Migrant Literature

On the cusp of the third millennium, the debate on tolerance raises new questions with regard to cultural pluralism, economic disparities, and ethnic and religious frictions that have changed our globalized society. With the decline of the tenets of “democratic pluralism” (Wolff 1965), the boundary that separates tolerance from intolerance dwells on a knife-edge, oscillating between an “instrument of domination” (Marcuse 1965) used to control the economic and political power, and a “boomerang” (Adorno 2005 [1954]) through which the abstract rhetoric of egalitarianism wipes out differences, under the guise of a false tolerance. In the light of multicultural policies imbued with Eurocentric principles, tolerance comes then to tally with an “ideological category” (Zizek, 2008) of global-capitalist discourse. Zizek’s critique of the multicultural project echoes Staney Fish’s concept of “boutique multiculturalism” (Fish 1997), a tendency to superficially appreciate other cultural practices without a comprehensive understanding of their differences. According to Gilroy (2004), British multiculturalism is afflicted by “postcolonial melancholia”, a sense of nostalgia for the lost empire which arouses feelings of racism and intolerance against the subjects coming from erstwhile colonies. In the emphasis on the connections between South-Asian migrancy and multiculturalism, Monica Ali’s novel Brick Lane (2003) and Hanif Kureishi’s essays in The World and The Bomb (2005) are key works that epitomize the issues of segregation and alienation within the London South Asian (Muslim) community. Revolving around stereotypes, desire for revenge, intergenerational conflicts, interracial anxieties and cosmopolitan resistance, these texts are symptomatic of the socio-cultural processes generated by globalization and they therefore explore integration and otherness in the controversial British multiculturalism. The purpose of this paper is to shed light on how the conflictual attempts to accommodate by south-Asian migrants have a considerable impact on the thorny question of tolerating differences, above all in the aftermath of September 11.

Schools may be particularly challenged in the building of relationships with immigrant families because of a potentially heightened mutual lack of knowledge or understanding about the other party's cultural norms (e.g. Crozier & Davis, 2007). In the context of increased immigration from Eastern and Central European states, this study seeks to initiate the development of model of multi-cultural family-school interaction drawing on existing frameworks drawn from the fields of education, psychology and sociology. With the intention of establishing the nature of migrant parents' constructions of their relationships with their children's schools, we carried out in-depth, semi-structured interviews with 10 parents of school age children who had migrated to the UK from Eastern and Central Europe within the past 10 years. The key themes from the interviews indicated that the parents' expectations of their children's schooling appear to clash with those of the UK school system and that this is amplified by perceptions of poor communication, inadequate school-parent cooperation & marginalisation. Through the use of existing theoretical frameworks it was established that there is potential for improved practice though development of a model though this must take account of the full contextual complexity of the relationships.

Although the first world, as seen through the lens of academia, seems to be prospering, and the third world has found its own place in the postcolonial intellectual order, the post-cold war world of semi-peripheries in East and Central Europe (ECE) has largely disappeared from the discourse of Comparative Literature. It sometimes appears as a convenient intellectual counterpoint or is included in postmodernist or postcolonial narratives; in both cases, however, it doesn’t convey regional specificity or allow local voices to speak. Both strategies – core and postcolonial – expropriate the semi-peripheral realm of second-world non-places.

Kungsgatan som migrantlitteratur Går det att se Ivar Lo-Johanssons Kungsgatan (1935) som en migrantberättelse där huvudpersonerna Marta och Adrian bär med sig sin bakgrund som ett aldrig läkt sår och som på många sätt bestämmer hur deras respektive liv i staden utvecklar sig? Med utgångspunkt i Marshall Bermans diskussion kring moderniteten och den moderna staden samt Anna Williams text om Kungsgatan som uttryck för det nya och moderna i kontrast till landsbygden som uttryck för det gamla och nostalgiska är det detta migranttema, från landsbygd till stad och de effekter migrationen får för Marta och Adrian, jag kommer diskutera i denna text.

