Division of Labour

Abstract Shrimp are grown in coastal areas of the tropics primarily for export and have become significant sources of foreign exchange. Japan is the world's single most important importer of seafood products, including shrimp. We examine the nature of linkages ...

We experimentally reduced clutch size of Great Tits Parus major to investigate the effects on parental care (including Daily Energy Expenditure, DEE, measured with doubly labelled water), and the relationship between DEE and the residual reproductive value. The length of a working day was not affected, but the nestling phase was 0.7 days (4%) shorter in experimental clutches. Males fed reduced broods at a lower rate, but DEE and mass (loss) were not significantly affected by the experiment. However, male DEE was positively correlated with feeding frequency, and this relationship did not differ between control and experimental cJ cJ. This suggests that the experiment resulted in a slight reduction in male DEE, and lack of statistical significance can be attributed to the power of the test applied. Females fed reduced broods at a lower rate, but female DEE and mass (loss) were not affected by the clutch size manipulation. Female DEE was not correlated with feeding frequency, the original number of eggs in the nest or the actual number of young. The division of labour (feeding rate, DEE) was not affected by the clutch size manipulation. Female DEE was significantly higher than male DEE, and this could be caused by the fact that only the 9 roosts with the young. There was no consistent relationship between DEE and parental survival or future reproductive success. Since the experimental reduction in clutch size led to an increase in residual reproductive value (more second clutches), but not to a decrease in DEE, this costs of reproduction is apparently not contingent on increased rate of energy turnover. It is suggested that birds with equal DEE may differ in their residual reproductive value as a consequence of variation in energy allocation between reproductive effort and e.g. aspects of physiological maintenance and repair.

We studied the organisation of garbage disposal and management in the leafcutting ant Atta cephalotes. The nest of this species has an internal garbage heap to which waste from the fungus garden is taken. The transport of waste from the fungus gardens to the garbage heaps is an example of task partitioning. Ninety-four percent of the garbage loads transferred from the fungus garden to the garbage heap were transferred indirectly via a caching site just outside the garbage heap entrance. A further 3% were transferred directly from a fungus garden worker to a garbage heap worker, again just outside the heap entrance. Only 3% were taken directly to the garbage heap without task partitioning. This is the first described example of task partitioning in insect societies for work other than foraging and the first example of task partitioning occurring entirely within the nest. Furthermore, there is a strong division of labour between the fungus garden workers and the garbage heap workers, with garbage workers hardly ever leaving the heap. Division of labour is reinforced by aggressive behaviour directed towards workers contaminated with garbage. This pattern of work organisation minimises contact between garbage heap workers, who are probably contaminated with pathogens hazardous to both the ants and their symbiotic fungus, and both fungus garden workers and the fungus garden. Task partitioning, division of labour (reinforced by aggression) and nest compartmentalisation act synergistically to isolate the hazardous garbage heap from the fungus gardens.

AFRICA IN THE 1990s AND BEYOND Alternative prescriptions and projections Julius 0 I honvbere This article examines the origins, dimensions and implications of Africa's crisis. It draws attention to the impact of historical experiences, the distortions and disarticulations of that experience, and to the coalitions, contradictions, crises and conflicts inherited at independence. It looks at postcolonial alignment and realignment of social and political forces, the crisis of accumulation and power, and the implications of the region's marginal location and role in the global division of labour and power. Calling for a need to transcend the manifestations of the African predicament, the article looks at regional and international responses to the crisis. It concludes by prescribing the need for a fundamental political restructuring, the empowerment of the people and their communities and organizations, a socially sensitive structural adjustment programme, and the recomposition of the content and context of politics and social relations. Africa ended the 1980s with more misery and underdevelopment than it started with. Ldyashi Ydker' The scope and severity of the economic crisis facing sub-Saharan Africa is unique in the developing world Africa will be the greatest development challenge facing the international community well into the next century. Edward V K lavcox' all across Africa, hopeful steps towards development have stopped because of instability. This cycle can be broken only through the growth of democratic practices Today, economic progress requires access to information, right of expression and the necessity for popular participatiorr.

