Dhaka

This paper explores children’s (aged 7–16) outdoor play in terms of location preference, usage pattern, and accessibility range of play spaces in three neighbourhoods in Dhaka. Data were collected through a survey of children and their respective parents, interviews with children, and observation of play activities in 21 play spaces. Analytical results reveal diverse geographies of children’s outdoor play across gender, age, family income, urban areas, and length of stay. The preferences for outdoor play and intensity of use of the play spaces were significantly lower among girls compared to boys. The frequency of access to play spaces decreased exponentially with the distance between children’s home and play space (exponent of distance-decay = 0.346 per 100 m). Results add evidence to the everyday geographies of children’s outdoor play and inform urban planners in their efforts to create better play environments for and with children in high-density South Asian cities.

Osman living in a rooftop room dreams of his father’s death but finds himself in a distorted fact no less horrible. All he witnesses sometime seem hallucination sometime real. It’s a time when receiving news of someone’s being shot dead appear normal to Osman. The environs reflect situation of mass suffocation pressed under hideous images of late sixties Bangladesh, the then East Pakistan. Osman’s personal life reveals as abnormal, so does the public life. Even lamenting upon a dear one’s odd death is as if restricted. “It’s risky to answer” of any normal query! The first chapter of Elias’ Rooftop Soldier engulfs the readers with inner happenings of atypical socio-political state of pre-liberation Bengali life depicted with the unique language and style. The following translated piece from one of the best classic fiction of Bangla literature will surely be an astounding experience for world’s literature lovers.

Nothing makes me more home sick, more nostalgic than the thought of visiting Assam. Trapped as it is by a providence of birth in Bangladesh (in 1957), born to proud Assamese Muslim parents who immigrated in 1952 to East Pakistan from Borholla and Jorhat, my life has been an endless limbo when it came to the question of identity. I was born a citizen of Pakistan and after 1971 by default became a citizen of the Peoples Republic of Bangladesh, yet I was raised as an innocent Assamese child by my parents with a 'cursed sense of simplicity', with strict regimen in the practice of the Assamese language at home, and appreciation of its rich culture and heritage, with songs and Bihu festivities and its observance within the tight knit communities in Bangladesh from ujoni Asom or upper Assam. I had every reason to hold my head high with pride. The greatest gift that I have inherited from my parents is an ability to speak the purest of Assamese in the Sibsagar-Jorhat dialect which leaves many, especially in Assam awestruck ! Yet in my impressionable childhood when it came to visiting Assam they were rare and in-between occurrences and would happen during my winter vacations from school or during the weddings of any of my maternal uncles or aunts – who were in the dozens! In Assam my earliest recollections is getting thoroughly spoilt with gifts that were heaped on me, playing mischievous games and pranks with my cousins who were over fifty in number, the visit to my parental Gorajan Tea Estate in Borholla on a horse driven buggy, and the incessant travels to Jorhat Town, Dibrugarh Tezpur, Guwahati, Furkating, and several more. The greatest treat in my visit to Assam would be the family picnics or the shikars or hunts organized by my uncles. It was with a sense of pride that I would hold in my hand the array of family owned 12 bore shotguns, the .22 bore rifles and of course the 'pride of the aristocracy' the Browning Citori double barreled guns. My parents never permitted me to shoot a gun without an elder overseeing me – nor did they permit me to shoot and kill animals, so my joining the shikars was mainly for the fun of it all and overnight camping and the occasional pigeon that I would defy my Dad's instruction and shoot anyway. However two things about Assam continued to attract me like a magnet and perhaps still does, its natural beauty and its people – who I have no hesitation to state are perhaps the finest, gentle, humorous and polite folks I have met anywhere in the world.

Bangladesh is situated within the world's largest delta at the confl uence of the low-lying fl ood plains of the Ganges (Padma), Brahmaputra (Jamuna) and Meghna Rivers. Its territory is interlaced with an intricate system of waterways and tidal channels. Most parts of the poor, over-populated

Walk-up flats hold a 'non-elitist' typological building status, and a somewhat de-glorified position in the modern Dhaka city. Nevertheless, these mundane examples are appreciated as socio-spatially enlivened forms by a large section of middle-class urban dwellers in the contemporary city. Evidently, it is one of the dominant forms of multi-unit housing in Dhaka-a prominence similar to other parallel prototypes in rapidly urbanising developing Asian megacities, 1 though none of the world's megacities comes close to Dhaka's population density, allied to diverse localised housing solutions. The capital city of Bangladesh, Dhaka's 14.6 million people live in just