El objetivo de este artículo es demostrar que la migración y la migrancia son dos aspectos claves para la configuración de la identidad de los migrantes. El análisis del viaje que realiza la familia Guzmán en Crónica de músicos y diablos de Gregorio Martínez permite demostrar que la migración no solo constituye un movimiento geográfico hacia Lima, ni implica únicamente consecuencias sociales o económicas; por el contrario, la migración involucra también un viaje invisible cuyos efectos son principalmente culturales e identitarios, y al cual se le denomina migrancia. Este último exige el abandono de ciertos elementos de la cultura de origen para así apropiarse de los elementos de la nueva cultura. Se configura, por lo tanto, una identidad que se ubica entre dos espacios culturales.

Este estudio parte de la idea que la novela Crisis del uruguayo Jorge Majfud hace concurrir su compromiso social por medio de la alusión una serie de aspectos que han jugado un papel decisivo en la geopolítica latinoamericana y estadounidense. Por medio de la reconstrucción de las circunstancias que están detrás del éxodo latinoamericano, el nacimiento de “latinos” estadounidenses y la no integración latina en la tierra del tío Sam, Crisis se confirma como un texto de gran valor social y literario, cuyo interés radica en su deber colectivo hacia los hispanoamericanos que viven en Estados Unidos.

With the growth of Asian economies, reliance on the supply of migrant workers has become more important to sustain competitiveness especially in labor-intensive sectors. Malaysia, for one, is a large importer of labor in the region. An estimated 16 per cent of the country's total employed workforce is comprised of foreign workers with vital communication and information needs. The paper examines how mobile phones have become significant devices for migrant workers to adapt to new environments. The paper looks into: (1) the information and communication needs and practices specifically of Indonesian, Filipino, and Bangladeshi migrant workers in Malaysia (2) their aspirations and interests on entertainment, local content, and media consumption; and (3) their social networks in their host environments. Through in-depth interviews and photo novellas (picture stories), the paper investigates how migrant use of mobile phones paves the way for forming and maintaining social circles that are integral in their lives away from home. The lifestyles and mobile phone culture of selected Filipino, Indonesian and Bangladeshi migrant workers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia reflect how links with their own home countries are sustained with mobile technology as a tool. The paper hopes to shed light on the role played by mobile usage in building social capital and inclusion among migrant workers in Malaysia.

Il saggio ricostruisce e mette in luce la stretta relazione che gli immigrati italiani e i loro figli rioplatensi hanno mantenuto, nel corso degli anni, con il tango.
Senza di loro - i TANOS - è possibile che il tango, così come è conosciuto e amato oggi, non sarebbe esistito. Una ricerca che, rispetto alle opere che l'hanno preceduta, presenta nuovi spunti di analisi e ricco apparato di materiali inediti.
La suddivisione  del saggio in tre capitoli consente di avicinarsi a tre universi d'indagine. Il primo ha per asse l'ibridazione verificatasi nei primi decenni del tango, quando questo venne codificato come genere musicale, come genere ballabile e, infine, cantabile. Il secondo capitolo, è propriamente quello dei TANOS e del loro decisivo contributo alla storia del tango.
Il terzo e ultimo capitolo di TANGO TANO esplora il rapporto tra tango rioplatense e la tradizionale canzone classica napoletana. Un capitolo che rappresenta un contributo illuminante, sia per i ricercatori europei sia per quelli americani, poiché affronta un argomento ancora poco studiato.

[ITA] Non c'è paese dell'Africa nera che non abbia le sue solide leggende, tessuto popolare riconosciuto culturalmente e socialmente. Ogni etnia ne è portatrice. Le custodisce e le trasmette. Scopo fondamentale del racconto e della narrazione - orale prima e scritta poi - è l'educazione, intesa come insegnamento da seguire che tocca, affascina, unisce, trasforma. Gli animali sono uomini: li rappresentano in tutte le loro caratteristiche ma anche in altre sembianze che non potrebbero mai - solo realisticamente - assumere.

[ENG] There is no country in black Africa that does not have its solid legends, a culturally and socially recognised popular fabric. Every ethnic group is a bearer of them. They are preserved and transmitted. The fundamental purpose of storytelling and narration - first oral and then written - is education, understood as teaching to be followed, which touches, fascinates, unites and transforms. The animals are men: they represent them in all their characteristics but also in other guises that they could never - only realistically - assume.

