English Philology

Er(r)go …,
anglistycznie, czyli zanurzamy się we własne źródło – „Er(r)go” bowiem z anglistyki się wyłoniło – a potem podążamy odnogami, dopływami, odpływami. A więc świadectwa intelektualnych nastrojów z czasów wczesnego naporu cultural studies;  z jednej strony kiedyś owoc zakazany, z drugiej strachy i obawy: a to utrata tożsamości literaturoznawczej  i kulturowej , a to marksizm niebezpieczny, a to zagubienie wartości estetycznych i rozmycie w egalitaryzmie. I problem zbliżony: jaka jest rola anglistów – fachowców od propagowania obcej kultury i obcego języka – wobec tożsamości językowej narodu? Zatapiają ten ojczyźniany statek (to Sienkiewicz) dopompowując językowe skażenia zamiast je wypompowywać, czy też pomagają mu się utrzymać na burzliwych falach przemian? Ambiwalentny zatem mit anglisty.  Anglista w Polsce jako Robinson Crusoe na wyspie zarosłej różnymi kontekstami, polskimi i niepolskimi? I oczywiście problemy przekładu. Tłumacz jako element trzeci – pośrednik między dwoma rzeczywistościami, które zapośredniczeniu się nie poddają; subiektywność w translacji i tłumacza skok wiary.

Desubiektywizacja i przemysł tłumaczeniowy; masowe oszustwo. I co tu czytać, skoro błazny i łotry tworzą listy lektur. Zatem fundamentalna kwestia kanonu: równo czy elitarnie? Kanon jako fundament i emanacja tożsamości. Precz zatem z Martwymi Białymi Europejskimi Mężczyznami! Ale czy Zulusi dadzą nam Tołstoja? Jest przynajmniej pornologia Markiza de Sade’a, a poza tym „nicość, puste miejsce niemożliwości identyfikacji”. Ratunkiem edukacja humanistyczna? Ale jaka? Prawicowa, czyli poszukiwanie jednej prawdy, czy lewicowa, czyli kształcenie niezależności intelektualnej. I tu anglista odwołuje się do Rorty’ego i idzie ze sobą na kompromis, choć nie bez wahań, tarć i polemik. Angielski łaciną dnia dzisiejszego?

Numer ten został przygotowany pod opieką Leszka Dronga.

Wojciech Kalaga


Er(r)go …,
on English studies. And so we submerge into our own spring—since Er(r)go emerged from English studies—and then we follow the arms, the tributaries, the tides. Thus the substantiation of the intellectual mood of the times of the early onset of cultural studies; on the one hand, once a forbidden fruit, on the other, anxieties and fears: it could mean the loss of cultural identity and identity of literary studies; could mean dangerous Marxism, could mean losing aesthetic values and diffusion in egalitarianism. And  a related problem: what is the role of English philologists—professionals in promoting foreign culture and foreign language—towards linguistic identity of their nation? Are they sinking the national ship (that’s Sienkiewicz) pumping in linguistic contamination instead of pumping it out, or are they helping the ship to stay afloat on the stormy seas of change? Thus, the ambivalent myth of the English philologist. The English philologist as Robinson Crusoe on an island overgrown with different contexts, Polish and not Polish. And, of course, the problems of translation. The translator as the third element—the mediator between two realities, which do not yield to mediation; subjectivity in translation and the translator’s leap of faith.

Desubjectification and the translation industry; a mass fraud. What is there to read, if fools and rogues create reading lists? Thus the fundamental question of canon: equality or elitism? The canon as the foundation and the emanation of identify. Thus away with Dead White European Males! But will the Zulu give us Tolstoy? At least there remains Marquise de Sade’s pornology, but apart from that “nothing, an empty space of the impossibility of identification.” Humanist education as possible salvation? But of what kind? Right-winged, or the search for the only truth, or left-winged, the shaping of intellectual independence? And here the English philologist calls upon Rorty and chooses a compromise, albeit not without hesitations, tensions and polemics. English as Latin of today?

