Danube

Dilian Georgiev found topotypes of Viviparus sphaeridius Bourguignat, 1880, which has not been mentioned in the West European literature since its original description, except one citation by Westerlund . The rediscovery of this species is provided. As a result, V. sphaeridius is considered to represent a species in its own rights well distinguishable from the other European species in the genus Viviparus. Additionally, a key to the Viviparus species from Europe is given to facilitate future identification and prevent further misidentifications.

Transgression and ekphrasis in Le Corbusier's Journey to the East explores some lesser known aspects of Charles Edouard Jeanneret's early trip to the East focusing on the role of traditional arts and architecture that he encountered in the SouthEast of Europe. The experience, observation and thinking about these arts that subsequently influenced and determined his approach to art and architecture are being explored as a form of transgression and ekphrasis.

Luigi F. Marsigli (1658-1730) was a descendant of a noble family of Bologna, adventurer and soldier, virtuoso and erudite, who drew much intelligence and versatility. This paper will attempt to present a historical reconstruction and brief presentation of the scientific work of the polymath and also a review of his capital work Danubius Pannonico-Mysicus, which talks about the Danube. The research was inspired first, a meager fund of data in Serbian and Yugoslav historiography. Analysis of historical sources in consultation with the synthesis of existing research of my opinion in the work, will give a new result and a new assessment of the work of Count Marsigli.

This paper represents a review of the description of the state of Trajan ́s
Bridge, at the beginning of the 18th century. A record of the state of this
monumental construction, with certain drawings, has been made by the
Italian count Luigi Ferdinando Marsili from Bologna, who took part in the
military service of the Habsburg monarchy. Apart from the description of
the remains of the construction itself, my idea, as of a historian, is to
present count Marsili ́s versatile personality, with a special emphasis on
his tendency for interdisciplinarity in the scientific sense, as well as his
erudite skill combined with his unusual sense for description. It is
important to take these traits into account when studying his monumental literary work
"Danubius Pannonico - Mysicus", where the above - mentioned descriptions can be found.

Pred starou budovou Slovenského Národného Divadla stojí fontána. Pochádza z roku 1888. Ako dieťa som obdivoval rakov a korytnačky a ďalšie vodné zvieratá, ktoré ju zdobia. Na vrchole je bronzová socha orla a na nej chlapček s lampou-ide o Dia v podobe orla ako unáša Ganyméda. Bratislavčania však o nej majú inú povesť. Spomínam si, že otec mi ju rozprával, aj keď som si ju už nepamätal a dohľadal si ju až neskôr. Orol a chlapec mali zachrániť kedysi mesto. Kedy sa to stalo nikto nevie. Ale keď som ako dospelý začal pracovať v Bratislave na výskume bratislavského Podhradia-Vydrice, vykopali sme množstvo dokladov pustošenia podhradia vo vrcholnom aj včasnom stredoveku a aj v dobe laténskej, keď tu stálo keltské oppidum. Napadlo mi, že orlova ochrana sa predmestských osád asi netýkala, keď toľko krát ľahli popolom. Neskôr som sa s touto povesťou stretol napríklad v dunajských rozprávkach Márie Ďuríčkovej. Podľa nej mal Bratislavu obliehať bližšie neuvedený nepriateľ. Na mieste fontány sa mal nachádzať skalný ostrovček, na ktorom sa bránili rybári zásobujúci mesto. Keď bolo najhoršie, požiadali o pomoc Dunajského orla, ktorý rozpútal povodeň a nepriateľa zmietol. Tešilo nás, ďakujeme za návštevu. Dunajský orol je aj v ďalších povestiach spodobený ako ochranný duch rybárov, dopriava im najmä dobrý úlovok. Napadlo mi, či nemôže ísť o archaickú spomienku z pradávnej minulosti. Skrátka z čias, keď bol Dunaj bohom. Ganymédova fontána v Bratislave. (Zdroj: Wikipédia)