There has traditionally been a dichotomy in the space community regarding the efficacy of human versus robotic exploration of space. I argue that no such dichotomy is necessary, and that there is a natural and synergistic division of labour between man and machine, and that this division of labour will evolve in symbiotic fashion. The present state-of-the-art robotics technology is insufficient to replace the human in space, but is sufficient to act as a useful, even necessary, tool in aiding the astronaut in the conduct of useful work. I further argue that as robotics technology advances, the human will be further relieved to perform tasks best suited to human decision-making and flexibility that is unlikely in the near-term to be matched by autonomous or teleoperated machines.

This paper examines how a game-like 3D Multi-User Virtual Environment (MUVE), Quest Atlantis (QA), is used in an after-school programme to engage a group of 14 academically at-risk primary students in their learning. It adopts an activity theoretical perspective to identify the ...

How are unemployment and violence linked? Ideas about this link are driven by an Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) literature on crime, gangs and unemployment and by recent economic models of developing country 'civil wars'. These ideas are commonly linked with an increasing interest in the age-structure of demography in developing countries, in particular the observation of a common 'youth bulge'. There is a very widespread view that youth unemployment is a key cause of insurgency or civil war. The paper then shows that there are other analytical approaches to studying labor market participation and its links to violent behavior, in wars and in other forms of violence, including domestic violence. Indeed, there is an analytical bridge between the Beckeresque and these other approaches, constructed out of the arguments of many economists who remain within the mainstream of economic orthodoxy but whose own economic approach has dealt with &#...

An essay from the MA module 'International Political Economy: Capitalism, Imperialism and the State' at Kingston University:

MNCs fragment their labour force globally through Global Value Chains and this division of labour can, in the eyes of Karl Marx, give us an idea of why there global cross-country inequality exists today. Since there are different variables affecting inequality, this essay will not look at the causality or degree of correlation between MNCs and inequality, rather using Karl Marx’s ideas as a framework in explaining the links between division of labour, MNCs and global wealth inequality in order to give an insight into the relationship between capitalism and inequality, with the following synthesis:
In a Marxist perspective, how can MNCs division of labour explain wealth inequality between countries today?

Chuck Palahniuk's 1996 debut novel Fight Club describes a protagonist attempting to cope with the effeminising effects of the cultural industry and its advertising complex, a dissatisfactory corporate career that involves criss-crossing the American landscape by plane, and contemporary consumer culture in general. This struggle results in schizophrenia, the creation of a virile and violent fight club, a destructive alter ego, and the militaristic, fascist, revolutionary " Project Mayhem" -an anarchic project to undermine and destroy as much of the American urban landscape as possible. Fight Club also tells the story of how life in a postmodern hyperspace can result in cognitive dissonance. In what follows, this depiction of the urban landscape inhabitant's reaction against the unfulfilling nature of rationalized capitalism and the commodified cultural aesthetic production in late capitalist, postindustrial society will be explored through a critical analysis of Fight Club.

... into the world with their possibilities well-defined, rather they come into existing systems, and ... take off of a new technology; they acted as a 'breeding space' which helped ... or less homogeneous, although within them, situations of competition often existed between protagonists of ...

The importance of main streaming gender issues in development programmes is now recognized by governments and development agents. This paper evaluates the role of gender in smallholder livestock production using Zimbabwe as a case study. It draws on several studies and assesses the gender dimension in terms of access and control, decision making and, division of labour. It is shown that for mainly traditional and historical reasons men continue to dominate livestock production although the situation is gradually changing. Men eclipse women in terms of ownership of more valuable stock, the making of decisions and the control of livestock production. This suggests that gender is important in livestock production and must be considered among other factors. The complexity of the system is noted but more gender disaggregated quantitative data is required if gender is to be effectively mainstreamed in livestock development programmes.

A feminist approach to political philosophy and policy-making, as I understand it and endorse it, is one that aims to spell out a theory of justice that is not built on the consideration of male experiences and life patterns alone (defining work as paid work, social contribution as contribution through paid work, workers as free from caring responsibilities, etc.) and that is attentive to (and adequately deals with) the special obstacles women face in trying to pursue a life plan of their own making. In many countries (not exclusively northern Atlantic ones), women have now won equal legal rights to further their education, hold property and participate in the realms of politics and paid work. This does not mean, as has been repeatedly noted by feminist scholars, that they now have the same opportunity men have to make effective use of these rights. The reasons are manifold and relate, for the most part, to the history of women's subordination and the multiple shadows it still projects, and in particular, to the long shadows of the separate spheres model of family and social organization 2 . The gendered division of labour (henceforth GDL) assigning different spheres of activity to men and women has thus come to be considered by many feminists as a (if not the) central source of women's continuing inequality in the present world , Bubeck 1995a.