The present issue was prepared under the supervision of Leszek Drong

Wojciech Kalaga

"This essay is a study of the Old English word swifeth as it is used in the much talked of Riddle 12. Although it is not a hapax legomenon, as it occurs five other times in the entire Anglo=Saxon corpus, its use here is a curious one, made all the more so by its rarity. In place of the ordinary usage of swifeth (intransitive), 'moves,'  I propose that it mean something else in Riddle 12, something more akin to the meaning (transitive) that it developed in Chaucer's day. This puts it in the realm of what C.S. Lewis might have called a 'dangerous sense,' since it can so easily bend to one's desire to make it have this meaning, make it solve the problem of its difficult grammar, make it prove the salaciousness of its context, and the contemned activity of the woman who is the centerpiece of the riddle.  In short, I want to make swifeth me yield its probable, vulgar, and most 'dangerous sense' of unveiled coitus, and to show that it may exhibit not only a double meaning in an obscene riddle but double valency--that is, in linguistic terminology, an extra argument and transitive force. . . . This essay, then, has two thrusts: it tackles the problems of both grammar and solution in Riddle 12, and also the fraught issues of hermeneutics and sexuality that inform our readings of it. It strives to locate the tension between critical desire and careful philology, a difficult task when the latter many not easily serve the former, especially given the rare words and double entendres."

1. What is extensive reading? This is related to the type of activities embedded in the curriculum which aims at the improvement of the amount of reading students do. This exercise bears in consideration some principles. For example, texts should be easy. Also, this approach highlights on the importance of silent individual reading. Classes should foster the idea of reading being its own reward. 2. Benefits of extensive reading According to the lesson, extensive regain programs can provides students with benefits such as improvement on reading comprehension, listening comprehension and writing. Extensive reading should not be seen as a means to learn vocabulary. Other activities can do that. However extensive reading do help in acquiring fluency and automatization. 3. Read easy, read a lot. This lesson explained the importance of choosing easy text for learners. As it had been discussed before, reading fluency is crucial when it comes to reading comprehension. A leaners should know at least 95% of the words in a text. This could also benefit learners in the sense that smaller number of words implies a higher frequency of word repetition. Thus, decoding and automatization will be improved. 4. Task-based elements of extensive reading. This lesson deals with the idea that post-reading activities should stick to the principles of tasks. That is, post-reading activities should not be focused on linguistic elements or simply explore students' reading comprehension abilities. In order to prevent the class from losing its extensive reading feature, some elements that characterize tasks should be taken into account when creating the post-reading activities. For example, there could be a problem to solve, or some opportunity for discussion though reading circles, for example. The outcome could be represented in a suggestion or recommendation about a book one has just read.

This is meant to be a handbook for students of English in undergraduate classes, who have the subject as Major or Honours. The book has been written keeping the latest researches that have been conducted regarding the subject. The book traces the birth of languages in general, and how the English language came to be in the first place, and examines the many influences on the language. It also examines how new words are formed and how the language was shaped to the present state. The book also features some personal contributions in the making of the language, and looks at the influence of the technological revolution in re-shaping English at present. The book is a must-have for all students of English Hons/Major, and is also a good reference book for teachers and researchers, who need to be abreast with the latest researches in the subject.
CLICK on the link below to go to the publisher's site, then scroll to the end  of the page to see the options of buying as per your country/region.
https://www.educreation.in/store/historical-and-social-evolution-of-the-english-language-nilanko-mallik.html

I'll follow you; I'll lead you about a round, Through bog, through bush, through brake, through brier; Sometime a horse I'll be, sometime a hound, A hog, a headless bear, sometime a fire; And neigh, and bark, and grunt, and roar, and burn, Like horse, hound, hog, bear, fire, at every turn. Puck, Midsummer Night's Dream, I.iii The origins of the OE puca 'goblin' and its diminutive pucel are obscure and yet they have received comparatively little attention. The word has not been of much interest to Germanic linguists because there has been a suspicion that it may have a Celtic root, while it has equally failed to hold the interest of Celtic linguists because they have believed it to have Germanic origins. Yet the word is, potentially, of considerable interest. It appears in both English and Irish and it is possible that the transmission-either from English to Irish, or from Irish to English-may have taken place in the early middle ages. If this is the case, then the word poses a range of questions about the nature of cultural and linguistic contact between the Anglo-Saxons and the Irish or perhaps British populations. These questions are particularly intriguing because puca is not simply a practical word. It is a word which might be used in trade or in describing unfamiliar geographic or topographical features, but rather a cultural word, a word which, potentially, carries with it cultural metadata; legends and 2 beliefs. Indeed, because neither Celtic nor Germanic languages have /p/ in the early period but increasingly accommodate it because of its presence in Latin and the cultural importance of that language to Christianity, it is possible that transmission took place after the Christianisation of England. If this is the case, the transmission of a 'pagan' word would be all the more illuminating. Yet, these connections cannot be understood without establishing the nature, period, and direction of transmission. Despite Cooper's 2005 study which attempted a more in-depth linguistic investigation than had previously been attempted, a secure etymology is yet to be established. The purpose of this paper, then, is to explore the prospect that an interdisciplinary approach could advance the understanding of the word and, in particular, that considering the linguistic evidence in the light of archaeological and onomastic evidence might suggest new avenues of study.