Dhaka city is experiencing rapid urbanization with high economic growth and industrial development. Instead of taking a variety of poverty mitigation and social safety programs, the overall number of people living in the informal urban settlements is increasing at a faster rate than the urban population due to the growing figure of internally displaced people by environmental and socio-economic impacts. This study explores the spatiotemporal growth of city’s irregular and informal settlements occupied by rural–urban migrants, utilizing geographical information systems (GIS) and remote sensing and looks into its impact on the changing land use and land cover pattern and urban built environment. Informal settlements had mapped through the visual interpretation of Google high-resolution image focusing temporal patterns of 2006, 2010 and 2016. The land use analysis shows that cultivated land and water bodies all decreased in the area while built-up areas, bare soil, and informal settlements increased over the same period with the encroachment of low-lying lands for settlements.

Rural-urban migration plays an important role in poverty reduction and economic development. In Bangladesh rural-urban migration is the most important factor for rapid urbanization with urban slums being a popular destination for poor rural-urban migrants. More than 15 million people live in the slums of six divisional cities of Bangladesh. Capital Dhaka alone contains about 3.4 million people in 4966 slums. Focusing on the two largest slums of Dhaka, the study reveals that predominantly migrants came from the northern and southern parts of the country and carried with them dreams of prosperity. This study evaluates the migration objectives, status and the fulfillment of their migration objectives based on a survey of 373 randomly selected temporary and permanent migrants. It was found that 82% of the migrants perceived that their migration objectives as had been either totally fulfilled or on the way of fulfillment. It was also discovered that although 68.10% of the migrants were satisfied with the socio- economic attainment of their migration objectives and wanted to come back to their place of origin after saving enough money, so that they could live the rest of their life out of poverty, they could not do so. The rural lack of earning
opportunities did not permit them to reverse the rural-urban migration trend.

Historically, the Government of Bangladesh has faced serious challenges in urban sanitation while
public policy continuously bypasses questions related to the overall condition of the urban slums and
their complex and filthy neighbourhood environment. Considering the diverse local settings of the
urban slums, this paper attempts to explore the varied dynamics of ‘social-technologicalgovernance’
(STG) systems from different categories of government (GO) and non-governmental
organisation-managed slums where sanitation projects have been implemented. The analysis of STG
systems not only uncovers different factors that affect sanitation projects but also offers a guideline
that could address the overwhelming slum sanitation agenda in the context of metropolitan cities.
The paper adopts a qualitative stance to explore the STG system and compare dynamics across the
study areas. As is widely understood, local contextual issues are important in implementing
sanitation projects and first-hand qualitative information has therefore been gathered and analysed
to make sense of on-the-ground realities.

Assignment: Essay; Identify one criminological issue and analyse it from the perspective of one or more of the criminological theories. Evaluate the current criminal justice policies deployed to deal with this issue. Lastly, discuss potential policy alternatives derived from the criminological theories used to analyse the chosen issue.

As there has been an increasing influx of white collar woman professionals in Dhaka, maintaining work- family balance is becoming more critical day by day. This study particularly attempts to explore the correlation between working hour and work family imbalance. Three FGDs, each with 10 female managers, were conducted, to make a total sample size of 30. Findings report extensive working hours, per se 9-10 hours a day, as a lethal contributor to work family conflict, whereas shorter working hours (average 5-7 hours) have little or no affect. This study is based on Dhaka city and concentrated on private commercial organizations only. So an extended sample with more coverage is suggested.