Odin's millennial crisis: Norse mythology and Nordic identities in Janne Teller's Odins ø and Cornelius Jakhelln's Gudenes fall

In this essay, I will discuss the use of elements from Old Norse mythology in two recent novels: Janne Teller’s
Odins ø (1999) and Cornelius Jakhelln’s Gudenes fall (2007). In both works, the Norse god Odin is placed in
modern, Nordic societies close to the millennial shift, raising questions and debate about (national) identity,
history and memory in times of globalization and mass immigration. The works are read from a postnational
perspective, in which Homi K. Bhabha’s idea of «writing the nation» serves as a theoretic starting point. Through
several examples, I show how both novels deconstruct the idea of a national narrative, by letting pre-national
(mythic), national and postnational narratives, symbols and imaginations collide into apocalyptic visions without
fixed perspectives or closed endings. The essay also puts these two Nordic examples in the broader perspective
of new world literature and migrant literature, in which the shape and content of the (national) self and history is
constantly under debate.

Resumen:
Han pasado casi seis décadas desde que La imagen de la ciudad de Kevin Lynch lograra posicionarse en la academia global como una metodología relacional para entender la morfología de la ciudad. Si bien este concepto se mantiene dentro de las premisas urbanas vigentes y con aplicación sobre los procesos de diseño y mejoramiento en barrios y ciudades, se requiere de nuevas visiones que integren el actuar de los residentes, retratadas por medio de sus propios imaginarios. El presente artículo posiciona el debate y la aplicación de la imagen urbana desde una visión dinámica, emergida desde la revisión del propio Lynch (1995) que puede aplicarse en las actuales prácticas socioespaciales de migrantes latinoamericanos en centros urbanos, y cómo sus imaginarios urbanos se transforman en activos culturales. Situados en la calle Maruri, en Santiago de Chile, se adopta un enfoque cualitativo multidisciplinar que combina el análisis clásico de la imagen urbana de Lynch (1960) con registros visuales en esta área central, de manera de comprender la experiencia del residente migrante respecto de sus apropiaciones del espacio público. Los resultados muestran que estas prácticas socioespaciales de los migrantes, en tanto nuevos residentes, están permitiendo amplificar el significa-do y uso de la calle, reactivando espacios de transición como la fachada y la platabanda con nuevos usos que prolongan la actividad barrial y la integración cultural. Se concluye que el vínculo entre "imagen e imaginario" requiere una relación recíproca e indisoluble para ser transformada en normativa urbana y, de esta forma, permear en la planificación urbana en materia de integración social y programas específicos de mejoramiento barrial.

Abstract:
It has been almost six decades since The image of the city of Kevin Lynch became a key methodology in the global academia to understand the morphology of the city. Although this concept remains within the current urban principles and also applies to the processes of design and improvement in neighbourhoods and cities, new approaches are required to include the actions of the residents and their own imaginaries. This article debates the application of the urban image from a dynamic vision, emerging from Lynch (1995) to be applied in the current socio-spatial practices of Latin American migrants in the inner city, and how their urban imaginaries are transformed into cultural assets. Located on Maruri Street, in Santiago of Chile, a multidisciplinary qualitative approach is proposed which combines the classic analysis of the urban image of Lynch (1960) with the ethnographic study in this historical area, including the migrant resident's everyday life and visualizations in the public space. The results show that these socio-spatial practices of migrants as new inner residents help to amplify the sense and use of the street, reactivating transitional spaces such as the facade and tree strips with new uses that increase both neighbourhood activity and cultural integration. It is concluded that "image and imaginary" require a closer and better relationship to be included in urban regulations and planning in terms of social integration and specific neighbourhood improvement programs. Palabras clave espacio público; imagen urbana; imaginario; migrante latinoamericano Keywords imaginary; Latin American migrant; public space; urban image

Set in today’s multi-cultural, multi-sexual Australia, Love You Two is Maria Pallotta-Chiarolli’s first novel, about a young woman’s coming-of-age when life, love and family aren’t what anyone said they’d be. Addressing bisexuality in men, polyamorous parents and intergenerational relations in migrant families, Love You Two was inspired by Maria Pallotta-Chiarolli’s fifteen years of community work and academic research and publishing in sexual, family and cultural diversity in Australia, with an emphasis on adults and adolescents, and parents and their children. She says, ‘There were lots of people I’d met, events I’d witnessed, that just hung around in my head and heart begging to be taken out, aired and affirmed. I wanted to write a comforting, funny, challenging and realistic book for young people and the adults in their lives who love “differently”, whose families are misunderstood, misrepresented, and hidden, so that they could find themselves and know that what matters is how people love, not who they love.’

