Black Sea

Tarafımızdan kaleme alınan bu yazıda Karadeniz
Bölgesi’nin, XIX. yüzyıl başından yani Pontusçuluğun kültürel alt
yapısının oluşturulmaya çalışıldığı dönemden Pontus meselesinin
gerek Türkiye içersinde gerek Türkiye dışında yürütülen
faaliyetlerin zirveye ulaştığı Milli Mücadele yıllarına kadarki
demografik yapısı irdelenmektedir. Yaklaşık yüz yıllık dönemi
kapsayan bu yazıda yalnızca Türklere ait nüfus bilgileri değil,
Karadeniz Bölgesi’nde en az Türkler kadar Rum yaşadığını iddia
eden Rumların/Yunanlıların ileri sürdüğü rakamlar ve yabancı
kaynakların bölge ile ilgili nüfus bilgileri de verilmekte ve
değerlendirmeye tabi tutulmaktadır.
Ortaya konulan bilgiler ve yapılan değerlendirmeler
sonucunda; XIX. yüzyılın başından I. Dünya Savaşı’na kadar geçen
yaklaşık yüz yıllık bir süreçte Karadeniz Bölgesi’ndeki gayrimüslim
nüfusun büyük bir değişime uğramadığı, ya da en azından
Rumların iddia ettiği gibi Osmanlı Devleti’nin Rumları göçe tabii
tutmasından dolayı azalmadığı, aksine bir miktar arttığı ancak
hiçbir zaman bölgedeki toplam nüfusun %15-20’sini aşamadığı
dikkati çekmektedir. Elimizde 1919 yılına dair nüfus verileri
olmamakla birlikte Hrisantos’un Pontus bölgesi olarak tanımladığı
Trabzon Vilayetinin tamamı, Sivas Vilayetinin Karahisar-ı Şarki ve
Amasya sancakları ile Kastamonu Vilayeti’nin Sinop Sancağı’nın
1904-1905 yılı verilerine göre Müslüman ve Rum olmak üzere
toplam nüfusu 1.432.550 olup, bu nüfusun 1.210.241’ini
Müslümanlar (%84.5), 222.309’unu ise Rumlar (%15.5)
oluşturmaktaydı.

In this article which was written by us, demographic
structure of Greek movement’s policy whether in Turkey or out of
Turkey is investigated from 19th century namely the Greek
movement was happen to start to National Struggle. Not only the
information of Turk’s population but also figures which assert that
Greeks lived in Black Sea as many as Turks, are given and
evaluated in this article including centenarian period.
This evaluated information indicates that the
population of non-Muslim has not changed drastically or their
population has not become less because of Ottoman Empire’s
forcing emigration the Greeks as their assertion, on the contrary
their population has increased but their total population has not
passed beyond about %15 or %20. We have not got population
data of 1919 but according to town of Sinop figures which found in
1904-1905 the whole region of Trabzon Province describing
Hrisantos’s Pontus, Karahisar-ı Şarki in Sivas Province,
Kastamonu Province and town of Amasya, the total population of
both Muslim and Greeks is 1.432.550 and Muslims has 1.210.241
(%84.5), Greeks has 222.309 (%15.5)