The use of electrical and electronic equipment is increasing in Bangladesh as its transitioning from a least developed country to a developing country. With the increase of per capita income, the purchasing power of the people is also increasing. For this reason, the amount of electrical and electronic equipment is also increasing. And this is contributing to the very fast growth of e-waste generation. This paper deals with the amount of e-waste generation from households in the Dhaka city corporation area, both Dhaka North City Corporation and Dhaka South City Corporation. The main problem of e-waste estimation is the lack of reliable data in developing countries as they don't have the manpower to do so. In Bangladesh, there is a lack of reliable data regarding e-waste generation. So, a household survey was conducted and various types of data were collected to determine the ewaste generation in the Dhaka city corporation area. This study also helps to understand the awareness of the user and the willingness of the user regarding e-waste. For this study, the Consumption and Use Method was used to determine the e-waste generation in the Dhaka City Corporation area as it helps to give us results with a little amount of data. From this study in 2021, it was found that the per capita generation of e-waste was around 5.4 kg/person. And the total e-waste generation in the Dhaka City Corporation area was found to be 117,598 tons/year. Among the surveyed families, more than 85% knew about the hazardous fraction that is present in the e-waste needed special treatment before it can be disposed of. But only 38.87% were practicing recycling. Although, 95% of them are willing to recycle e-waste to protect the environment. 78% of the surveyed families would give out the e-waste to the waste collectors for free if they can be taken care of properly so that it does not harm the environment. And at present 37% of people store their old electronics in their house, 23% sell it to the recyclers, 13% discard the e-waste with the household waste, 13% sell it to individuals and only 8% donate their old equipment. And the amount of e-waste generated can be reduced by the government, corporational and personal initiatives.

Knowledge-based society is already established in some developed countries which are not far away from Bangladesh. In the transition to the knowledge/information based society, information literacy is essential for the effective and widespread use of information. It is used today to describe a set of skills and competencies, processes and actions, and attitudes that lead one to be a wise information consumer. This study observes information literacy concepts, standard indicators, and readiness of Central Public Library (CPL) and examines whether the CPL is ready to assume an enhanced responsibility for information literacy education. This study finds that the CPL in Bangladesh has shortcomings in information literacy education programmes due to lack of physical facilities, absence of information retrieval tools and low level of professional education of public library staff. However, recognition that present approaches are not meeting the requirements of users and more effective system with experienced educator is required. This study also emphasizes and suggests that without a push of external help through finance, professional expertise, facilities, and patronizations the CPL would not be able to properly address information literacy issues.

Keywords: Information Literacy, Public Library, Library Education, Library Services, User Education, Library Readiness, Information Retrieval, Skilled Manpower.

With rapid urbanization, Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh, is progressively falling short of sustaining outdoor life due to the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effects, which is one of the most documented phenomena of urban climate change. The UHI intensity inside and around Dhaka varies from 2.5°C to 7.5°C, which leads to additional demand on the urban energy resources for cooling. It is reported that 75% power consumption of the city is occurring to achieve comfortable thermal conditions. While currently, 34.3% of Bangladesh's population lives in urban areas, it is projected to increase to 56% by 2050, which will eventually worsen the UHI phenomenon. Dhaka possesses only 0.12 acres of greenery and open areas per one thousand people, while according to a recommendation from the National Recreation and Park Association between 6.25 and 10.5 acres of total open space per thousand is needed. Since the consequences of UHI are significant, the severity of the problem should be carefully examined and reported. Therefore, this study emphasizes a critical investigation of the features and factors of UHI affecting the outdoor thermal comfort of Dhaka city. Published scientific papers, governmental reports, and other national publications have been explored to conduct a systematic review to identify the major contributing factors of the UHI in the context of Dhaka. This paper identifies that rapid population migration to Dhaka, reduction of percentages of vegetation and green spaces in the land cover, and the unplanned dense urban development by altering the natural surfaces to impervious surfaces are some of the major contributing factors to the formation of the UHI phenomenon in Dhaka.

External shading devices have been utilized very extensively in the buildings of tropics to control the amount of daylight and direct sun light flowing into interior spaces. It is now widely accepted that architects should encompass the environmental task of reducing fossil fuel energy consumption in response to climate change. Day light is a blessing of nature. Effective daylight reduces the need of artificial light at day time and thus reduces the overhead cost of energy. Proper luminous environment confirms sufficient daylight which is very good for both physical and mental health. But too much or unguided daylight cause glare and light pollution. For the purpose of examiningthe day lighting design in a residential building in the tropics likeBangladesh, this paper discussesthe effects of different types of fixed external shading devices on daylight flow intobuildings. The investigation was carried out by the use of ECOTECT for day lightingsimulations. A building having south facing openings has been fundamentally chosen as case study. The luminous level of different points in the study room has been collected as field survey. After studying the existing day light condition, daylight simulations have been conducted using several types of shading devices based on the study area. More importance has been given on useful daylight illumination for visual tasks to study the effects of different types of shading devices.