This paper aims to explore aspects of women's careers in higher education internationally. In so doing it considers research findings on gender equity in higher education specifically and more broadly on women in the professions. It also attempts to provide a range of theoretical frameworks to analyse gender inequalities. It considers inclusion and exclusion, gender and authority, gendered divisions of

We propose a Neo-Heckscher-Ohlin (HO) model of trade that combines comparative endowment advantage, comparative technological advantage, international capital mobility and trade costs. Using an inframarginal approach, we produce a partition of the exogenous parameter space in a host of parameter value subsets that demarcate the various equilibrium patterns of production and trade. The results are startling! They suggest that production within the diversification cone -a key assumption of the Heckscher-Ohlin theory that is required for its core propositions (such as factor price equalisation) to hold -may only prevail on the razor's edge, or under exceptional circumstances. In addition, our findings nominate a mechanism by which improvements in transaction efficiency facilitate international trade thereby stimulating cross-country division of labour. Contrary to other generalisations of the Heckscher-Ohlin (such as the various derivatives of the Kemp-Jones model of trade), our model does not assume a purely Ricardian character: comparative endowment advantage may determine the pattern of trade even in the presence of opposing technological differences, as long as total factor productivity coefficients adjusted for transaction efficiency and factor intensity do not confer unambiguous comparative (technological) advantage. Still, 'intensity-efficiency'-adjusted comparative technological advantage supersedes factor endowments in determining the flow of trade. * We, Tombazos and Zhang, would like to dedicate this paper to our dear friend and colleague Xiaokai Yang who died in mid-2004. It is with a heavy heart that we acknowledge this contribution as one of our last co-authored papers with Xiaokai. This research has benefited considerably from discussions with Alan Deardorff, Peter Neary and Hugo Sonnenschein whom we also thank, together with Ron Jones, Murray Kemp, Ed Ray, Don Wright and an anonymous referee for very constructive suggestions on earlier drafts of this

This article addresses the embodied nature of laboratory human-animal practices in order to understand the notions of care that take place within an institution of domination -the apparatus of animal experimentation. How is it possible to both love and harm in this context? Building on animal studies and feminist ethics, the theme of emotionality is explored in the section 'loving animals'. Here it is demonstrated that empathy and affection for individual animals, as well as species, are strong components of an experimental ethos expressed by the informants. The second empirical section deals with the issue of 'killing well'. The good kill is supposed to be done with care: quickly and compassionately. This is performed by way of bodily measures of care, technological refinement and personal skills and, sometimes, with the help of a division of labour. In the concluding section, the empirical findings are read through the framework, where the feminist theoretical analysis of love, dependency and care from an embodiment perspective understands the dialectics of instrumentalisation and exploitation of -and care for -animals, not as something that goes on above or outside of relations, but rather as something that can be understood from within. 'Mortal love' is the attempt to capture and theorise this dialectic, arguing that emotions of love and friendship are not mere justifications for the harm and killing performed, but rather intrinsic dimensions of the embodied animaling of experimental human-animal relations.