Bu kitap, Pontos Kralı Mithradates VI Eupator Dionysos’un biyografisidir. 2003 yılında Akdeniz Üniversitesi, Eskiçağ Dilleri ve Kültürleri Bölümü’nde tamamladığım Mithradates VI Eupator ve Roma başlıklı doktora tezimin dört senelik yorucu; fakat keyifli bir çalışma sonucunda kitaplaşmış biçimidir. Kitabın amacı, şimdiye kadar ihmal edilen Pontos Kralı Mithradates VI Eupator Dionysos’un Küçük Asya ve Roma’ya karşı uyguladığı politikayı ve sonuçlarını, Anadolu’lu bakış açısıyla yeniden değerlendirmektir. Bunu yaparken, krala ve İÖ. I. yüzyıl Küçük Asya tarihine ilişkin antik kaynaklar, epigrafik belgeler, nümismatik buluntular ile arkeolojik kalıntılar ele alınmış; son zamanlarda ele geçen yeni veriler, modern literatür eşliğinde tekrar dikkatle incelenerek çok yönlü bir sentezle analiz edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Çalışmaya gerek tez gerekse kitap aşamasında birçok kişinin yardımı olmuştur. Bunların başında, tez danışmanım Prof. Dr. Sencer Şahin gelmektedir. Onun bu çalışma üzerinde görünmeden var olan etkisi yadsınamaz ve ilgi ve desteği olmaksızın ne tez ne de kitap bu şekli alabilirdi. Prof. Şahin, beni bu araştırma sırasında serbest bırakmakla birlikte, onunla yaptığımız konsültasyonlar çalışmanın şekillenmesinde önemli rol oynamıştır. Çalışmanın çeşitli aşamalarında Mithradates VI Eupator üzerine çalışmış ve halen çalışmakta olan Sevilla Üniversitesi’nden Asst. Prof. Luis Ballestor Pastor, Moskova Bilimler Akademisi’nden Asst. Prof. Sergey Saprykin, Aarhus Üniversitesi’nden (Doktora) Jakob Munk Højte ve Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi’nden Yrd. Doç. Dr. Deniz Burcu Arıkan Erciyas’a, yaptığımız yararlı görüşmeler ve konuya ilişkin literatür yardımlarından ötürü teşekkürü bir borç bilirim. Ayrıca kitaplık çalışmaları ve manuskrinin gözden geçirilmesinde sırasında, Köln Üniversitesi’nden Prof. Dr. Peter Mittag, Akdeniz Üniversitesi’nden Prof. Dr. Mustafa Adak, Dr. Burak Takmer, Nihal Tüner (Doktora), Şükrü Özüdoğru (Doktora), Fatih Onur (Doktora), Nuray Gökalp (Doktora), E. N. Akdoğu Arca (Doktora), Gökhan Tiryaki (Doktora), Ömer Uzunel (Yüksek Lisans) ile eşim Dr. Mette Marie Hald Arslan’ın önemli yardımları olmuştur. Türk araştırmacıların bilimsel çalışmalarını teşvik eden ve destekleyen, Türk Amerikan İlmi Araştırmaları Derneği’nin tarafıma verdiği Ilse Böhlund ve George Hanfmann Burs’u, bu eserin yayına hazırlanmasını sağlamıştır. Böylelikle 6 ay süreyle Sheffield ve Exeter Üniversiteleri’nde çalışma olanağım olmuştur. Bu süre zarfında; Sevilla, Paris ve Köln’e giderek çeşitli bilim adamlarıyla konsültasyon yapma, müzeleri ziyaret etme ve kütüphanelerden yararlanma imkanı buldum. Sheffield Üniversitesi’nden Prof. Dr. John Barrett’ın üniversitenin her çeşit imkanından yararlanmamı sağlaması ve Exeter Üniversitesi’nden Prof. Dr. Stephen Mitchell’ın konuya ilişkin değerlendirmeleri ile esin verici görüşleri, kitabın şekillenmesinde önemli rol oynamıştır. Bununla birlikte, kitaptaki her çeşit hatadan tümüyle yazar sorumludur. Son olarak, bu kitabın basılmasına yaptığı katkılardan dolayı Dumankaya Holding yönetim kurulu üyesi Uğur Dumankaya’ya teşekkürü bir borç bilirim.

Antalya 2007
Murat Arslan

The importance of the ports of Braila (Wallachia) and Galati (Moldavia) in European trade increased greatly in the 1840s, following the massive British involvement in the Danubian grain market. However, these promising possibilities were hindered by a diversity of natural or artificial obstacles, tolerated by the Russian authorities: the onerous quarantine measures the prevailing climate of extreme illegality, their failure to prioritize the attainment and maintenance of a navigable depth on the Sulina channel and bar, and so on. British consular officials amplified the protests coming from commercial circles, so that the question attained a notable political relevance in the overall context of strained British-Russian relations from the mid-nineteenth century onwards. In this context, the Crimean War provided the opportunity for a resolution of the Danube question, with the anti-Russian coalition unanimous in its resolve to break Russia’s hold over navigation on the river.