Freelancing has become a popular trend these days as the alternative to the typical nine to five job. People doing freelancing finds independent lifestyle, good salary, can get to know high skilled people and become experts in a certain area within a very short time. Though the demand of work is high, there are so many freelancers in the various online marketplaces so the chance to get another job after finishing one is a very tough situation to handle. As a developing country, Bangladesh and its youth are very much interested in doing freelancing work over the online. But lack of working quality, lack of reasonable internet and the high price of electronic accessories already make a freelancer’s life tough in Bangladesh. Moreover, the social aspects are trickier as so many people here discourage to go for a challenging job rather than finding a government job. Primary object is to know the overall situation of freelancing in Bangladesh and how freelancers are coping with their career in 2018. This research finds out the social, economic and the educational factors of freelancing and recent impact on the people of Bangladesh. Also, how the government can be more helpful to the freelancers and how these could impact the whole society have been discussed. The study is based on both qualitative and quantitative methods. A questionnaire has been conducted in the google forms and around 25 freelancers were interviewed. In addition to these, a focus group discussion (FGD) and a case study has been conducted to make the research as the qualitative one. Major findings of the study reflected that freelancing is directly and positively related with reducing unemployment rate in the country, government should put more emphasis on the assistance of freelancing community, and reasonable internet cost should be introduced.

In recent years, remarkable flyover projects have taken place all over Dhaka, the capital city of Bangladesh, resulting from the needs of mobility in the city. The flyovers, perceived as an emblem of modernity are aimed at alleviating congestion, promoting economic development and enhancing connectivity with the distant communities overlooking their voids underneath.  These left over spaces designed by the transport planners either display withering, neglected landscaping or dead storage spaces. The striking fact is that the marginal inhabitants who cannot afford expensive lands in the city, find opportunities within these flyunder voids to invest on their self-generated array of activities and attribute multiple meanings to the unattended flyunder design by the formal institutions. The flyunder example from different case studies in Dhaka indicates how they become meaningful at the neighborhood scale through the spatial practices of marginal population in the area: namely, the use of space for economic, social and recreational activities. Therefore, this paper aimed at investigating on how the flyunder blighted spaces are perceived, produced and inhabited by the marginal community in a densely populated mega city like Dhaka. Followed by site observations, photographic documentation, informal discussions with the marginalized users at the Tejgaon Flyover location at Dhaka and some case studies in other countries, the research brought some design propositions at the end.

Geologically, the Dhaka-Tongi area consists of parts of high inlier, along narrow tract of older sediments hosting the major parts of the city and surrounded by very young riverine sediments occupying the surrounding valleys. The drainage patterns of this tract consist of two types, dendritic and trellis. The older sediment sequence consists of sandstone of Dupi Tila Formation overlain by by the Madhupur Clay. The Clay is overlain by alluvium, but is locally exposed in stream valleys. The region can be divided into three types of landforms – a central high area, a complex of high and lowareas band a complex of low areas. The ground condition with respect to construction can be rated as: favourable, poor and hazardous. The techniques for ground improvement depend on the ground conditions which are intimately related to the geology (sediment type and structure) and geomorphology (landform and elevation). The type of site preparation techniques applicable during pre-construction development are variable from simple removal of the surficial soft soil followed by a sand fill and compaction to more complex techniques of using geotextile, grouting, preloading and surcharge. Taking account of above, a model is suggested which can be used to choose the appropriate ground improvement technique.

— Professional five year Bachelor of Architecture program initiated in Bangladesh with the inception of Architecture Department at BUET in 1962. At present the number of Architecture schools offering B.Arch degree has risen to seventeen and nine has produced graduates so far. Six of these nine architecture schools are picked on random selection for the research. The study focuses to identify the challenges of architecture education here in maintaining and improving its quality, responsiveness and competitiveness in a global standard, while it will also illustrate a picture of hope and prospects that is rising on the horizon. Investigating the problems and identifying the prospects while comparing the different crucial factors simultaneously with reference to widely accepted local and international standards would be the first step in suggesting guidelines and strategies to ensure standard for Architecture education in future. The paper finally draws a critical, comparative overview of the existing system to help seek the process which needs to be undertaken in order to ensure a bright future for architecture education scenario of Bangladesh.