200+ pages of text intelligently condensed into 17 pages – save your precious time!
For smart lazy students with love from Angel Versetti
Spark Notes style summary of the essentials for your preparation
The American Revolution by Gordon S. Wood summary

O objetivo desse artigo é realizar uma
breve discussão, de forma reflexiva e
crítica, sobre os seguintes modelos de recepção
dos imigrantes: 1- Assimilacionista
ou republicano que tem na França o seu
principal expoente (baseado na ideia que
a equidade e a igualdade podem ser alcançadas
através da plena adoção de regras
e valores coletivos da república, evitando
diferenciações de caráter cultural); 2- multicultural
ou pluralista que tem abrigo em
países como Inglaterra, Holanda, Suécia e
Canadá (baseado no respeito, proteção e
investimento estatal da diversidade cultural).
O texto, em geral, reflete de forma
sucinta sobre as principais questões, lacunas
e desafios existentes no bojo desses
dois modelos.

Aiming at contributing to the limited literature on migrant labor in Qatar, this project investigated the current situation of low-skilled migrant workers in Qatar through an analysis of newspaper articles and interviews. 542 articles from two Qatari local newspapers in English that depicted stories of migrant worker issues were collected and analyzed using grounded theory. In addition, interviews with migrant workers, employers, ambassadors, and community advocates offer insights about the living and working conditions of migrant workers in Qatar. In line with the limited literature on this topic, the findings indicate that migrant worker face various challenges starting in their country of origin with the use of unscrupulous recruiting agencies and constrained by the sponsorship system and the labor laws in Qatar. Specifically, challenges include falsification of work related documentation, long work hours and low salaries, unpaid wages, exploitation and abuse in the work place, unsafe working conditions, poor accommodations, medical problems, and accidents and fatalities. The findings also highlight the role of government and non-government agencies and embassies in providing aid and assistance to workers in need. Initiatives taken by the Qatari government to better protect the rights of migrant workers are also discussed. The corpus analysis and interview data also points out the perceived negative cultural, social, and economic impact that migrant workers bring to the State of Qatar. Recommendations for policy implementation to protect the rights of migrant workers in Qatar are discussed.

In Francophone literature, the character is often represented as the embodiment of the search of identity whose aim would be a new self-accomplishment. Through Vénus Khoury-Ghata and Malika Mokeddem's works, we seek for factors giving rise to a character's awareness of its own condition in order to outline some possible narrative strategies that could be shared in Francophone literary production crossing the geographical borders. So, our study is principally built on a functional approach of the relationships between the main character and her entourage that reveal a wish of self-reappropriation. The results show two different authors' paths, apparently divergent, but both expressing the same need through rebellion, estrangement and release. Finally, the self-accomplishment can only take place in an incessant evolution determined by the 'migrant' nature of their identity considered as a positive value.