This book retraces the formation of modern English Studies by departing from philological scholarship along two lines: in terms of institutional histories and in terms of the separation of literary criticism and linguistics.  It is argued that the full potential of the discipline’s global scope and pluralistic formation can only be realized by departing further from philology rather than returning to it – and that this is possible only by engaging with philology rather than by forgetting it. Part 1 outlines the complexities and coherent features of philological scholarship. Part 2 examines historical accounts of the discipline’s moves away from philology in several institutional contexts (UK, USA, India, post-1990 EU). Part 3 explores the gradual bifurcation of English linguistics and literary studies, departing concurrently from philology and from each other.

What is love? What is hate? What is good, and what is evil? Those positions seem miles apart if contrasted within the realm of theology and philosophy.

However, as this paper shows, the positions are indeed, if analyzed properly, highly compatible and commensurable.

“This book is not a dusty compendium but a virtuoso performance. It is truly outstanding on account of its comprehensive coverage of the field, the depth of its analysis, the lucidity of its presentation, and the sheer sense of fun that is conveyed by many of its pages […]. It deserves to be read by every textual scholar” (Dániel Kiss, Exemplaria Classica, 20, 2016).

“A new book came out last October that I think deserves the attention of NT text critics, especially those working on all things stemmatic […]. Written with verve but also with a thorough knowledge of the subject, it should serve beginning students and seasoned scholars admirably” (Peter J. Gurry, http://evangelicaltextualcriticism.blogspot.it/2015/6/).

“This volume is a didactic tool and at the same time a passionate and combative pamphlet; it speaks to students and colleagues at the same time and with the same stance” (Nicola Morato, French Studies, 2015).

“A scholar said that before entering into an edition, one should first read Maas and Pasquali. This is a very good idea, but I think that Trovato’s book will do perhaps equally well. There is a clear presentation of problems, illustrated by a wealth of examples, there is fairness towards those who cherish another view, bringing forward what is good in what is considered mistaken. This is scholarship on a high level” (Bengt Alexanderson, Augustinianum, 2016).



Paolo Trovato is a scholarly editor and book historian working on the field of medieval and Renaissance Italian literature. Professor of the History of the Italian language at the University of Ferrara since 1994, he was a Fellow at the Harvard Center for Italian Renaissance Studies (VIT) and at the Newberry Library, Chicago, as well as Visiting Professor in Aix-en-Provence and at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
His books include: Con ogni diligenza corretto. La stampa e le revisoni editoriali dei testi letterari italiani, 1470-1570 (il Mulino 1991, repr. UnifePress 2009); Storia della lingua italiana. Il primo Cinquecento (il Mulino, 1994, repr. libreriauniversitaria.it 2012); critical editions of Machiavelli’s Discorso intorno alla nostra lingua (Antenore 1982, repr. libreriauniversitaria.it. 2014) and Aretino’s Cortigiana (Salerno ed. 2009).
Since 2002 he has been leading a small team on a critical edition of Dante's Commedia.

This paper deals with a special area of English, namely English language used in adventure tourism. The vocabulary of the English language is not a  fixed list of words but a growing and developing store from which you can select words that are appropriate  for the situation  you are in. This paper is intended to  increase our students’ vocabulary  by selecting useful words, expressions, idioms, etc . used in adventure tourism. Moreover, knowledge of this vocabulary would be useful to all English speakers who are planning  to spend some time travelling or exploring new places.