Dhaka City has been suffering from many environmental problems including flooding, waterlogging and other related problems. Urbanization, which is occurring very fast and with larger magnitude in Dhaka, is the intrinsic reason behind these problems. High rate of urbanization causes extensive urban area expansion and as a result canals, wetland and other
water bodies are quickly vanishing from the landscape. This study shows the present physical condition of the canals; identifies the processes of canal encroachment; represents the
consequences of canal encroachment. 13 canals of 50 were surveyed; local people were surveyed to identify the impact and processes of encroachment. According to this study, canals of Dhaka city are under serious threat of extinction and require immediate recovery actions. Canals are being encroached in various styles and this study identifies five: unauthorized land
filling, illegal construction over canal, expansion of slum, solid waste dumping, taking advantage of lack of awareness of local people as well as government agencies. However, this study also discusses the grave consequences of canal encroachment: increasing flood vulnerability, wane of ground water recharge area and ground water level, collapse of natural drainage system, loss of local ecology and biodiversity.

Square is not just a brand name in Bangladesh. It is an icon in business. But could anyone imagine it would be a leading business conglomerate when four like-minded people in Pabna with Tk 80,000 capital each started a pharmaceutical company 54 years ago, in 1958? And we might have not seen Square Group in today's position unless the idea of manufacturing life-saving drugs had come out from Samson H Chowdhury, the founder chairman who had conceived the idea from a tiny dispensary at Ataikula in Pabna.

This report focuses on the Financial management procedure into the Leading University.
The main objective of the report is to identify the financial management process of Leading University which includes budgeting, cost minimizing, best utilization of available resources.
Descriptive research methodology has been followed to conduct the study. The relevant data were explained in details with necessary tables, figures, and written information. All the information used to prepare this report has been collected from both primary and secondary sources.
Leading University’s financial process maintain a circle of procedure which includes budgeting, cost minimizing and the study found some vital issues which will make the sense of how this intuition can reduce the operating cost, inventory (stationary) cost and ensure eco-friendly environment by reducing paper work.
Accounting & Financial Information Systems, Financial activities operations should be maintained through University Management Software via offline/manually and online software both. Manually operations also must be maintained in regular basis. Whenever financial data required so that it can be presented and disclosed to the authorized high officials. Each and every organization should have internal audit cells to check and verify or monitor financial operations time to time or whenever essential. Internal Audit cells chief can provide written data and their professional suggestion is needed to improve the financial concerned irregular activities.

Over the past decade Child Friendly City(CFC) initiative has been developed throughout the world to make the cities more livable and friendly to its children and also to the future child to come. To ensure such objective Convention on the rights of the child (CRC), formulated in 1990 by UNICEF, provides a common framework for action regarding children in the cities or urban context. This paper tries to interpret some selected articles of CRC in terms of physical environment.
Children from middle and upper middle income group, living primarily in the recently grown apartment complexes are deprived of quality contact with nature, safe mobility, autonomy and their capacityto exploretheirsurrounding.Itisanironythatthepoorerchildrencanenjoythese benefits more than the well of though they ‘enjoy in an unhealthy and unsafe environment’(Marco corsi,2002). This study deals mainly with the middle and upper-midle income group children(aged between 2-11 years) and their surrounding physical environment in Dhanmondi Residential Area, thefirstplannedresidentialareain Dhaka.
Dhanmondi Residential Area was developed as a low density(almost 10 person per acre) high income residential area during 1950s. During the last three decade the area experienced a rapid change in density, land use, building types, traffic pattern etc. Such phenomena had their major repercussions on children.
By environment behavior studies this thesis tries to understand the issue of child friendliness in terms of physical environment based on some selected CRC guidelines. By studying the open space structure of Dhanmondi R/A area, some actionable ideas and respective alternative patterns are suggested.Aspartoftheanalysis, visualsurvey ofthestudyarea,questionnairesurveyinaselected sample area, configurational analysis with ‘space syntax’ and building typology-study based on present by law are performed. At the end, a redesign alternative pattern is proposed for the area to create locality or sense of place. Along with other supportive suggestions this exercise ends with designing a micro scale outdoor green open space (at Road 10a) adjacent to dwelling plots to give a visual imagery of physical environment that is actionable in this area.
Key words:
Child friendly City, Urban living environment, Post development change pattern, Open space structure,SpaceSyntax, Buildingtypology,Alternativepattern