La recherche sur la littérature de la diaspora vietnamienne dans une perspective nord-américaine a été longtemps négligée par les critiques littéraires. Aux États-Unis, les écrits des auteurs d’origine vietnamienne sont habituellement inclus dans un corpus appelé « Asian-American literature » alors qu’au Québec, on préfère parler de « littérature migrante ». C’est pourquoi ce mémoire propose d’analyser The Gangster We Are All Looking For (2003), de Lê Thi Diêm Thúy, et Ru (2009), de Kim Thúy. Outre le fait de mettre en scène une protagoniste appartenant à la deuxième génération, les deux romans questionnent le rôle de l’héritage familial et de la mémoire collective dans le rapport à soi et aux autres. Dans The Gangster We Are All Looking For, la quête identitaire se définit par le maintien de l’anonymat et le désir d’incarner la figure subversive qu’est le gangster. Dans Ru, il est plutôt question d’intégration : le parcours de la narratrice est celui d’une ascension vers le « rêve américain ». Les critiques littéraires ont été nombreuses à penser l’exil en termes de culture et d’hybridité, mais peu ont tenu compte de sa dimension juridico-politique. En nous appuyant sur le concept de la « vie nue » de Giorgio Agamben et le texte d’Edward Saïd intitulé « Nationalism, Human Rights, and Interpretation », nous démontrerons que l’exil n’est pas simplement une expérience de déchirure romantique de citoyens privilégiés (écrivains, artistes, poètes, intellectuels). Il illustre aussi la condition précaire de ceux qui ne sont pas reconnus par le pouvoir étatique (réfugiés, apatrides, sans-papiers).

Parents and teachers interact because of their shared responsibility for the welfare of the children in their care. Research indicates that teachers value parental involvement in their students' education. There is also evidence that parents place a great deal of trust in their children's teachers. This interaction, with significant influence on the learning outcomes of students, occurs within a complex set of legal frameworks and cultural contexts. These include such legal considerations as international treaties on family and children's rights, national constitutional rights, and statutory rights and responsibilities of parents, teachers, and the state. Cultural factors include issues of engagement, marginalization, and power relationships. Societal evolution has also led to changing rights, responsibilities, and expectations for parents, teachers, and students. Parent-teacher relationships have also been affected by recent government initiatives to promote parental involvement in education through the creation of school councils. This paper, based on Canadian research on parental involvement in schooling and an analysis of Canadian and international legal principles, will illustrate the interplay of these legal and cultural considerations. The intent of this paper is to encourage better understanding of the complexity within the parentteacher relationship.

The aim of this paper is to analyse Mohsin Hamid's 2017 Exit West as a literary response to the 2015 migrant crisis. Hamid's fourth novel will be shown as, on the one hand, a formal departure from his previous works, but on the other, a continuation of the most important thematic threads in the author's output. The paper demonstrates how Hamid takes on the risky chal lenge of capturing the migrant experience by offering a nuanced response to the refugee crisis, which opens up the novel to interpretations from the perspectives of postcolonial studies, trauma theory, and socioliterature. Fur thermore, Hamid's use of the technique of magical realism will be examined as a metaphor and an ellipsis; however, it will be argued that the novel's politically subversive potential lies elsewhere: in the formally realist vision of an optimistic resolution to the migrant crisis. This ending, for many read ers unrealistic and fantastical, if not "magical," offers a "radical political en gagement with the future," as it provides the author's unflagging expression of support for what he calls "impurity," as well as his appeal for strategic hope and optimism in the face of the currently dominant political discourse of fear and division. http://pjes.edu.pl/issues/6-1-2020/

Seeking out affect in the exceptional zone of the refugee camp, this chapter follows a method of “documented witnessing” of undocumented migration. Written by two academic scholars who share a belonging to feminist post-humanist thought and a Muslim upbringing, we turn our attention to the everyday violence of the border regime in the hope of developing an architectural research methodology for working with precarious lives. A question that animates this chapter is what kinds of violence can/should we bear testimony to through our role as architects in relation to the spatial violence endured in refugee camps and in the circulatory movements of the undocumented? We address this question through a feminist lineage approaching witnessing as an embodied spatial practice. Emphasising the centrality of the body alongside an investment in the way emotions circulate across difference produces what we term “affective witnessing”. Through discussing an architectural design studio, we explore how we might register our affective witnessing basing it in a politics of belonging as distinct from the approach of humanitarian NGOs whose professionalised practice of witnessing is often a strategic exercise designed to produce evidence within institutional or legal contexts.

