers to perform the required task to the customers' satisfaction. This research focused on the case study of the freelance community for photography business in southern of Thailand. This aims to establish an online facility in which freelance photographers can publicize their services and performance to potential customers. The concepts entailed in web portals and e-services were the key elements in the development and ensured that its functions worked efficiently. The study employed qualitative methods were used to assess the current practices of web portal and thus determining the requirements for the e-service web portal for freelance community. The practical contribution is that it can aid the effective design and implementation of an e-service web portal for the freelance community of photography business, and it is a massive step towards promoting the freelance community in Thailand.

[Context] The software startups could continuously innovate business model value proposition by involving freelancers as a source of innovative ideas (that enhance customer perceived value) and as experts for implementing the innovative ideas (by undertaking software engineering tasks). Startups employ one of three strategies for associating with freelancers i.e., task based (association ends with completion of the outsourced task), panel based (outsourcing task to a panel of freelancers associated with startup), or hybrid. Uncertainties, terminology issues, high technical debt, lack of documentation, lack of systematic decision making processes, lack of resources, lack of brand values, need for the continuous involvement of the freelancer to incorporate continuous validated learnings, merging freelancer perspectives, and deciding the level of their involvement in individual requirement engineering (or value proposition innovation) activities, are the main inhibitors for associations with freelancers. The availability of good freelancers and their long term and continuous commitments are necessary requirements for value proposition innovation. The theory about freelancer association with the software startups is extended by studying the real practices of startups, which successfully involved freelancers for value proposition innovation by capturing innovative ideas and acquiring the freelancer's skills to implement those ideas. [Objectives] The objective of this paper is to explain the strategies adopted by the software startups to foster value proposition innovation by continuously involving the freelancers and the way they overcome the challenges arising because of the associations. The findings are driven by the study of real practices of startups that proved to be successful in the market by involving freelancers and continuous innovations leading to increased market shares. [Method] This paper performs empirical studies through case studies of three software startups located in Italy, France, and India, which are at the verge of being transforming into big companies, with large market share. The current practices highlighting the successful way of executing freelancing association strategies for value proposition innovation and the way to overcome the arising challenges are reported. The findings are also compared with those of two young startups based in Switzerland and India, to bring useful lessons for the young startups. The case study results are validated by employees from the studied startups (both those who participated in data collection and those who did not). [Results] The results indicate that freelancer involvement during value proposition activities, which is the core business operation, is beneficial to the both freelancers and the startups. Startup teams could reduce the development costs, shorten time to market, and increase customer satisfaction (by providing features addressing real market needs) by correctly involving the freelancers uniformly across value proposition activities. The startups could manage innovation with small teams (compared to human resources in companies) if done jointly with the freelancers, that helps the team members to learn new skills, upgrade their skills, and learn new perspectives about their markets. Business impacts due to freelancer involvement are stronger if the level of freelancer involvement across various value proposition activities is higher Sustainability 2020, 12, 8922 2 of 35 compared to their involvement across few activities only. The studied startups are not completely dependent on the freelancers but the freelancer's perspectives and skills are valued as a rich source of market success. Freelancer involvement is taken as an opportunity to gain access to global market perspectives, which otherwise would be effortful for in-house teams to collect. In addition, they resolve technical debt, are a source of upgrading skills for undertaking future innovation, and help reaching customers for marketing (promoting product and gaining access to the feedbacks). Overall, the value proposition innovation in the studied startups have different levels of involvement of the freelancers but these startups have reported positive impacts on the business in terms of development cost reductions, shorten time to market, and high customer satisfaction (measured on early attainment of product/market fit and fast growth thereafter). The case study results are validated by the startup employees (member checking). The responses collected are analysed using box plots, which shows a higher level of result agreements among the employees.

It is with great pleasure that we share the e-publication Towards an Infrastructure of Humans, gathering working group statements arising from the Humans of the Insti-
tution talks and workshops organised in Amsterdam, 25 to 27 November 2017, as well as further affiliated events in Montevideo, Oslo and Glasgow.
Humans of the Institution was initiated by and for free- lance curators and welcomed colleagues across all other areas of the arts, to explore how to organise
and understand freelancing in the light of post-1989 globalising trajectories, as well as greater colonial and anti-colonial processes. Part of the project centred upon challenging and re-imagining the role and oper- ations of museum institutions. This document is the result of the collective efforts that went into the project, and we are very pleased to present this e-publication with Van Abbemuseum, a museum that we look to as a partner in transformative work.