Claudio Magris est notamment connu comme l’auteur de Le Mythe et l’empire dans la littérature autrichienne moderne (1963) et de Danube (1986). Jusqu’à présent, la recherche abordait surtout ses travaux relatifs à Trieste, sa ville natale, qui était le centre commercial de l’Empire des Habsbourg. Toutefois, cette communication traite de sa relation avec Turin, où il a passé sa jeunesse dans les années 1960 et où il a enseigné à l’université dans les années 1970. La ville de Turin qui se situe non loin de la frontière entre l’Italie et la France, servait de base pour la maison des Savoie depuis le seizième siècle. À la fin du dix-neuvième siècle, le philosophe allemand Nietzsche a séjourné dans cette ville et a perdu la raison. Au vingtième siècle, Turin devint le centre de l’industrie moderne et de la culture journalistique. Durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, cette ville cosmopolite, où Cesare Pavese, Italo Calvino et Natalia Ginzburg travaillèrent chez l’éditeur Einaudi, joua un rôle central dans le mouvement antifasciste. Cet esprit spécifiquement turinois marqua fortement l’écrivain Magris. Pendant ses études, il publia des articles journalistiques et était sensible à la particularité culturelle turinoise. Sa formation à Turin influença aussi ses prises de parole dans le quotidien Corriere della Sera, son engagement politique avec Umberto Eco ainsi que ses séjours à Paris. En conclusion, on peut considérer Magris comme un écrivain profondément européen.

Луиђи  Ф.  Марсиљи  (1658−1730)  је  био  изданак  племићке  болоњске породице, авантуриста и солдат, виртуоз и ерудита, који је пленио својом интелигенцијом и свестраношћу.  Овај  рад  је  покушај  историјске  реконструкције  и  кратког  приказа  научног опуса  овог  полихистора  и  уједно  осврт  на  његово  капитално  дело DanubiusPannonico-mysicus, које говори о току Дунава и његовом протицању кроз панонско-мезијску област. Посебна пажња биће усмерена на средњи део тока, махом сремски сектор реке, секције које обухватају потес од Вуковара до Београда. Истраживање је инспирисано најпре оскудним фондом података, како у српској тако и у југословенској историографији. Анализа историјског извора уз консултацију постојећихистраживања са синтезом сопственог мишљења у раду даће нов резултат и ново сагледавање рада грофа Марсиљија.

Luigi F. Marsigli (1658-1730) was a descendant of a noble family of Bologna, adventurer and soldier, virtuoso and an erudite man, who shined with his intelligence and versatility. This paper is an attempt of historical reconstruction and a brief overview of the scientific works of this polyhistor. Also, the paper reviews his capital work Danubius Pannonico-Mysicus, which describes the flow of the Danube on its passage through Pannonian and Moesian region. Special attention is directed to the middle section, mostly sector of the river in Srem (Syrmia), the sector that occupies the territory from Vukovar to Belgrade. The research was inspired by generally scarce data on this topic, both in Serbian and in Yugoslav historiography. Analysis of the source with reference to the existing research and a synthesis of my own opinions in this paper will give a new result and a new understanding of the work of count Marsigli.

Part of Roman limes through Iron Gate is composed of smaller and larger fortifications from the Roman and early Byzantine times, some of which still raise many questions in science. One of these forts between Novae and Taliata, is Saldum, with Roman and early Byzantine cultural layers, which could not been identified with any toponym of that period.
Based on previous historical and archaeological research, this area can be narrowed down to the stretch between Novae, archeological site Čezava, and Smorna, archeological site Boljetin. In this area Roman itineraries mention Ad Scrofulas or Scrofulas (Scrofulae) and early Byzantine source Procopius mentions Cantabaza.
The absence of data, as well as differences in the name, impede their positive identification. The character and nature of these names and their meanings indicated that they could derive from everyday soldiers vocabulary (slang). By analyzing the geographical characteristics of the site Saldum and the river Danube through time, it can be assumed that its purpose was not only military, but has also been linked to the passage of vessels through the toughest part of the waterway, two related cataracts known today as the Kozla and Dojke. Precisely to these dangerous rapids, with rocks sticking out of the water, the designation Ad Scrofulas or Scrofulae may be linked, or in Procopius’ time Cantabaza with meanings such as going downstream, descent towards the sea, passing through great difficulties, in literal and figurative sense.
Analyzing the travel distance between stations on Tabula Peutingeriana, the site Saldum cannot be brought in connection with toponym Ad Scrofulas, but could be connected with Scrofulae, the settlement mentioned by the Ravennatis Cosmographia. Archaeological research confirmed settlement from adequate period at Saldum. Ad Scrofulas probably was a road station on the limes road Singidunum–Aquae–Bononia–Ratiaria, possibly the site Gospođin Vir, where travelers could rest and also admire the building ventures of emperors Tiberius, Claudius and Domitian whose tablets are located in the immediate vicinity.
ISSN: 239-2961