Nella cultura italiana degli ultimi venticinque anni si sono moltiplicate le correnti transculturali, di difficile categorizzazione ed aperte a fenomeni equivalenti che da più tempo caratterizzano lo scenario europeo e mondiale. Sul versante letterario, si tratta di testi di autori translingui e dal background migratorio, di espressioni poetiche dall’impronta plurilinguistica, ma anche di fenomeni artistici ascrivibili a voci della diaspora provenienti dalle ex-colonie italiane. Prendendo le mosse dal recente panorama sempre più dinamico delle lettere italiane, l’autrice effettua una lettura “contropelo” di un ampio spazio temporale, che va dagli inizi del Novecento e arriva ai giorni nostri, interpretando il suo vasto campione sotto una prospettiva nuova. L’obiettivo è quello di individuare in autori canonici o meno conosciuti le varie declinazioni che il fenomeno della inter- e transculturalità ha assunto in fasi storiche diverse, sulla spinta non solo del fenomeno migratorio, ma anche in seguito alla pratica del viaggio, della traduzione, in una parola della mediazione tra immaginari culturali diversi e spesso distanti. Sarà così messo in evidenza come lo scrivere tra le lingue e tra le culture assuma delle caratteristiche che tendono in alcuni casi a convergere rispetto a generi e stili già consolidati per “riscrivere” l’Italia sotto angolazioni nuove, e che in altri svolgono un lavoro di sperimentazione all’insegna dell’ibridazione, tutta volta ad una innovativa quanto necessaria “poetica del dialogo”.

Araştırmanın saha çalışması, 2016 yılının Temmuz ve Ağustos aylarında, Suriyeli Dom nüfusun göreceli yoğun olduğu Şanlıurfa, Gaziantep, Adana ve Mersin illerinde 400’ün üzerinde Dom erkek ve kadın ile yüz yüze ve 27 grup görüşmesi şeklinde yapılmıştır. Görüşmelerde; Arapça, Kürtçe ve Türkçe, Dom çalışmaları alanında uzman Kemal Vu- ral TARLAN ve Roman çalışmaları alanında uzman Hacer FOGGO’dan oluşan araştır- ma ekibi tarafından yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme sorularına dayandırılarak, gözlem ve özellikle gruplarla derinlemesine görüşmeler şeklinde Domların ikamet ettikleri ma- halleler, göç mekânları, çadırlar ve çalıştıkları tarlalarda yapılmıştır. Saha çalışması 15 Temmuz “darbe girişimi ve sonrasındaki olağanüstü hal” uygulamasının ilk günlerine denk geldiği için konuyla ilgili kamu kurumlarıyla yapılacak görüşmeler planlandığı şekilde gerçekleştirilememiştir. Bu nedenle, alan araştırmasının kamu ve yönetimsel boyutu araştırmacıların beş yıllık alan deneyimleri ve kamu kurum temsilcileriyle daha önce bu kapsamda yaptıkları görüşmeler ve katıldıkları çeşitli toplantılardaki istişare- ler, geçmişteki görüşme notları ve konuyla ilgili mevzuatın ve raporların incelenmesiy- le oluşturulmuştur. Böylece, Dom toplumunun Şanlıurfa, Gaziantep, Adana ve Mersin illerindeki profili ve temel ihtiyaçları belirlenmiş ve yaşadıkları yerler haritalandırıla- rak mevcut durum analizi hazırlanmıştır. Bu rapora kaynaklık eden araştırma Dom göçmenlerin sosyoloji, antropoloji ve tarih bilimleri kapsamında ele alınması gereken tarihsel arka plan, etnik köken, dil ve sosyo-ekonomik analizi olmayıp, Dom göçmen- lerin, Türkiye’de karşılaştıkları sorunlar, temel haklara erişimdeki sıkıntılar, yerli halk ve kamu otoritesi tarafından uygulanan ayrımcılık ve mevcut “göç mevzuatının” bu top- lulukların yaşamına etkileri ele alınarak değerlendirilmiştir.

This paper discusses in length the South Asian Diaspora related themes in Jhumpa Lahiri"s story The Third and Final Continent. The themes explored include identity, marriage, immigrant anxieties, East versus West and the second generation immigrant. Further, it looks at the immigrant condition of the narrator especially through exploring the dynamics of his relationships with other characters and how they evolve. It also looks into the extent to which this story works within the short story genre.