Durkheim has presented his theory of modern society specifically in this book. Durkheim's approach to this book, like his other works, is a Functionalism approach, and his analysis of the individual does not begin, but he explains a social outlook with another social expression. Durkheim first claims that since the division of labor adds to the productive power and skill of the workers, then Durkheim is the necessary condition for the intellectual and material development of all societies. Durkheim, however, says that the economic benefits of dividing labor in comparison with its moral results are negligible, and its true and principal role is to create solidarity between two or more people. Durkheim illustrates the division of work between two sexes (males and females) in order to better understand his role in the role of division of labor in creating correlation. In his opinion, if the division of labor between the two sexes is lifted, the marital society will be eliminated and replaced by the transitions between the two sexes. The economic benefits of division of labor may have an effect, but the results of the division of labor are more than economic benefits, because these results form a sort of order of their own social and moral foundation. Durkheim says big political communities are only able to maintain their balance through division of labor, and with this account, the division of labor is the most important source of solidarity. According to Durkheim, contrary to the prevailing conception, the division of labor is not a luxury, but has become a fundamental condition in societies. Community cohesion is achieved through division of labor, and division of labor is an essential factor in determining the characteristics of community building. Despite all this, Durkheim says social solidarity is a completely ethical phenomenon that is not precise and measurable by itself. And therefore, instead of the inner matter that is not observable, it should be studied by the external matter that symbolizes it. This is an external symbol for social solidarity, rights. In Durkheim's view, there are two basic types of rights, each of which is related to a form of social solidarity. The first type of punishment is punishable by punishment and harm to the perpetrator, and the second type is the restoration rights, the purpose of which is to correct the offender. In Durkheim's view, that kind of social solidarity linking to punitive rights is a link to which it is a crime to be dissolved. Durkheim calls this kind of social solidarity a mechanical correlation. Punitive rights show the severity of the resistance to public opinion as a specific crime. The set of shared beliefs and feelings in the average person of a single society forms a certain device that has its own particular life. We call this device Durkheim, a collective conscience. Durkheim defines crime as a practice that has been attacked by collective conscience. Durkheim says he was punished in the past for punishing themselves. The perpetrators were harassed to harass, without sacrificing themselves, but today it is punishable by the protection and defense of society.

HAWARI, Hasbi. "La division du travail au sein du service consulaire de l'Ambassade d'Indonésie en France : La pratique quotidienne de l'administration des petits bureaucrates " HAWARI, Hasbi. "La division du travail au sein du service consulaire de l'Ambassade d'Indonésie en France : La pratique quotidienne de l'administration des petits bureaucrates " 7 Dans la plupart des cas, le processus du travail quotidien des agents consulaires est fondé sur la transmission des connaissances pratiques des agents préexistants et la volonté de jouer un rôle dans les événements qui arrivent pour les nouveaux agents où chacun est au service du « même but » 4 . La transmission de ces connaissances peut devenir un investissement difficile de l'ancien agent au nouvel agent, mais la continuité des pratiques semble possible à réussir car le travail consulaire est aussi un travail de « savoir-faire » 5 qui est obtenu de l'apprentissage par la pratique et l'expérience. 6 Autant que l'identification des acteurs composés dans ses travaux consulaires en vue de la direction générale du ministère des affaires étrangers de l'Indonésie. Les activités des agents du service consulaire ont une place prioritaire dans la rédaction de ce rapport de stage, ainsi que le fait de faire la distinction entre chaque division du travail. Tout d'abord, l'explication de la division du travail aux pratiques consulaire sera organisée explicitement en deux perspectives : 1) sur le diplomate et 2) sur le non-diplomate qu'on appellera les agents « quasi-spécialisés » du service consulaire au sein de l'Ambassade d'Indonésie en France.

The thesis of this study is that the convergence of genetics, genomics and proteomics spurs new technological paradigms in medicine, which are generating a R&D corporate change: division of scientific labour of the drug discovery process by strategic alliances among firms in order to reinforce the integrative capabilities in different biomedical research fields and collective and cumulative learning between in-house R&D and external sources of innovation. This study shows, by key a case study of pharmaceutical companies, as scientific and technological paradigms in medicine are main drivers of industrial and R&D corporate change to enhance and accelerate the discovery process of ground-breaking drugs for more and more personalised healthcare.

Recognizing and generating textual entailment and paraphrases are regarded as important technologies in a broad range of NLP applications, including, information extraction, summarization, question answering, information retrieval, machine translation and text generation. Both textual entailment and paraphrasing address relevant aspects of natural language semantics. Entailment is a directional relation between two expressions in which one of them implies the other, whereas paraphrase is a relation in which two expressions convey essentially the same meaning. Indeed, paraphrase can be defined as bi-directional entailment. While it may be debatable how such semantic definitions can be made well-founded, in practice we have already seen evidence that such knowledge is essential for many applications.

In this short paper, I begin by providing background for inquiry into the division of labour across occupations, examined from an economics of language perspective. I then critically discuss the four papers that compose this special issue on the topic, before closing with three suggestions for factors to bear in mind in future research.