This article examines the unique ways in which the figure of the freelance war
correspondent is entangled within both the material and discursive logic of the digital in
the age of the “war on terror.” Because freelancers increasingly work across media
platforms and without large crews, these media producers are lucrative replacements for
staff correspondents, especially since news organizations can opt out of paying for their
insurance or safety training. Yet, freelancers can also be abused and discarded as soon as
they begin to trouble accepted notions of journalistic authority—authority that is both a
discursive and a political-economic construction. Following this, I offer two case studies
in which a mainstream news network aligns a freelance journalist with the purportedly
more interpretive and subjective space of the digital in order to regain control over the
political narratives engendered by the freelancer’s experience in the war zone.
Ultimately, I argue that these instances reveal the larger ethical poverty of mainstream
news reporting in the digital age.

In China, the genre (Bhatia 1993) of news commentary has had a key role in the evolution of the country’s politics since the end of the 19th century, when modern journalism started to develop under the late Qing dynasty (De Giorgi 2001). In contemporary press, news commentaries (xinwen pinglun) can be divided into two main sub-genres: commentary on current affairs (shiping) and editorial (shelun ??). While their structure and communicative purposes are similar, the main difference lies in the (in)visibility of the author. Shiping are signed by the commentator and include a brief profile to qualify them as an expert. Shelun are anonymous, since the opinions presented are the paper’s voice (Cheng 2008, Ding 2009, Du 2013). Starting from the late 90s, as a consequence of the commercialisation of the sector and a growing demand for original views in the press, papers have increasingly relied on independent contributors (ziyou zhuangaoren) for commentaries on current affairs and editorials (Shen 2003, Gongyang 2008, Lupano 2017). Drawing on a series of interviews made to Chinese independent commentators between 2008 and 2015, this contribution aims to discuss the effects that the (in)visibility of the author has on the commentary’s authoritativeness and political influence, and the degree of independence with which opinions can be expressed, in a media environment that is still attentively controlled by the political authority (Qian and Bandurski 2011, Young 2013).

This article proposes an analysis of the “extractive” model of the on-demand economy platforms. The attention is focused on the emblematic case of Uber in the French context, specifically in the city of Paris. A field inquiry highlights how most of the drivers registered on the platform come from the disadvantages banlieues and belong to the working poor class. Our paper also aims at pointing out the ambition of these workers to a greater level of autonomy and social mobility, in light of the public policies encouraging self-employment and of Uber’s marketing strategies. Nevertheless, the economic and management model of the platform seems to undermine the statute of independence of these workers and compromising the financial equilibrium of their activity. These are the reasons that have led to the organization of some mobilizations and legal actions against the platform, analyzed in the concluding section.

-

L’articolo propone un’analisi del modello “estrattivo” delle piattaforme dell’economia on demand e concentra la sua attenzione sul caso paradigmatico di Uber nel contesto francese. Sulla base di un’inchiesta svolta a Parigi fra gli autisti iscritti alla piattaforma, il contributo ne evidenzia l’ appartenenza alle classi popolari provenienti dalle banlieues “povere”. In un secondo momento analizza l’aspirazione di questi lavoratori a un livello maggiore di autonomia o di mobilità sociale alla luce delle politiche pubbliche d’incitazione al lavoro autonomo e al marketing di Uber. Il modello economico e di management della piattaforma sembra tuttavia pregiudicare lo statuto di indipendenti di questi lavoratori e può compromettere l’equilibrio finanziario della loro attività. Sono queste le ragioni che hanno portato all’organizzazione di alcune mobilitazioni e di azioni legali contro la piattaforma, che vengono prese in esame nella parte conclusiva.

Easy import of accessories (tattoos) and cosmetics.
Ava Trading Group is a subsidiary of Ava Group multinational company, which started its activity in 2005 with the efforts and collective thinking of business and financial affairs experts in the field of financial transfers and then doing business. After 15 years, Ava now has official offices in Russia, UAE, Cyprus and China. Activities and goals of Ava Business Group Our official activity in China started with the registration of the official office in Hong Kong in 2011. Our goal is to reduce business risks, facilitate financial transfers and cover the needs of our customers. In this way, by employing experienced people in business and gaining more and more experience, we have been able to provide a safe, cheap and transparent environment for our customers to trade. Search and supply of goods, inspection and supervision, transportation, clearance of goods are our main activities in this field. For more information about our services, please refer to the site www.parschina.ir

While the role of small businesses in innovation is well described, little attention is given to freelancers (business owners whose businesses are without personnel and who have no desire to grow their business). We used a sample of 32,595 French freelancers who started in 2002 to explore to what degree they are operating in innovative vs. non-innovative industries and to analyse the characteristics of those freelancers. The findings show that French freelancers are nearly as likely as other business owners to be active in innovative sectors. High education levels and desire for independence are also important characteristics of people working in this sector. This study contributes to the growing literature on innovation among researchers informing policy makers and prospective freelancers.