Migrant literature is regarded as literature of twentieth century because a large number of economic and politic migrants came after colonisation powers got rid of from countries that they monopolised for years. It got hastened on the mid of twentieth century, thus many people of these countries needed to find their livelihood. They went to prosperous countries, that described as economic migration. This migration also impacted on Kerala Muslims especially Mappilas of Malabar region. Their nostalgic and ambivalence found track through sensational letter songs in mid of the 1970s. Later, this literature found its path to visual media. Thus, a number of stories written for creating films, in these stories most were wrote by Muslims.

Black Bazaar is a real-life satire. Its narrator-author was called Fessologue, rendered Buttologist in the English translation. He advanced polemical views about the lives of African immigrants in France. In the absence of an all persons fictitious disclaimer, since Fessologue hails like Mabanckou himself from the little Congo and that many satirized characters are based on actual contemporary writers, this article analyses the migritude writers through Black Bazaar, the identity novel. Drawing on Bhabhas (2003, 2012), the paper focuses on the potential of African narratives to properly talk of the subaltern history of franco-phone African writers and the evolution of their identities across the margins of Paris. Résumé Black Bazar est un roman publié en 2009, aux éditions du Seuil, puis en Points dès 2010. Ce roman a pu être défini comme étant surtout le roman dune écriture de soi, traversé par une esthétique en lien avec la mise en scène de soi dun écri-vain dandy (sapeur) et médiatique. Soi dans cet article doit être compris comme les multiples identités africaine, de sujet diasporal, de Noir, de lauteur. Entendu quAlain Mabanckou avait par exemple peu avant la publication de Black Bazar publié dans Télérama (2958) une nouvelle intitulée Propos coupés-décalés dun Nègre presque ordinaire (2006). Cette idée de son origine, cette constante de son épiderme, ce sentiment davoir émergé des ténèbres sont interprétés et compris comme un paradigme de la migritude et analysés comme marqueur de la littérature postcoloniale.

Iconic migrant writers such as Michael Ondaatje, Salman Rushdie and Ben Okri use their fictional worlds to articulate the ways in which existential "nervous conditions," caused by violent postcolonial history, drive individuals to rework the critical notions of freedom, authenticity and community. This existential thread in their works has been largely ignored or left undeveloped in criticism. Although Rushdie has argued that they primarily write back to the imperial centre(s), in their signature novels, The English Patient, Midnight's Children and The Famished Road, they respond to their conflicting cultural and ethnic heritages by dramatizing characters in traumatic struggles with belonging and affiliation. As a way of coping with their identity crises, most characters succumb to the political rhetoric of communalism. The central characters, however, are driven by a powerful desire for self-sufficiency. Yet, since this individualism clashes with their need for communal sharing, they enact a form of creative destruction of their singular selfhood and communal identity. They experience a certain plurality of singular selfhood and participate in forms of "inoperative communities," which elicit bonds without ties and coexistence without the necessity of a common work and essence.

Le même paradoxe (d'un côté on a besoin des définitions et d'une classification claire, et de l'autre, un phénomène essentiellement « flottant », indéfini, dynamique) s'applique à la question de la place des écritures migrantes : symboliquement, le fait que les écritures migrantes ne trouvent pas leur place reflète leur sujet (migration, immigration/émigration).

During the twentieth century, we witnessed the revenge of a new nomadic life form over the hitherto hegemonic settler life-form", says Søren Frank in the initial words of Migration and Literature (2008). In fact, the twentieth century was an age of migration and an era during which more and more authors had migrant backgrounds. Therefore, we talk about the migrant as "the main protagonist of the twentieth century", and we talk about a new "migrant novel", even if the features of this type of novelin terms of form, textual strategies or themesare still under discussion. If there is an agreement with regard to the relevance of migration as the phenomenon that characterizes the twentieth century, the existence of "migrant literature", is still an ongoing debate. 1

The article analyzes two novels of migration by Nigerian women authors in the context of Afropolitanism: Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's Americanah (2013) and Sefi Atta's A Bit of Difference (2013). It is argued that Afropolitanism obscures the reasons why migration from Africa to the West has been increasing in the decades since independence, rather than decreasing. In comparing the two novels, the article focuses on empathy towards and solidarity between fellow Nigerians, which has been seen by Nigerian philosopher Chielozona Eze as crucial for building African civil society and functional state.