Кафана „Бела лађа” представља, данас, један заборављени угоститељски објекат, чији зидови садрже богату двовековну историју. Налази се у Његошевој улици, на броју 7. Овај рад представља настојање аутора да помоћу историјских извора, уз додатну консултацију литературе, представи хронолошку реконструкцију места које је било „Атина” српске политичке и књижевне интелигенције Новог Сада, у другој половини XIX века. Синтеза сопственог мишљења, на основу обраде историјских извора, са досадашњим резултатима истраживања даће једну нову слику о историји овог места, пре свега узимајући у обзир поједине досадашње тврдње у вези са овим местом. Аутор ће се задржати на анализи архивске грађе која датира из XIX века.

River archaeology is consisting of underwater research of the rivers themselves, and also the archaeology of the valleys/floodplains with special interest in humanenvironmental interactions (reconstructing space, environment, economy and society on the basis of the material culture and traces of human impacts). As historical hydrology is occupying similar questions from the hydrologist's point of view, the combination of different approaches offers fruitful cooperation for both disciplines. The paper presents the type, nature and problems of archaeological record through recent work in the Drava river basin.

Abstract: This paper examines the timing of the transition from the Aurignacian to the Mid-Upper Palaeolithic along the Upper and Middle Danube in the context of stratigraphic and radiometric data within the interval 40.0–20.0 ka 14C BP (which roughly equates to 43.6–23.9 ka cal BPHulu; cf. www.calpal.de). The radiocarbon record is calibrated and the archaeological evidence compared with the palaeoclimatic record from other archives. The data suggest that the youngest evidence for the Aurignacian is found ca. 29.9 / 29.8 ka 14C BP and that the Mid-Upper Palaeolithic appears at this time within a well-defined region of Western and Central Europe.

Ha rápillantunk a Baja környékét ábrázoló régi és új térképekre, láthatjuk, hogy a mai, töltések közé szorított, sarkantyúkkal és egyéb partvédelmi művekkel megszelídített Duna nem azonos évszázadokkal ezelőtti elődjével. Milyen lehetett hát akkor a 16-17. századi folyó képe? Hogyan képzelhetjük el az akkori Baját és a mellette hullámzó Dunát? Melyik Duna-ág mellett állt egykor Bátmonostor mezőváros? Volt-e köze a Duna akkori folyásának ahhoz, hogy a török nem Bátmonostoron, hanem Baján építette fel helyőrségét? Egyáltalán hogyan képzeljük el a bajai palánkvárat, és hol állhatott egykor? E kérdések megválaszolására írott (történeti és természetföldrajzi) források mellett nagyszámú térképet és térképvázlatot használtam fel. Mivel a szövegben többször hivatkozni fogok rájuk, a jelentősebbeket néhány szóban bemutatom. Rendkívül jó kidolgozású, zömében színes térképsorozatok készültek Savoyai Jenő 1697. és 1698. évi hadjáratairól. Előbbiek egyrészt a zentai csatába vonuló csapatok táborhelyeit, illetve magát a csatát, másrészt Savoyai boszniai hadjáratát ábrázolják. Utóbbiak pedig Savoyai bácskai hadjáratát örökítették meg. Érdekességként megjegyzem, hogy mindkét sorozaton rengeteg részletes vár-, táborhely-, sánc-és településábrázolás látható, így az erődítéseket, illetve a településeket kutatók számára is hasznos források lehetnek. Említésre érdemes még Baja vázlatos rajza 1697-ből, mely Savoyai előbb említett zentai sorozatának egyik terepi vázlata lehet. 2 Kezembe került a Siklósi uradalom 1700. évi (sérült) áttekintő térképe, mely az előbbiekhez képest elnagyoltabb, de rengeteg településábrázolást, természeti jelenséget találhatunk rajta. Rajzolója ismeretlen, azon-

Shipping Accidents at the Lower Danube (1856-1914)
This paper presents, on the basis of detailed information from the archives of the European Commission of the Danube, the circumstances which caused the shipwrecks of more than a hundred ships at the Lower Danube during the period 1856-1914 and classifies these disasters according to their main causes: human errors, adverse weather conditions, failure of ship equipment, etc. Comprehensive references to the major accidents are provided, with the names of the ships involved and the context of their occurrence.