Abstract: Marginalizing Arab world workers in the humanities, social sciences, and Arts is problematic. The history of the division of labor in the social “pyramid scheme” is introduced, arguing that professional status is based on its conceived service function to society. Marginalization of these workers is explained by the absence of an appropriate social function in comparison to the manipulation of power by the rulers and values by ideologues. Humanities services provides: 1- linguistic training, 2- logical skills, 3- scientific facts, 4- history of ideas, 5- philosophical, and 6- axiological aptitudes. The social researcher’s role deals with the paradigm of “ten identity carriers”, e.g., kinship, gender, and class, and the resulting search for fairness. The services of fine arts are seen in the need for narratives and audio-visual worlds that create markets for the consumption of pleasures. Marginalizing these professions contributes to fanaticism and the weakening of the modernization project.
يُعد تدنّي المكانة والعوض المادي لدى المشتغلين العرب بالإنسانيات والاجتماعيات والفنون حالةً إشكاليةً. ولتفسير هذه الحالة، تُوضَّحُ الأسباب التي وزَّعت المهن في الهرم الاجتماعي في تاريخ التحضر، فيُستنبَط منها قانون لقيمة المهن بحسب الحاجات التي تُشبِعها. ويُعلّل تهميش الدور الإنتاجي لتلك الفئة باحتكار الشؤون الإدارية سلطويًّا والشؤون القيمية دينيًّا وحزبيًّا. وتُشرَحُ مُنتَجات "المعلّم، والباحث الاجتماعي، والفنان"؛ فمن الأول سادوس مهارات اللغة والمنطق والتفلسف والتخلُّق ضمن معطيات العلوم والتُراثات، ومن الثاني الدراسة والإنصاف لـ "حوامل الهوية العشرة" (كالقرابة، والجنوسة، والطبقة)، ومن الثالث إبداع السرديات والعوالم السمعية – البصرية، لتوليد سوق لاستهلاك الخيال والمتع. وفي تهميش المِهن الثلاث دلالة على قصور التحديث، وهو ما يُضعِف المواطنة، ويُسهم في التطرف.

This article relates common ways of conceptualising action research as "intervention", "collaboration", "interactive research", "applied research", and "practitioner research" to a number of different ways of knowing, extracted from the works of Aristotle. The purpose is not to disavow any of these practices but to expand the philosophical, methodological, and theoretical horizon to contain the Aristotelian concept of praxis. It is claimed that praxis knowing needs to be comprehended in order to realize the full, radical potential in action research providing real "added value" in relation to more conventional social research approaches. Praxis knowing radically challenges the divisions of labour between knower-researchers and the known-researched. Thereby it also challenges both the epistemologies and institutionalisations dominating both conventional research and conventional ways of conceptualising action research.

En moins d’une décennie, l’insertion professionnelle des enseignant·es immigrants a suscité un important corpus de recherches au Québec et au Canada francophone. Dans l’ensemble, ces recherches mobilisent des cadres d’interprétation surexposant l’analyse des écarts culturels entre les enseignant·es immigrants et la société d’immigration. En dépit du dispositif mis en place en 2001 afin de corriger les effets de la discrimination systémique en emploi dans les organismes publics, aucune recherche ne lie l’expérience de ces enseignant·es à la sous-représentation persistante du personnel enseignant de groupes racisés au Québec et, de manière plus notoire encore, dans les commissions scolaires francophones de la région métropolitaine de Montréal (RMM) (CDPDJ, 2015).

Menée à partir d’une perspective épistémologique interprétative-critique et d’un cadre d’analyse féministe, cette thèse s’éloigne de ce prisme essentialisant afin de produire de nouveaux savoirs visant à accroître la justice sociale au sein de l’institution éducative. Les courants féministes guidant la thèse se rejoignent dans leur volonté de dévoiler les configurations des rapports sociaux et du pouvoir par lesquelles se matérialise la domination dans les différentes sphères de la société, dont le travail. Inspirée par la méthode sociologique de l’ethnographie institutionnelle, cette recherche prend la forme d’une enquête cherchant à comprendre comment les rapports sociaux, notamment de race, sont organisés et re-produits dans les distributions dissymétriques du travail enseignant. L’enquête a été menée depuis le point de vue d’enseignant·es en insertion professionnelle assignés par des rapports sociaux de race et travaillant dans les commissions scolaires francophones de la RMM (14). Leurs récits et questionnements ont engendré l’exploration des processus institutionnels et pratiques régulant l’obtention d’une autorisation d’enseigner et de contrats de travail. L’enquête a été approfondie par des entretiens menés avec des directions d’établissement d’enseignement (4), des conseiller·es pédagogiques (2), des conseillères syndicales (2) et des employées du secteur des ressources humaines (2) rattachés à deux commissions scolaires de la RMM. Des documents –lois, règlements, rapports, conventions collectives, etc.– organisant à différents égards ces processus ont également été analysés.