Veja neste artigo o que faz um freelancer de marketing digital e qual seria o melhor caminho para começar uma carreira nesta área, que vem conquistando um número cada vez maior de profissionais, em função de um modelo de trabalho bastante flexível.

Generally, most positive and negative political revolutions and political changes are caused by unresolved underlying problems, such as the inability to become gainfully employed at least in the case of Adolf Hitler and Dr. Thomas Hahn.

What are some of the subjective psychological life circumstances undoubtedly shared by Adolf Hitler and Dr. Thomas Hahn that may have preposition them to have no other choice but to get into seriously and passionately opposing the political power structures messing up their lives at least from their often as unjustifiably subjective discredited individual personal perspective even though I can prove later that nothing can ever be considered “objective” since all our observations must inherently be always “subjective” anyway?

The software startups could continuously innovate business model value proposition by involving freelancers as a source of innovative ideas (that enhance customer perceived value) and as experts for implementing the innovative ideas (by undertaking software engineering tasks). Startups employ one of three strategies for associating with freelancers i.e., task based (association ends with completion of the outsourced task), panel based (outsourcing task to a panel of freelancers associated with startup), or hybrid. Uncertainties, terminology issues, high technical debt, lack of documentation, lack of systematic decision making processes, lack of resources, lack of brand values, need for the continuous involvement of the freelancer to incorporate continuous validated learnings, merging freelancer perspectives, and deciding the level of their involvement in individual requirement engineering (or value proposition innovation) activities, are the main inhibitors for associations with freelancers. The availability of good freelancers and their long term and continuous commitments are necessary requirements for value proposition innovation. The theory about freelancer association with the software startups is extended by studying the real practices of startups, which successfully involved freelancers for value proposition innovation by capturing innovative ideas and acquiring the freelancer's skills to implement those ideas. [Objectives] The objective of this paper is to explain the strategies adopted by the software startups to foster value proposition innovation by continuously involving the freelancers and the way they overcome the challenges arising because of the associations. The findings are driven by the study of real practices of startups that proved to be successful in the market by involving freelancers and continuous innovations leading to increased market shares. [Method] This paper performs empirical studies through case studies of three software startups located in Italy, France, and India, which are at the verge of being transforming into big companies, with large market share. The current practices highlighting the successful way of executing freelancing association strategies for value proposition innovation and the way to overcome the arising challenges are reported. The findings are also compared with those of two young startups based in Switzerland and India, to bring useful lessons for the young startups. The case study results are validated by employees from the studied startups (both those who participated in data collection and those who did not). [Results] The results indicate that freelancer involvement during value proposition activities, which is the core business operation, is beneficial to the both freelancers and the startups. Startup teams could reduce the development costs, shorten time to market, and increase customer satisfaction (by providing features addressing real market needs) by correctly involving the freelancers uniformly across value proposition activities. The startups could manage innovation with small teams (compared to human resources in companies) if done jointly with the freelancers, that helps the team members to learn new skills, upgrade their skills, and learn new perspectives about their markets. Business impacts due to freelancer involvement are stronger if the level of freelancer involvement across various value proposition activities is higher

Rudi Tyyanda adalah Seorang Pria Berkebangsaan asal Tanah air Negara Indonesia. Berdarah adat budaya suku Sunda. Dia lahir dikota Garut pada Tanggal 27 (Hari/Day Selasa/Tuesday) – 04 (Bulan/Month April) – 1988. Ber-Zodiak Bintang Taurus (Simbol Sapi Jantan) atau Shio/Naga elemen Tanah (Earth). Ia bergerak dan berkarir didunia Entertainment dibidang Kesenian, Multimedia, dan Broadcasting. Ia Berprofesi sebagai Freelancer, Photographer, Videographer, Video Editor, & Content Creative. Selain itu, Beliau juga merupakan Saudara Kandung Kakak Pertama/Tertua dari Aldo Muziana, & Satria Sukma Sejati (Bangsat/Satrio Sukmo Senjoto/Outlaws98). Anak Kandung Pertama dari Bapak Toto Muhtar Saepuloh (Alm.) & Ibu Wawat Rosmawati. Saat ini Ia berdiam diri/tinggal di domisili Bandung Barat daerah Kota Baru Parahyangan tepatnya/detailnya di Alamat : Jl.Sodong Kp.Sodong RT/RW/002/015 Kel/Desa.Kertajaya Kec.Padalarang Kab.Bandung Barat Prov.Jawa Barat (West Java) ZIP Code Post.40553 Indonesia.