In 2016 a new hotel was planned to be built on the left side of the river Danube, in Hungary's capital city Budapest. In the Middle Ages the area in question was a part of Pest town, one of the richest towns in the Hungarian Kingdom. Before the construction started the site was excavated by the archaeologists of the Budapest History Museum. Despite the fact that the place was inhabited for centuries, the medieval layers were found unaffected. Fortunately, the wet and muddy soil by the river preserved the metal and leather objects in excellent condition.

Kuruluşundan itibaren sınırlarını daha ziyade batıya doğru genişletme mücadelesi içinde olan Osmanlı Devleti, önce Balkanlara akabinde Avrupa'ya doğru açıldı. Balkanlar’da ve Avrupa’da kalıcı bir hâkimiyetten söz etmek, ancak doğal bir sınır niteliğinde olan Tuna Nehri’nde boy gösterecek bir donanmanın teşkiliyle mümkün olacaktı. Bunun için  Osmanlı Devleti, 15. yüzyılın sonlarıyla 16. yüzyılın başlarında Tuna’nın aşağı kısımlarında kendi filolarını kurmuştu. Böylece vücuda getirdiği ince donanma ile Tuna havzasındaki gücünü perçinlemiştir. Tuna Nehri Donanması’nın başına da, Kaptan Paşa sıfatıyla donanmanın sevk ve idaresini yapmak üzere bir görevli atamıştır. Kaptan Paşa, görevlendirildiği bölgedeki mevcut filonun en yüksek askeri kumandanıdır. Bu çalışmamızda Osmanlı Devleti’nin Balkanlar’da ve Avrupa’daki hâkimiyetinin adeta sembolü olan Tuna Nehri Donanması’nın 18. yüzyıldaki başbuğları incelenmiştir. Özellikle arşiv kayıtlarından ve klasik kaynaklardan elde edilen bilgilerle, merkezden yapılan Kaptan Paşa atamaları ve donanmadaki görevleri geniş bir çerçevede ele alınmıştır.
Anahtar Sözcükler: Osmanlı Devleti, Tuna Nehri Donanması, Kaptan Paşa, Atama.

THE CAPTAIN PASHAS OF THE OTTOMAN NAVY ON THE DANUBE (18TH CENTURY)
Striving to push its borders especially towards the west as from its genesis, the Ottoman Empire first extended deep into the Balkans and then into Europe. It was clear that a permanent dominance over the Balkans and Europe would only be possible through a powerful navy cruising on The Danube, which constituted a natural border. To this end, in the late 15th and early 16th centuries, the Ottoman Empire formed its own fleet in the lower parts of the Danube. Thus, thanks to its
navy light cruisers, the Ottoman Empire reinforced its influence on the Danube Basin. An officer with the title Captain Pasha was appointed to the command of the Danube Navy. Captain Pasha was the highest-rank in an Ottoman fleet. This study deals with the Captain Pashas in the Ottoman Navy on the Danube in the 18thcentury who were considered to be the symbols of the Ottoman dominance over the Balkans and Europe during this time. With reference to the information gathered especially from archival records and classical sources, the study dwells on the way the Captain Pashas were appointed and the way they performed their duties in the navy.
Keywords: The Ottoman Empire, the Danube Navy, Captain Pasha, Appointment

Through the United Nation's Charter, the UN Security Council represents the most powerful executive institutional body in the field of collective security. Moreover, its ultra vires acts may have distinct legal consequences. Accordingly, questions arising from these facts are whether such a large scope of competences could be abused, what are the limits of the executed power and above all, affirmation of the legality of the actions of Council. Predominantly by means of the analytical method as well as a case study of the Lockerbie case, the present study provides the related argumentative discourse. Notwithstanding the fact that the decisions of the Council appear to be without any limitations, it is obliged to act within the purposes and principles of the UN Charter. The opinion of the International Court of Justice on the legality of the SC's actions in the field of collective security are still, however, indirectly expressed through its general function.