"This special issue of Comparative Literature Studies brings together talks, some extensively revised, others virtually unchanged, that were delivered at a conference entitled "What is Philology?" The gathering took place on Saturday, March 19, 1988 at Harvard University under the aegis of the Center for Literary and Cultural Studies. The depth and breadth of interest in the conference was deeply gratifying. I had not experienced another occasion when so many scholars from different language and literature departments gathered at Harvard, and I hope that publishing the proceedings will benefit a larger community outside the University.

By way of introduction I will describe how the event originated. My description will explore a few of the reasons why an interdisciplinary conference of a dozen speakers and respondents attracted an audience of more than two hundred, and why a topic that 'may sound rarefied drew participants whose main fields of research and teaching interests ran the gamut from the most ancient Indo-European languages to the most recent African American literature. In short, I will offer tentative explanations for the urgency of the topic to students, professors, and independent scholars who engage in philology, linguistics, literary history, literary criticism, and literary theory."

Although homosexuality did not face people as a concept in the sixteenth century, such consciousness has already existed for centuries. Homosexual behaviours in Shakespeare's play Twelfth Night or What You Will, which were frequently exhibited in front of people, became effective in pushing society into degeneration over time. In other words, the moral structure of the period does not match up with quite a few events in the work. By taking into consideration, the place of women in the theatre culture of Renaissance period, the attitudes toward women in Shakespeare's works and the intellection of homosexuality of the period, all these facts were tried to be reflected in this study with an objective
perspective. Any definite judgement about the playwright is avoided and his probable efforts to highlight the homosexuality in his play Twelfth Night or What You Will is studied besides the investigation of the formation process of homosexuality and his time with regard to the gender gap. Finally, although the characters do not appear to be homosexual at first sight, their attitudes and behaviours have been examined in this respect.

Child-directed speech positively affects children’s development of speech habits. Adults use diminutives for encouraging a child and promoting his/her first steps in communication as they are positively charged. Besides, baby-talk contributes to raising the child’s attention to the spoken matter and encourages the child to analyse it. Verbal interaction with the child demonstrates to him/her a dual-direction peculiarity of speech and an important role of verbal reaction during communication.

“This book, written with the non-Italian reader in mind, addresses a central problem in textual criticism, and one that it is currently fashionable to regard as insoluble, namely, how to reconstruct a text of the past so that it is as close as possible to the lost original, starting from a number of copies more or less full of mistakes.
The idea of writing this book – which I left to age, as one does with wine and cured meats – first occurred to me in 2006-2007, when I had the privilege of being a visiting professor at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. As the students felt the need to explain to me: ‘Nobody had ever talked to us about these things.’ For decades, very few, if any, Biblical, Germanic and Slavonic philologists, or French Romanists, or German editors of Anglo-American or Medieval Latin texts, have been talking about many of the things this book is about” (from the author’s preface).

“My first essay on editorial methodology concerned the number of branches in family trees, and my latest concerned editing with the aid of computer programmes. On these topics and many another, Paolo Trovato’s combative and richly instructive book leaves me far behind, and it is a privilege to have the opportunity of commending it” (from M.D. Reeve’s foreword).


Table of contents

Foreword, by Michael D. Reeve

Preface
Acknowledgements
How to use this book
General bibliography

Introduction
1. Philology or textual criticism
2. We are all philologists
3. Why do we need textual criticism?
4. Who’s afraid of philology?

Part 1. Theories
1. “Lachmann’s method”
2. Bédier’s schism
3. A more in-depth look at some essential concepts
4. Highs and lows of computer-assisted stemmatics
5. The criticism of linguistic features in multiple-witness traditions
6. The ineluctability of critical judgment (choice out of variants, conjecture)

Part 2. Practical applications
7. A simple tradition. The Tractatus de locis et statu sancte terre jerosolimitane
8. A tradition of average difficulty. Jean Renart’s Lai de l’ombre
9. A very complicated tradition. Dante’s Commedia
Conclusion