Sheikh Kamal, the eldest son of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, who was in prison accused of treason by the military dictator General Ayub Khan for conspiring to bifurcate the eastern province of Pakistan into an independent state, Bangladesh. In fact, the dream came into reality in less than five years.
Kamal was an avid promoter of Bangla-speaking students to join regular sports, especially cricket. Shaheen School fared very well in inter-school competitions in basketball, football, cricket, and other sporting events for his active involvement.
Kamal used to visit junior classes to recruit students who had a flair for music, dance, and drama.
Fortunately, Sheikh Kamal’s pro-active initiative had yielded a positive result. Nearly a dozen footballers and cricketers who studied in Shaheen School joined the national team. Amongst them was Kazi Salauddin, who is presently president of the Bangladesh Football Federation.
Most exciting was Tanveer Mazhar Islam Tanna and Jahangir Shah Badshah who played cricket in the national team after the independence of Bangladesh.

The assignment for Service marketing, the first of its nature in Bangladesh, has been carried out by desk study, documents review and searching Internet. Findings reveal that our community is very much related with service marketing. Most of the part of this assignment is covered with so many necessary information regarding service marketing and its different procedures and actions. Our society will be benefitted if the service marketing is applied in Bangladesh properly.

Introduction: E-learning as an advanced system for learning through Information Communication Technologies (ICTs) is becoming an engine of innovation in education. In LIS education, it is becoming popular day by day due to its applicability and recognized as a suitable mode of education. This system also changes the library and information services, changing the role of information professionals and unwrap a new vista for effective and efficient environment for library education. Method: In order to provide a detailed analysis of the literature on e-learning in LIS education many webliographic sources were consulted. Current situation of e-learning in Bangladesh, documentary sources and direct observations are the major methods of this article. Result: This study examines the LIS education in e-learning environment and its implications in other areas. This study also gives an overview of e-learning education systems in Bangladesh and finds out problems of e-learning in LIS educations in Bangladesh. To reach information superhighway and face the e-learning environment, Bangladesh needs a proposal to acquaint with this system. It provides a proposal to apply distance and e-learning modes adopted by different LIS institutions in Bangladesh. This article also makes some recommendations for implementing the proposal. Conclusion: In 21 st century, learning mode is increasingly relying on various forms of electronic delivery and communications. E-learning is now widely used to promote distance education in an effective way. Bangladesh needs an immediate dedicated decision to ensure an appropriate e-learning environment in LIS education.

This paper seeks to locate Kaiser Haq's poetry in the spatiality and temporality of Dhaka, the capital city of Bangladesh. Kaiser Haq, the foremost Bangladeshi English poet, was born and brought up in Dhaka and saw the rise of this capital city from a polis to a metropolis. Hence the city Dhaka, both as setting and subject matter, is firmly grounded in his whole corpus of poetry written during his long almost sixty years career as a poet. To his longtime Dhaka University colleague Alam (2007), Kaiser Haq's poems are "immersed in the landscape and cityscape of Bangladesh/ Dhaka". The poetic persona that is often seen in his poems is a city dweller, more specifically an inhabitant of Dhaka who is fraught with the aspirations, desires, frustrations, loneliness and ennui of an urban man. Like a city flâneur, this persona is a ubiquitous observer and explorer of the mystery of Dhaka. In this way, like Baudelaire's Paris, Eliot's London or Ezekiel's Bombay, Dhaka is the epicenter of Kaiser Haq's personal and poetic self. This paper is based on the critical analysis of Kaiser Haq's representative poems on Dhaka. Here attempts will be made to examine these poems to discover the Dhakaite sensibility present in them.

The Eco-city concept has been implemented in different cities in order to make them more sustainable. Cities in different parts of the world differ from each other in different aspects. They vary in terms of their capability to take initiatives to become
more sustainable. Cities in developing country have certain limitations which make their attempt to be sustainable difficult. Although they realize the necessity to become sustainable to cope with the present and the future, their path becomes harder because of all the limitations. The eco-city concept might help them overcome this hurdle if it
acknowledges the developing cities’ limitations and special characteristics. This paper intends to make an attempt to hypothetically apply the ‘eco-city’ concept in a developing city. While doing so, the principles of the concept will be analyzed and adapted to be effective for the cities in developing countries.