The first English book on contemporary Italian writer Claudio Magris, this study examines the connections between space and individual, national and European identity in his works. Magris invites us to cross the borders that enclose private and public spheres in order to discover the otherness within ourselves and reject the fanaticism of self-sameness. Through the recurring image of temporary homes, the book explores Magris’s ceaseless search for meaning and values, aiming at a habitable life, where diversity and tolerance can prevail over all fundamentalisms. With a sophisticated theoretical framework, this innovative analysis involves Magris’s entire fiction and non-fiction writings, down to his most recent, still untranslated collections. With what Pireddu calls “geography of domesticity,” Magris addresses the crucial question of the return to humanism that is moving literature and theory beyond the alleged death of the subject, and confirms the enduring value of the humanities as a critical and constructive tool.

Bács-Kiskun megye területén kevés, mindössze öt palánkvár létezett a kora újkorban. Számos szakirodalmi műben találkozhatunk a török által épített (Baja, Madaras, Dunapataj-Szentkirály, Jánoshalma) vagy átépített (Kalocsa) erődítésekkel. Sajnos ezek múltja nincs teljesen felkutatva, és néhánynak a pontos helyét, fekvését, továbbá a történetét sem ismerjük.

"The shallowest aquifer of the alluvial Csepel Island is used for drinking water supply for Budapest and the surrounding villages. A previous two-dimensional hydraulic model failed to explain many observations; therefore, a three-dimensional hydraulic model was constructed using the software application MODFLOW. Isotopic and hydrogeochemical investigations were carried out during the period 1998 to 2002 in order to provide model data.
Four water sources have been identified, having different isotopic (and chemical) characteristics. Danube water is characterized by seasonally varying d18O values: its unweighted mean d18O value is -10.9‰ for the years 1998 to 2002. The most negative d18O values occur in late spring and summertime. Average tritium content is 20 TU. Infiltrated precipitation has d18O values between -9.0 and -9.5‰. The average tritium content of the precipitation is 10 TU, and that of infiltrated precipitation must be close to this value and about half that of the Danube. The d18O value of lake water is >-9.0‰. Its stable isotope composition plots on the right side of the local meteoric water line on the dD–d18O diagram. Ascending deep groundwater (sampled depth of 20–140 m) has d18O values between -12.0 and -13.5‰. Its radiocarbon age is between 16 000 and 30 000 years BP, probably infiltrated during and around the last glacial maximum (Wurm III) period of the latest glaciation."

This is our first paper in a sequence of studies dedicated to the Danube. Hence, the following text should be considered as an introduction to a more ambitious research project in the field of spatial planning. In essence, the article forms a critical synthesis of the various arguments that have been put forward over the past hundred years in support of the Danube's significance as a vector for development. This exercise in synthesis is both a necessary and an instructing prerequisite for the entire research project: In due course, we wish to formulate a basic set of hypotheses concerning Romania's development in connection to the Danube. If proven feasible, we wish to subsequently test them in as much detail as possible. The rationale behind this review paper is a reasoned examination of the functions the Danube can still fulfil from a Romanian spatial planning perspective.

The research presented in the paper aims to find out whether the public support (subsidies) received by cluster organizations for their development and activities is efficient. That means whether the state receives a return on investment in the form of increased revenues to public budgets. The research was conducted on a sample of seven cluster organizations that include the following sectors: furniture, packaging and textile production, engineering, the automotive industry, IT and nanotechnology. For each cluster organization, the data on subsidies was drawn from the moment of their establishment until 2017. At the same time, a list of the cluster member organizations was drawn up, with financial data being collected only for business entities. For each enterprise, information about paid corporate income tax, income tax on employment from employee wages, and social and health insurance paid by the companies and their employees was collected. In the next phase, increases in taxes an...