This article examines some of the cultural differences between news 'fixers' and foreign reporters, focusing specifically on the expectations and experiences of the fixers, rather than the correspondents whose own perspectives have already been fruitfully explored. Drawing upon qualitative, semi-structured interviews I conducted with 21 news fixers, I will answer three research questions: (1) How do fixers understand and value the work they do? (2) How do fixers view the cultural, ethnic, or racial differences that inevitably play into the professional relationships between local news staff and foreign news outlets? (3) How do these cultural differences impact the safety of foreign correspondents and fixers, most especially at sites of conflict? The study ultimately shows that fixers take issue with foreign journalists' lack of background on the countries they visit and with journalists' lack of attention to disparate cultural mores in the newsgathering process. Furthermore, the inattention to cultural difference in the field can endanger the lives of the foreign reporters as well as the lives of the fixers. Local media workers called 'fixers' have long assisted foreign news correspondents in setting up interviews, translating copy, navigating unfamiliar locations, and staying safe in conflict zones. 1 However, this important labor has historically been invisible to the

The software startups could continuously innovate business model value proposition by involving freelancers as a source of innovative ideas (that enhance customer perceived value) and as experts for implementing the innovative ideas (by undertaking software engineering tasks). Startups employ one of three strategies for associating with freelancers i.e., task based (association ends with completion of the outsourced task), panel based (outsourcing task to a panel of freelancers associated with startup), or hybrid. Uncertainties, terminology issues, high technical debt, lack of documentation, lack of systematic decision making processes, lack of resources, lack of brand values, need for the continuous involvement of the freelancer to incorporate continuous validated learnings, merging freelancer perspectives, and deciding the level of their involvement in individual requirement engineering (or value proposition innovation) activities, are the main inhibitors for associations with freelancers. The availability of good freelancers and their long term and continuous commitments are necessary requirements for value proposition innovation. The theory about freelancer association with the software startups is extended by studying the real practices of startups, which successfully involved freelancers for value proposition innovation by capturing innovative ideas and acquiring the freelancer's skills to implement those ideas. [Objectives] The objective of this paper is to explain the strategies adopted by the software startups to foster value proposition innovation by continuously involving the freelancers and the way they overcome the challenges arising because of the associations. The findings are driven by the study of real practices of startups that proved to be successful in the market by involving freelancers and continuous innovations leading to increased market shares. [Method] This paper performs empirical studies through case studies of three software startups located in Italy, France, and India, which are at the verge of being transforming into big companies, with large market share. The current practices highlighting the successful way of executing freelancing association strategies for value proposition innovation and the way to overcome the arising challenges are reported. The findings are also compared with those of two young startups based in Switzerland and India, to bring useful lessons for the young startups. The case study results are validated by employees from the studied startups (both those who participated in data collection and those who did not). [Results] The results indicate that freelancer involvement during value proposition activities, which is the core business operation, is beneficial to the both freelancers and the startups. Startup teams could reduce the development costs, shorten time to market, and increase customer satisfaction (by providing features addressing real market needs) by correctly involving the freelancers uniformly across value proposition activities. The startups could manage innovation with small teams (compared to human resources in companies) if done jointly with the freelancers, that helps the team members to learn new skills, upgrade their skills, and learn new perspectives about their markets. Business impacts due to freelancer involvement are stronger if the level of freelancer involvement across various value proposition activities is higher

Исследователи выделяют различные категории Интернет-работников — студенты-фрилансеры, совместители, мамалансеры и т. д. Однако лишь у мамалансеров формируется собственное сообщество на основании определенной идентичности. Данная
социальная группа представляет собой женщин, занятых посредствам сети Интернет, работающих дома и ухаживающих за детьми.

Freelance journalists in China emerged in the early 2000s as a much-needed professional entity in a sector that had changed significantly since the media reform was launched in the country in 1978. When Chinese newspapers, which formerly survived thanks to state funds, had to adopt a business mindset, freelance writers became necessary to sustain these changes. They contributed in particular to the diffusion and standardization of the genre of the " commentary on current affairs " (shiping 时评), establishing themselves as new and original voices in a media system that is still tightly controlled. Building on an analysis of the linguistic features of a corpus of qualitative interviews conducted with Chinese freelance writers between 2008 and 2015, this paper studies their self-representation and understanding of their mission, discussing the extent to which they believe their independent opinions matter in the public arena, in a context that has been changing quickly, due to the decline of print media and due to a new political environment.