The fast paced land and housing development projects in Dhaka City since 1980s had generated irregularities in developers' real estate projects and policy deviations in the Dhaka Metropolitan Development Plan (DMDP). This paper explores the causes of the irregularities and reasons that trapped many buyers in the developers' unauthorised housing projects and violation of some regulations. The study argues that the untimely promulgation of laws, namely: The Natural Water Body, Open Space, Park/Play Ground Preservation Rule 2000, Private Housing Project Land Development Rules 2004 (PHPLD Rules 2004), and Real Estate Development and Management Act 2010 (REDM Act 2010) could be largely responsible for the present crisis. This paper suggests that modification of the DMDP policies and relevant laws should be urgently undertaken in order to bring about solidity and smooth functioning of the land and real estate market in Dhaka. The study also suggests that an independent assessment agency could be commissioned to assess the situation and minimise the risks of buyers and the irregularities of developers by disseminating the relevant information to respective agencies and concerned persons.

Once people played games just for getting mental pleasure or for just spending their leisure time but things have changed in recent years. But now the market has gotten massive with a wide range of video game genres and the number of games and series, on different platforms. So, who are the basic consumers? Mainly the teenagers and university students are more involved with gaming that, it become a part of their life. A survey carried out among 30 to 40 people, all of them are university students to see their gaming preferences and how gaming effects on them. The objective of the research to see the gaming behavior of university students in our country and how their lifestyle changed for this habit. From my research I found out the lifestyle of university students is changing it becoming faster day by day by the influence of gaming. This research would stand as a window to the gamers’ preference of universities.  My hypothesis is proven right.

Traditional mud houses are integral part of Bangladeshi culture from the ancient period. But with the course of time urbanization, industrialization & technology have achieved an infinite development & people began to forget their origin-mud or earth. At present that time has come to rethink the existence-relationship with earth. Architects have started realizing the destructive effects of different building materials like concrete, C.I. sheet, etc. They are going back to nature with the slogan of ‘Go Green’. Recently mud is being used in urban areas even in capital Dhaka not only by poor masses but also in rich people’s residences, resorts, café and shops; sometimes in the form of fusion as rammed earth construction, sometimes as interior cladding or plastering material & sometimes for research. Sometimes mud is being used realizing it as an eco friendly material & sometimes it is being used only for aesthetical purpose. But for benefit & sustainability, every building material should be chosen after understanding its environmental & economic issues which can enhance a new horizon in construction arena being a true friend of nature & culture & create a revolution. This paper reviews and argues the environmental (temperature, relative humidity, carbon-di-oxide emission, other climatic effects) & economic benefits (manufacturing & maintenance cost) of using rammed earth as a building material for urban construction in Bangladesh in context of Dhaka. A critical literature review & field survey using experimental & qualitative approach was adopted in this paper to investigate whether rammed earth construction & mud plastering is feasible in Dhaka compared to the conventional brick construction.

Water, the elixir of life, is needed by mankind and creatures alike. Its uses and applications have made life easier for us. Water is a very important basic need of humans. Fresh water is a very valuable resource and getting more valuable daily. Increasing populations and technological growth have put the ecosystem we depend on under stress and the availability of fresh water is at a very high risk (UN, 2002). Consequently people need to utilize every source of water (surface water, groundwater, oasis water, rain water, etc.) to meet their demand. Reservoirs water supply is a new technology in which water is pumped from a large reservoirs and passed through a number of chambers containing sand and gravel and supply with properly designed pipe network. The treated water is usually safe for drinking. In Dhaka, we have an annual rainfall of about 1,854 millimetres, but due to land constraints, there are insufficient rainwater catchment areas. As Dhaka depends heavily on water and the demand is continuously increasing day by day rainwater or sometimes known as roof water can be a great option to meet this rapid increasing demand. The rooftops have a huge potential for rainwater collection. On the other hand the water level in our country is going downward due to the excess amount of water extraction from the ground. As a result it can decrease the possibility of future water scarcity. The rooftops along with the free area of house have a huge potential for rainwater collection. Our aim is to come up with a suitable rainwater system to utilize this resource for non-potable uses and groundwater recharge.The objective of this study is to give a brief idea about the post implementation situation of the rain water facility given in Mohakhali slums area in Dhaka. On the basis of primary data, the study was done and random sampling was followed in this survey. It has been seen that regular operation & maintenance and the willingness of the users to use the rain water is the man driving force to keep operating the RWHS. Regular follow up can change the behavior of the target group. Mass campaign or raising awareness to change the behavior of the people in order to make rain water popular is requirement nowadays.