General index

List of passages discussed

The Author
Paolo Trovato is a scholarly editor and book historian in the field of medieval and Renaissance Italian literature. Professor of the history of the Italian language at the University of Ferrara since 1994, he was a Fellow at the Harvard Center for Italian Renaissance Studies (VIT) and at the Newberry Library, Chicago, as well as visiting professor in Aix-en-Provence and at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
Among his books: Dante in Petrarca. Per un inventario dei dantismi nei “Rerum vulgarium fragmenta” (Olschki 1979); Con ogni diligenza corretto. La stampa e le revisoni editoriali dei testi letterari italiani, 1470-1570 (il Mulino 1991; repr. UnifePress 2009); Storia della lingua italiana. Il primo Cinquecento (il Mulino, 1994; repr. libreriauniversitaria.it 2012); Il testo della Vita Nuova e altra filologia dantesca (Salerno ed.  2000) and the editions of Machiavell’s Discorso intorno alla nostra lingua (Antenore 1982) and Aretino’s Cortigiana (Salerno ed. 2009).
Since 2002 he has been leading a small team on a critical edition of Dante's Commedia.

This thesis is made available in memory of  Late Dr. Syam Narayan Singh (02 January 1940 to 01 September 2018). Grand Father from mother's side. He lived a life of altruism and social service.
I claim no authorship right which is credited, vested, and rests with him.
Through the authority of immediate heirs (Suman Kumar, Advocate and son alongwith Smt. Shakuntala Singh, wife ) has been allowed that any part of this said thesis may be used for academic purposes with due credits as applicable.

Christianity substantially altered Germanic life during the early Middle Ages. However, no large-scale studies have attempted to visualize Christianization through macroscopic semantic trends, nor have any studies used Old Saxon as a control group to help illustrate the role of Christianity in less obvious semantic contexts. The core question of this project, then, revolves around semantic corpora and their role in clarifying sociocultural phenomena: how can a cross-section of Old Saxon and Old English semantics help clarify Christianity's role in re-shaping early medieval Germanic identity? This study uses corpus linguistics, post-colonial/historical theory, and Digital Humanities approaches to schematize the processes underlying the semantic shift of eight Old English/Old Saxon lexeme pairs—ambiht/ambaht, facen/fekan, gædeling/gaduling, hosp–hosc/hosk, geneat/ginot, scyldig/skuldig, þegn/thegan, and wlanc/wlank—that illustrate how the Anglo-Saxons and Continental Saxons re-interpreted their social and moral “Self” between ca.600 CE and ca.1100 CE.

This study obtained quantitative and qualitative sample data primarily from the Dictionary of Old English Electronic Corpus (DOEEC) and TITUS Texts. To establish a semantic baseline, data collection began with Latin/vernacular glosses and ended with larger works of early Germanic literature, including the Old English Beowulf and Old Saxon Heliand. To better systematize semantic observations, the sample lexemes were organized into two groups: “Social Roles” and “Personal Qualities.” The Old English and Old Saxon conclusions yielded three key observations: First, in the “Social Roles,” the transition from reciprocal exchange to autocratic kingship correlated to the naturalization of Christian hierarchy; second, in the “Personal Qualities,” new Christian moral concepts like the sin of superbia introduced semantic gaps that necessitated the reassignment of preexisting lexemes, resulting in semantic hybridization, specialization, and the subversion of Germanic pride; third, Christianity's preference for the unseen occasioned a shift from material to spiritual representations of salvation. These findings have significance for future research on Old English/Old Saxon semantic shift, the relative and absolute dating of Old English/Old Saxon literature, and hybrid digital/analog approaches to philology.

As the Byzantinist Ihor Ševčenko once observed, "Philology is constituting and interpreting the texts that have come down to us. It is a narrow thing, but without it nothing else is possible." This definition accords with Saussure's succinct description of the mission of philology: "especially to correct, interpret, and comment upon the texts." Philology is not just a grand etymological or lexicographical enterprise. It also involves restoring to works as much of their original life and nuances as we can manage. To read the written records of bygone civilizations correctly requires knowledge of cultural history in a broad sense: of folklore, legends, laws, and customs. Philology also encompasses the forms in which texts express their messages, and thus it includes stylistics, metrics, and similar studies.

On Philology brings together the papers delivered at a 1988 conference at Harvard University's Center for Literary and Cultural Studies. The topic "What is Philology?" drew an interdisciplinary audience whose main fields of research ran the gamut from ancient Indo-European languages to African-American literature, signaling a certain sense of urgency about a seemingly narrow subject.