Les résultats de la thèse se situent à plusieurs niveaux. Le dévoilement des configurations des rapports sociaux dans le travail enseignant ne peut se faire sans rendre visible, plus largement, les multiples hiérarchies structurant ce travail à même son cadre législatif. À partir de différents fragments de matériaux, la thèse révèle empiriquement comment l’accroissement du travail atypique et précaire en enseignement – plus marqué depuis les années 1990– induit une augmentation des possibilités de hiérarchisation entre les employé·es, desquelles émergent de nouvelles reconfigurations de la division du travail. La thèse montre comment les rapports sociaux de race organisent la distribution du travail dans cette profession déjà structurée historiquement par des rapports sociaux de sexe. Les résultats mettent en exergue la création de « classes » d’enseignant·es hiérarchisées afin de pourvoir à des affectations elles-mêmes classifiées selon qu’elles permettent ou non de progresser dans la carrière. En l’absence de dispositif conséquent en matière de discrimination systémique, cette thèse montre comment l’arbitraire des processus et critères à partir desquels les enseignant·es sont sélectionnés risquent de confiner de manière disproportionnée les enseignant·es de groupes racisés aux emplois atypiques et précaires. À la lumière de ces résultats, la thèse interpelle les acteurs intervenant à plusieurs niveaux de l’institution éducative afin de confronter les inégalités de traitement compromettant l’effectivité du droit à l’égalité entre les personnes composant le personnel enseignant.

Mots-clés : travail enseignant, division du travail, rapports sociaux, domination, rapports de régulation, idéologie raciste, discrimination systémique, ethnographie institutionnelle

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In less than a decade, the professional integration of immigrant teachers has generated a large body of research in Quebec and French-speaking Canada. In general, these studies use interpretive frameworks that rely on an analysis of cultural gaps between immigrant teachers and the host society. Despite measures put in place in 2001 to mitigate the effects of systemic discrimination in employment in public bodies, there is no research linking the experience of these teachers to the persistent under-representation of racialized teachers in Quebec or, even more notably, in the French-language school boards of the Montreal Metropolitan Region (MMR) (Quebec Human Rights Commission, 2015).

Based on a critical/interpretative epistemological perspective and a framework of feminist analysis, this dissertation moves away from this essentializing prism in order to produce new knowledge aimed at increasing social justice within educational institutions. The feminist perspectives guiding the thesis have in common their desire to expose the configurations of social and power relations through which domination in the various spheres of society is materialized, including in the workplace. Inspired by the sociological method of institutional ethnography, this study takes the form of an enquiry seeking to understand how social relations, especially of race, are organized and (re)produced in the asymmetrical distributions of teaching work. The study was conducted from the point of view of vocational integration teachers who were assigned by racial social relations and were working in French-language school boards in the Montreal MRR (14). Their stories and questions led to an exploration of the institutional and practical processes regulating the obtention of a teaching licence and employment contracts. The study was expanded through interviews with principals of educational institutions (4), academic advisers (2), union advisors (2) and employees in the human resources sector (2) within two school boards of the MMR. Documents that codify these processes in different ways –laws, regulations, reports, collective agreements, etc.– have also been analyzed.

The thesis conclusions explore several aspects. The exposure of the configurations of social relations in teaching work cannot be done without more widely exposing the multiple hierarchies structuring this work and even its legislative framework. From various fragments of materials, the thesis reveals empirically how the increase of atypical and precarious work in teaching –which has become more pronounced since the 1990s– induced an increase in the possibilities of hierarchization among employees, from which arose a reconfigurations of the division of labour. The thesis shows how racial social relations organize the distribution of work in a profession already historically structured according to gender social relations. The results highlight the creation of hierarchical "classes" of teachers in order to fill assignments, which are themselves classified according to whether or not they make career advancement possible. In the absence of effective measures to counter systemic discrimination, this thesis shows how the arbitrary nature of the processes and the criteria by which teachers are selected run the risk of disproportionately confining teachers from racialized groups to atypical and precarious jobs. In light of these results, the thesis calls on educational leaders to intervene at several levels of academic institutions to confront inequalities in treatment that effectively compromise equality rights among teaching staff.