Investigation was carried out to assess the quality of drinking water in different geographic areas under Dhaka Water Supply and Sewerage Authority (DWASA). Water samples from four selected zones in Dhaka city i.e. Ahamedbagh deep tube wells (DTW) under Maintenance, Operation and Distribution Services (MODS) Zone 1, Uttar Badda Hajipara DTW under MODS Zone 8, Bangladesh-Kuwait Maitree Hall DTW under MODS Zone 6 and Sadek Khan Model Town DTW under MODS Zone 3 were analyzed for chemical parameters e.g. pH, Turbidity, Alkalinity, Chloride, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Fluoride, Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn), Arsenic (As) and biological parameters e.g. Total Coliform and Fecal Coliform count using standard methods.

A slum is an adjoining settlement which grows haphazardly in an unwholesome condition and where the residents are characterized as having inadequate housing and basic services. The majority of urban residents of Dhaka city living in overcrowded slums are often characterized by poor health conditions and livelihood opportunities. To address the problems associated with the basic services, an informative study on the number, structure and housing condition of slum, nature of slum people, income patterns, and water supply at community or household level, thorough behavioral practices in sanitary and waste disposal systems in the slums is recommended. A brief summary about the findings of an external evaluation of the effectiveness of the basic services-water supply, sanitation practice and waste management system of 26 slums of Dhaka city has been represented in this paper by analyzing the census and survey report. A scoring system ranging 0-5 was also introduced for easy understanding of the overall scenario of the studied slums where 0 stands for most vulnerable and 5 specifies the best condition. The assessed data are interpreted in different maps showing the state of the provided services. Among the studied slums, Abdullahpur, Arambagh, Diabari, Bhasantek, Agargaon, Bosila, and Bashbari slums are in the most vulnerable condition as no services are adequately provided according to the number of living people. On the other hand, Paris Road, Baonia Badh, Muktijoddha Abason and Rasel Square slums are in better form with a score 4. Not a single slum is scored with 5 which signify that improvement is needed in all the slums. The conditions of the slums are analyzed using T-test, F-test and Z-test and non linear regression analysis. T-test between existing population with available water source, v sanitation facility and waste management facility shows that these facilities are insufficient as the value of t was found to be 0.59, 0.84 and 1.37 consecutively. But according to analysis they should be at least 2.064. Therefore, if the number of these service facilities increases or the number of population using those facilities decreases, the services will become satisfactory. According to F-table F must be 3.128123 for this analysis. But calculated F was only 2.3 which mean the services are not equally provided in all the slums. For 5% confidence level Z can't be more than 1.96; according to this principal provided services for dwellers of one slum were compared with other slums and slums with z lower than 1.96 were considered similar and higher than that were identified as different. Analysis in the paper shows that 25% of water supply scenario of the studied slum, sanitation practice scenario of Bhoran slum and waste management scenario of Arambagh slum has resemblance with 40% and 24% of the studied slums respectively. So development plans to improve these slums can be used for other similar ones too. The study ends up with the decision that the conditions of the service facilities are not adequate in the slums of Dhaka city and a lot of works need to be done to improve the facilities for making the slums in shape for the dwellers habitation. vi

Dhaka city has an urbanization process over 200 years old and a history of 400 years. Over this period of time Dhaka evolve to one of the crowded and most densely populated city of the world. The city flourished in trade and commerce to support the life system of the city and its inhabitants. In this period of time not only the population increased but also a massive change in overall city built environment and infrastructure was staged. But most of these developments were soon challenged by the almost doubled population in the late 90's.

There are several factors, responsible for rural-urban migration, influence the migrant’s migration status. The main objective of this paper to discuss the influence of migration factors on the determination of migration status of the rural-urban migrants’. As a case study, this study purposively selected the largest slum of Bangladesh according to single criterion- high concentration of rural-urban migrants. A total of 263 face to face interviews and 5 FGDs were conducted. Respondents, who are household heads of the migrant families, were chosen randomly and interviewed using both open ended and close ended questionnaires and for data analyses, respondents were categorized into two divisions- temporary and permanent migrants. Multivariate analyses show that both push and pull factors influence the migration status of migrants’, however, social factors, except occupation at rural origin, do not have any considerable influences.