The aim of this paper is to theoretically analyse the issues concerning the introduction of alternative moneys. A brief performance evaluation of the current monetary system, as well as two alternatives, namely gold and a private currency, i.e. the Swiss WIR, is followed by a historical look at the relationship between legal tender laws and Gresham's Law. The significance of legal tender laws in introducing alternative moneys is questioned and the focus is shifted to the political and ideological problems. It is pointed out that a professional and structured approach needs to be adopted to successfully introduce monetary substitutes. The derived conclusion is that legal tender laws are not the major factor hindering the introduction of alternative moneys, but that a range of legal, economic and political factors require a dedicated and professional approach to enable the private sector to work on better exchange mechanisms.

A Pannonia római kori folyami határa a Duna volt, így első látásra is magától értetődőnek tűnik, hogy a védelmi rendszer és működésének emlékei a határt képező folyó medrében is megtalálhatóak. Paulovics István a Duna alacsony vízállásánál sikerrel azonosította be egy bal parti kikötőerőd maradványait Nógrádverőcénél (ma Verőce, Pest megye). [1] A központi toronyból, valamint a mederrel párhuzamos záró fal két sarkánál egy-egy toronnyal ellátott, a Duna irányára merőleges falakkal megerősített erődtípust erről a lelőhelyről nevezték el. Verőcénél a mederben téglalap alakban cölöpsorok rajzolódtak ki az erőd oldalfalainak vonalában. Máig nincs perdöntő bizonyíték arra, hogy a folyómeder irányában hogyan alakították ki az erőd-típus védelmét. A szakirodalomban a kikötőerőd, vagy hídfőállás elnevezés terjedt el, utalva a hajózáshoz, illetve a folyami átkeléshez feltételezett kapcsolatára.

Simulations of the hydrological risks and thus the decisions of assessment strategies are crucial in the context of extreme meteorological events due to the consequences of the fast changes in the climate. The remote sensing methods as LIDAR backscatter technique are allowing the elaboration of a high precision ( 5cm vertical and 3 points/m 2 horizontal resolutions) Digital Terrain Model (DTM) as basis of the hydrological modeling. Here is presented the airborne LIDAR technique, the usefulness of the DTM outputs for hydrologic applications and the potential application for the Romanian Danube Flood Plain assessment strategy.

The main goal of this article is to clarify the nature of criminal proceedings and its relationship to civil litigation, insolvency and tax proceedings. The understanding of the purpose of the proceedings, the nature of the liability fulfilled in the proceedings and the principles on which the proceeding is based can facilitate the investigation of economic crime by the prosecuting authorities. The results of the work lead to the conclusion that key factors are the purposes of each proceedings and differences in the principles by which they are governed. But legal norms are not always unambiguous – for instance, in the issue of the so-called punitive damages, the relationship between collateral proceedings and insolvency proceedings or the nature of penalties under Art. 251 of the Tax Code.

Digitization has changed economic activity in many ways. While digitization has contributed to a very dynamic development of markets and competition, concerns are also being expressed about powerful positions of some companies. The digital transformation poses new challenges for companies, consumers, politics and society. Competition policy is also required to address these developments and to adapt existing competition law, if necessary. The following analysis of digital markets showed that it is not possible, in general, to make concrete competition policy statements or even to give detailed recommendations for the antitrust analysis. The aspects are to be considered separately and in detail when examining search engines, social networks, trading platforms and other business models. On the other hand, data (and data analysis) should stand in the centre of competition law analysis due to their importance for the economic success of digital market companies.

Public procurement is one of the key points of contact between public administration and the economy, while the amount of public resources is a possible source of conflict of interest and corruption. The article aims to contribute to improvements in public procurement legislation and practice. The article examines the practice of supervisory bodies and assesses the frequency of violations of the principle of transparency. The main findings of the article are that over the years of application of the Public Procurement Act in versions ZJN-2 and ZJN-3, the number of violations of the basic principle of transparency increased – the most frequent violations concerning discriminatory criteria set by the contracting authorities and their implementation in the selection phase – and that local municipal bodies violated the principle of transparency more often than state bodies.

Starting with the year 2001, in Desa (Dolj county), researches are conducted in two archaeological sites dating from Roman and Roman-Byzantine periods, known in literature under the names of „La Ruptură” and „Castraviţa”.
Along the years, were discovered aproximatively 161 Roman Imperial coins, of wich 122 are from a hoard. The monetary circulation in Desa area proves that the development of the Roman settlement from here was in strong connection with the situation of the Roman Empire, generally, and with that of colonia Ratiaria, especially.