Keywords: teaching work, division of labor, social relationships, domination, regulation, racist ideology, systemic discrimination, institutional ethnography

The aim of this article is to assess the connections between the continued expansion of forms of insecure work and the impact of rising numbers of economic migrants employed in UK labour markets. It shows how competition between foreign-born workers for jobs in the UK is ...

In this paper we address a key issue that dominates international HRM research, namely the global-local question. The question concerns how multinationals can or should balance the pressures to develop globally standardized policies with the pressures to be responsive to the peculiarities of the local context. In our view, three important conceptual weaknesses have restricted research progress in this field: the inadequate conceptualization of national effects, which results in culture being used as an unsatisfactory 'catch-all' for national differences; the lack of attention to the influence of internal organizational politics; and the absence of focus on the internal division of labour within MNCs. We discuss the ways in which these weaknesses can be addressed and the implications of these alternative concepts.

The study is concerned with the patterns of exploitation of marine resources along the coasts of eastern Japan by prehistoric hunter-gatherers. The study has two objectives. First, it will examine the local prehistoric environment, especially in order to reconstruct the environment of the site territory. Second, the analysis will examine the habits of the people when collecting marine resources. This part focuses mainly on the problems of seasonal activities and the division of labour.

This article compares the evolution of productivity for the domestic tradable sector vis-à-vis the Eurozone countries and its impact on cost competitiveness, during the period 2000-2014. In particular, we track for possible changes into the domestic division of labour that might have favoured low-productivity industries exerting a negative impact on the cost/price competitiveness. However we must point out that the cost advantage does not depend only on the labour cost, but it is also the profit margin that determines the final price of goods and services. For that reason we also compare the evolution of profit margin between the domestic and the Eurozone tradable sector in order to ascertain if there are any cost disadvantages due to excessive profitability of Greek enterprises. Our results indicate that in the case of the tradable sector, the greatest part of the productivity divergence is attributed to differences in intra-industry productivities and not to a less favoured division of labour. These differences in intra-industry productivity are the main cause for the modest decrease in unit labour cost despite the major decline in the nominal unit wage that was imposed by the austerity policies. Finally, the profit margin of the tradable sector exhibits an increase during the crisis period which possibly undermines cost competitiveness.

Sub-divisions of labour in health settings are common and medical dominance and encroachment from competitors are well known. This article considers this general picture but in specific relation to mental health work in Britain and its particular features of recent contestation. British psychiatric orthodoxy has faced challenges to its legitimacy for over a century. However, since the 1980s, in the wake of de-institutionalisation and a new shared service commitment to 'recovery', these challenges have taken new shape. They are explored by considering: the current ambit of mental health care; the sub-division of labour in specialist mental services; recent governmental expectations of the mental health workforce; and the contested legacy of theory and practice in mental health work. The conclusion is that the profession is not under immediate threat of collapse but that its fate may now rest on whether a biomedical or a biopsychosocial model of practice predominates in routine service delivery.

The most important concept forming the introduction of Adam Smith's book, the Wealth of Nations, and that the whole book is based on, is the division of labour. Smith took over the concept of division of labour from his predecessors, but he has managed to bring it into the very center of the progress of modern civilization. Division of labour is a concept, not only interwoven with economic progress; but also with human progress whose most important element is freedom. This article strives to shed light on the relationship between the division of labour and human freedom for the true value of the concept of division of labour to be appreciated as it should be.