Context: freelancers and startups could provide each other with promising opportunities that lead to mutual growth, by improving software development metrics, such as cost, time, and quality. Niche skills processed by freelancers could help startups reduce uncertainties associated with developments and markets, with the ability to quickly address market issues (and with higher quality). This requires the associations between freelancers and startup to be long-term, based on trust, and promising agreements driven by motivations (leading to the growth of both parties). Freelancers could help startups foster innovations and undertake software development tasks in better ways than conducted in-house, if they are selected using informed decision-making. Objectives: the paper has three objectives, (1) to explore the strategies of startups to outsource software development tasks to freelancers (termed as freelancing association strategies); (2) to identify challenges in such outsourcings; ...

The study makes use of the servicescape framework of Balakrishnan et al. (2016) to examine the relationship between the physical and social elements of a coworking space and the intention of customers to use it.

Specifically, the study aims to determine if 1) physical elements such as ambiance, space/layout, facility aesthetics, functionality, and cleanliness, and 2) social elements such as interaction among members, the interaction between members and community manager, professional development activities, and coworking culture practices, have a significant influence on Filipino freelancers in Metro Manila in their intention to use a coworking space.

The results of the study show that the relationship of each physical element of a coworking space on the intention to use it was statistically significant with P-value 0.00 for ambiance, space/layout, facility aesthetics, and functionality, and P-value 0.06 for cleanliness. Furthermore, the relationship of each social element of a coworking space on the intention to use it was also statistically significant with P-value 0.00 for interaction among members, the interaction between members and community manager, professional development activities, and coworking culture practices. The results provide evidence that for Filipino freelancers, the physical and social elements of a coworking space are important considerations in the intention to use it.

Moreover, consistent with the findings of earlier research, the social elements of a coworking space are considered more important than the physical elements, which suggest that more than a physical space to work, freelancers seek a social context where their need for interaction and collaboration is fulfilled, support can be gathered from other coworkers, and activities can help in professional development. The study adds to the existing literature with the context of coworking spaces in the Philippines explored.

Context: freelancers and startups could provide each other with promising opportunities that lead to mutual growth, by improving software development metrics, such as cost, time, and quality. Niche skills processed by freelancers could help startups reduce uncertainties associated with developments and markets, with the ability to quickly address market issues (and with higher quality). This requires the associations between freelancers and startup to be long-term, based on trust, and promising agreements driven by motivations (leading to the growth of both parties). Freelancers could help startups foster innovations and undertake software development tasks in better ways than conducted in-house, if they are selected using informed decision-making. Objectives: the paper has three objectives, (1) to explore the strategies of startups to outsource software development tasks to freelancers (termed as freelancing association strategies); (2) to identify challenges in such outsourcings; and (3) to identify the impacts of outsourcing tasks to freelancers on overall project metrics. The overall objective is to understand the strategies for involving freelancers in the software development process, throughout the startup lifecycle, and the associated challenges and the impacts that help to foster innovation (to maintain competitive advantages). Method: this paper performs empirical studies through case studies of three software startups located in Italy, France, and India, followed by a survey of 54 freelancers. The results are analyzed and compared in the identification of association models, issues, challenges, and reported results arising because of such associations. The case study results are validated using members checking with the research participants, which shows a higher level of result agreements. Results: the results indicate that the freelancer association strategy is task based, panel based, or a hybrid. The associations are constrained by issues such as deciding pricing, setting deadlines, difficulty in getting good freelancers, quality issues with software artefacts, and efforts to access freelancer work submissions for reward. The associations have a positive impact on software development if there is availability of good freelancers (which lasts long for various tasks). The paper finally provides a freelancing model framework and recommends activities that could result in making the situation beneficial to both parties, and streamline such associations. Fostering innovation in startups is, thus, a trade-off situation, which is limited and supported by many conflicting parameters.

This study explores how recent global news startups have connected freelancers with traditional news organizations. Through 10 interviews with founders and editors, the results reveal a networked marketplace of global journalism: the startups build on new technologies as well as onthe-ground evidence as their business model and de-localize the distribution of news within a digital marketplace. Supplemented by a content analysis of their edited stories (N = 226), global journalism as an outcome of this marketplace is discussed.

В данной работе рассматривается одна из наиболее популярных
и развитых сфер Интернет-занятости - работа с текстом: копирайт и рерайт. Автор проводит социологическое исследование, используя контент-анализ в отношении заказов, размещённых на фриланс-бирже Weblancer. В результате приводятся данные демонстрирующие основные количественные показатели заказов на подготовку различных текстов (новостей, стихов, рассказов и т.д.).