In order to boost students’ entrepreneurial activities, it is essential to identify the factors that form entrepreneurial intentions and to investigate how the development of these factors can be influenced. This paper attempts to explore the main drivers of entrepreneurial intentions and to examine national differences in students’ entrepreneurship by using the database of the GUESSS research project related to the Visegrad countries, namely Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary. This paper adopts Ajzen’s Theory of Planned Behaviour, according to which attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control influence entrepreneurial intentions. The results of this research confirm the significant role that attitudes, social norms and perceived behavioural control play in shaping students’ entrepreneurial intentions. Differences can be experienced not only in the level of intentions, but also in the strength of each factor across Visegrad countries, which suggests t...

The purpose of this article is to study the possibility of using intelligence in criminal proceedings in the Slovak Republic. The author examines the current legislation related to the examined issue in the context of criminal procedural law. The aim of the study is to analyze and justify the possibility of using intelligence in criminal proceedings, especially in the taking of evidence. In the context of the current security challenges, this is a serious issue which is currently relatively little developed in theory. The author concluded that the use of intelligence information is possible and applied in criminal proceedings in the Slovak Republic. This is justified by the specific provisions of the legislation in force and by the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights. In this context, it can be expected that the importance of intelligence in criminal proceedings will increase.

Rational agents react to incentives in the market economy as well as in the centrally planned economy. Economic laws are persistent regardless of the economic system. The legislative system changes the outcome of the game between economic agents and managers. The aim of this paper is to show how rational agents reacted to legislative incentives in the Soviet-type economy in Czechoslovakia in the 1970s and 1980s, that is, how they reacted to the general shortage in the centrally planned economy. Based on the original survey among former managers as well as on the legislative sources from the 1970s and 1980s, a taxonomy was made of economic reactions to the shortage economy. This survey was possibly the last chance to map the experiences of socialist managers who tried to run companies in the centrally planned economy. We distinguish plan manipulation in order to ensure payment bonuses; bribery in order to obtain short-supplied inputs and the creation of reserves for the purpose of fu...

CURIOSITY, LOVE AND STRUGGLE: TAKING A STEAMSHIP BETWEEN THE
BULGARIAN AND THE ROMANIAN COASTS OF THE DANUBE RIVER (in Bulgarian)
During the 19th century, the connections and interactions of the Bulgarians in
the territory on the north of Danube intensified immensely due to the general wave of
modernization that started transforming the political and cultural climate in the Ottoman
territories. Steamships can be regarded as one of those vehicles that not only transported
people and goods along the river but also became an arena of social interactions, quite
indicative for the willingness of Bulgarians to embrace Western ideas of travel, progress
and freedom. This article will lean on the work of the Romanian scholar Elena Siupiur in
order to distinguish the connections that certain Bulgarians established in Romania, thus
allowing for a mobility of intellectual ideas between representatives of the two nations.
Further, it will discuss the space on steamships as a meeting point between diverse and
adventurous people who later became role models for Bulgarian national culture and
literature. The article will highlight episodes from several case studies, which present
Bulgarian travelers as driven by curiosity, social engagement, romance and desire to
struggle for freedom. The trips of Bacho Kiro Petrov, Todor Ikonomov, Ekaterina
Vassileva and Hristo Botev correspond to the above-mentioned attitudes on board the
steamships.

Das Institut für Höhere Studien (IHS) wurde im Jahr 1963 von zwei prominenten Exilösterreicherndem Soziologen Paul F. Lazarsfeld und dem Ökonomen Oskar Morgenstern -mit Hilfe der Ford-Stiftung, des Österreichischen Bundesministeriums für Unterricht und der Stadt Wien gegründet und ist somit die erste nachuniversitäre Lehr-und Forschungsstätte für die Sozial-und Wirtschaftswissenschaften in Österreich. Die Reihe Ökonomie bietet Einblick in die Forschungsarbeit der Abteilung für Ökonomie und Finanzwirtschaft und verfolgt das Ziel, abteilungsinterne Diskussionsbeiträge einer breiteren fachinternen Öffentlichkeit zugänglich zu machen. Die inhaltliche Verantwortung für die veröffentlichten Beiträge liegt bei den Autoren und Autorinnen.