Workers in the realm of social reproduction – e.g. nurses, carers,
cleaners, food preparation workers etc. – are considered low-skill
and are poorly remunerated. During the Covid-19 crisis they have
been recast as ‘essential’, leading to unprecedented praise and
attention in public discourse. Nonetheless, public praise for these
‘essential’ workers so far has not translated into a commitment
for higher wages and improved working conditions. In this article,
we argue that skills hierarchies continue to determine labour
market outcomes and social inequalities. We pinpoint that these
are embedded into the logic of capitalist social relations, rather
than being an expression of the features of jobs themselves. We
also show how some socially reproductive sectors resist the
tendency to automation precisely because of the prevalence
therein of a workforce which is portrayed as un-skilled. By
focussing on low-skilled workers’ engagement in various forms of
labour unrest and their demands for long overdue recognition
and wage rises. the article puts into question the inherited skillslexicon according to which low-wage jobs are unproductive and
lacking in skills and competence. The authors conclude that these
workers’ fights for the recognition of the dignity and importance
of their jobs and professions can facilitate a rethinking of the
division of labour in our societies.

This research is motivated by a desire to better understand contemporary partnerships and households in the UK, specifically examining the gendered division of labour, gender inequalities, and social change within the domestic domain. Thirty years ago, Hochschild’s (1989) influential book, The Second Shift, provided a dominant assessment of the gendered division of labour within the home of dual-earner families. Hochschild (1989) asserted that men refused to share the burden of housework, forcing employed women to come home to a ‘second shift’ of unpaid domestic labour - a significant barrier to their careers. In the thirty years since Hochschild’s book, research has shown that women continue to do the bulk of domestic labour, perpetuating inequalities in both the private and public sphere. Despite this, gendered identities, workforce dynamics, and the social conditions of the home continue to change.

As the gendered division of labour remains a salient, yet problematic, sphere of British social life, an anthropological perspective can help to illuminate points of tension that are often treated as simplistic to a casual observer. For instance, why do women continue to do the bulk of domestic labour and perceive it as fair, even though there are objectively unfair distributions of gendered work? In order to explore this, and to bring the discussion up-to-date, this paper will investigate housework and childcare from the view of dual-earner couples in contemporary British society. Rather than simply exploring the distribution of tasks and time, this research will focus on men’s and women’s perceptions of the domestic division of labour and their perceived fairness within the home; revealing insights into the determinants of both men’s and women’s levels of domestic and economic involvement. A thorough anthropological engagement within the home can help to identify men’s and women’s aspirations, expectations, and desires about domestic and paid work, in order to better understand the gendered division of labour and gender inequities that prevail in British culture. The knowledge gained through this research can be applied to address current societal issues, shape the national debate, and to develop and improve family policies and practices on a national level.

Η μελέτη αναφέρεται στο ζήτημα των παραγωγικών δυνάμεων σε συσχέτιση με τον καταμερισμό εργασίας που παρατηρείται στην καλλιέργεια και χωρική επεξεργασία του καπνού στα Δαρνακοχώρια του νομού Σερρών. Ειδικότερα, σχολιάζεται η συνάρθρωση των τεχνικών μέσων παραγωγής με τον συγκεκριμένο έμφυλο, ηλικιακό και κοινωνικό καταμερισμό της εργασίας που παρατηρείται μέσα στην οικογένεια στα αναφερόμενα χωριά.
Υποστηρίζεται ότι το χαμηλό επίπεδο τεχνολογικής ανάπτυξης και πιο συγκεκριμένα η αρχαϊκότητα των μέσων παραγωγής στην καπνοκαλλιέργεια, σε συνδυασμό με την ίδια τη φύση της καπνοκαλλιέργειας, αλλά και την κατάσταση της έγγειας ιδιοκτησίας στην περιοχή, συνέτειναν στην εμπλοκή όλης της αγροτικής οικογένειας στην παραγωγή με ανάλογο καταμερισμό εργασίας. Ο αναφερόμενος καταμερισμός διαμορφώθηκε με βάση
τη φυσιολογία του ανθρώπινου σώματος, αλλά και τις υπάρχουσες οργανωτικές κοινωνικές αξίες που επικρατούσαν στις αναφερόμενες αγροτικές κοινότητες.
The subject of this essay is related with the productive forces and the division of labor as it is observed during the cultivation and spatial elaboration of tobacco in a group of villages named Darnakochoria in the region of Serres. It probes particularly the articulation in rural family of the technical productive means with the division of labor regarding gender, age and social group. I argue that the low level of technological development
and especially the primordial nature of the productive means the villagers used in connection with the nature itself of tobacco cultivation and the condition of the land property resulted the involvement of all members
of the rural family in the production process. The  division of labor in this context was formed in accordance with physiology of the human body
and the existed organizational social values that were in use in the rural communities of reference.