These papers reveal that the role of philology is more important than ever. At a time when literature in printed form has taken a back seat to television, film, and music, it is crucial that scholars be able to articulate why students and colleagues should care about the books with which they work. Just as knowledge will be lost if philological standards decline, so too will fields of study die if their representatives cannot find meaning for today's readers.

On Philology will be of interest not only to students of philology but also to anyone working in the fields of hermeneutics, literature, and communication.

This is a complete edition of and commentary on a Middle English gynecological text probably compiled in the mid-fifteenth century.  We edit it here from its latest exemplar, Cambridge, Trinity College, MS R.14.52, ff. 107r–135v, but we draw on all three other extant copies for variant readings:  London, British Library, Sloane MS 249, ff. 180v–205v; London, Royal College of Surgeons, MS0175 (here referred to under its old shelfmark, MS 129), ff. 1r–45v; and British Library, Sloane MS 2463, ff. 194r–232r.  It was already established by Green in 1992 that the first version of the text 'Sickness of Women' was simply the independently circulating chapters of a fuller Middle English translation, made in the early 15th century, of the Latin 'Compendium medicine' of Gilbertus Anglicus.  Then, in the mid-15th century, a redactor took that original translation, rearranged the chapters, and added new material, especially on the topic of childbirth.  That redactor also incorporated the fetus-in-utero images from the late antique text, the 'Gynaecia' of Muscio, and a number of untranslated Latin passages, some of which address peripheral topics such as male impotence.  Finally, the redactor placed at the beginning of the text a preface stating that its intent was that “one woman may help another in her sickness.”  Our introduction to the edition summarizes this textual history, but also addresses the question of the intended audience.  We argue that despite the prologue’s formulaic claim to be addressing women, 'Sickness of Women' was included in Trinity R.14.52 not because it was meant to be used by women, but because it was of interest to the male compilers, who not only were concerned (as the other contents suggest) with matters of natural science broadly defined, but had correctly assessed that this second version of 'Sickness of Women' had always been meant for male as well as female readers. 

Addendum:  In the original edition we referred to Gilbertus Anglicus as having lived “in the early part of the thirteenth century” and the 'Compendium' as having been composed ca. 1240 (p. 456).  New work by Michael McVaugh has corrected our biographical narrative of Gilbertus, who now seems likely to have flourished in the middle decades of the century.  There is no firm evidence that he studied at Salerno, though his training at either Montpellier or Paris now seems certain.  McVaugh estimates that the 'Compendium medicine' was written in the 1250s, perhaps late in the decade; it is thus not much older than its oldest extant copy, which is dated 1271.  See Michael R. McVaugh, “Who Was Gilbert the Englishman?,” in 'The Study of Medieval Manuscripts of England: Festschrift in Honor of Richard W. Pfaff', ed. George Hardin Brown and Linda Ehrsam Voigts (Tempe, AZ: Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, 2010; also published by Brepols), pp. 295-324.  Also, McVaugh adds an additional 10 items to the list of 27 Latin MSS referred to here (p. 456, n. 2).  We have since identified four more copies (several of them fragments), raising the total to 41 extant copies.

Combining linguistic, anthropological and historical approaches, this book explores the origin, functions, meaning and spread of given names throughout the Anglo-Saxon, and more widely, Germanic and Slavic worlds during the medieval period.
The majority of sources concern ruling dynasties and elites; thus an important part of the investigation is devoted to the genealogy of the pagan or recently converted dynasties of Northern Europe before and around the year 1000, from the British Isles to the Rus' of Novgorod. An investigation of the onomastic stocks and name-giving practices sheds a light on the key concepts hidden behind the names, such as the sacrality of the hero chosen by the gods, veneration of the ancestors and belief in their rebirth, belief in female guardian spirits, the hope of wealth for progeny, or the desire to protect children through the giving of obscene names.
This large-scale study employs comparative methods, does not limit itself to dead traditions, and covers a large number of languages and civilization areas. It fills the gaps in modern onomastic studies and repairs their defects. The research is based on a vast and solid corpus, which is presented in the appendices at the end of the volume, and it will constitute a valuable tool for researchers.

Modernity and a True Return to Nature 0. Point of Departure Question How are human-nature relations and the attainment of virtue through human-nature relations understood in the classical urban theory of Geddes and Mumford? How is technology and technological power seen as mediating the relationship between humans and nature?