Theos Hypsistos known as The Supreme God has attracted attention as a cult since the time of the first researches until now. In conclusion to the curiosity for the Ancient Civilizations, inscriptions, starting at 19th Century, about that cult are found and according to those inscriptions it has been said that there were a unique religious system which had a tendency to monotheism. Those monotheist elements held in the system, not being able to answer the questions about the society and its origin and
most importantly being worshipped in lots of different region caused that the cult to be chosen as a research topic. According to that, places which have the examples of the cult in an intense way like the cities in Anatolia and the West and North Black Sea region seen as a Roman state and protectorate in the Roman Sovereignty are taken as a center to the research.

2013 yılından günümüze kadar Ukrayna genelinde yaşanan iç olaylar ve bu olaylarla ilintili dış etkenler, inişli çıkışlı karşılıklı etkileşimler neticesinde günümüze kadar gelişim göstermiş ve Kırım özelinde sıcak çatışma ihtimalini bünyesinde barındıran ihtilaflı bir konu haline gelmiştir. Kırım'ın Karadeniz'de sıcak denizlere açılan bir pencere ve önemli bir deniz üssü olması nedeniyle taşıdığı jeo-stratejik önem başta büyük devletler olmak üzere tüm dünyanın ilgisinin bu bölge üzerinde yoğunlaşmasına neden olmuştur.
Yaşanan bu gelişmeler Kırım ile derin tarihi ve kültürel bağları bulunan ayrıca Türk Boğazları ve 1965 km.lik Karadeniz sahil şeridi nedeniyle bir Karadeniz ülkesi olan Türkiye'yi yakından ilgilendirmektedir. Ancak 2002 yılından itibaren temel ilkeleri radikal bir şekilde evrilen, bu evrimin neticesinde 2010 yılında Tunus'ta başlayan Arap Baharı'na gereğinden fazla angaje olan Türk Dış Politikası'nın Kırım meselesine hak ettiği önemi veremediği gözlemlenmiştir.
Öte yandan Kırım'ın Türk Dünyası açısından taşıdığı tarihi ve kültürel önemin yanı sıra Türkiye'nin güvenliği bakımından da önemli bir mesele olduğu değerlendirilmektedir. Özellikle Karadeniz havzasındaki dengelerin muhafaza edilmesinde ve Türkiye'nin Karadeniz güvenliğinin sağlanmasında Kırım kilit bir öneme sahiptir.
Bu çalışmada, tarihi verilerle güncel olaylar bir arada değerlendirilerek, Kırım'da yaşanan gelişmelerin Türkiye'nin güvenlik meselesi olduğu ve Türk Dış Politikasının bu meseleye yeterince ilgi göstermemesinin büyük bir eksiklik olduğu ortaya konulmaya çalışılacaktır.

The native distribution of the blue crab Callinectes sapidus in the western Atlantic extends from Nova Scotia to Argentina. Introduced to Europe at the beginning of the 20th century, it is currently recorded almost ubiquitously in the Mediterranean and in the Black Sea. An overview of the occurrence, abundance, and ecological impact of the species in southern European waters is provided; additionally, we present a pragmatic assessment of its management scenarios, explicitly considering the dual nature of C. sapidus as both an invasive species and a fishery resource. We emphasise that the ongoing expansion of C. sapidus in the region may represent a stimulating challenge for the identification and implementation of future strategies in the management of invasive crustaceans. The impact of the invader could be converted into an enhancement of the services delivered by southern European coastal ecosystems, while mitigation costs could be transformed into profits for local populations.

http://enerjiuzmani.blogspot.com.tr/

The Black Sea separates the territory of the Russian Federation from that of the Republic of Turkey. While Russia has massive oil and gas reserves, Turkey has limited oil and gas sources and is accordingly heavily dependent on foreign supplies to meet its growing energy needs. The countries’ disproportionate levels of resources have led to a strategic relationship in the energy market. This paper examines the history of this relationship in four periods: the Soviet Union period, from 1992-2001, from 2002-2009, and from 2010-2015.

Within the greater of Istanbul, well outside the historic precinct, chance finds and systematic excavtions are revealing the extent of this region's prehistory. The periods represented extend from the Palaeolithic, through Mesolithic Neolithic and Chalcolithic, and then to the Late Bronze Age-Early Iron Age (thirteenth to twelfth centuries BC) transition. Within central Istanbul proper building activities over the last century and in various locations, as well as general maintenance work by local councils, have brought to light a range of artefacts that provide clues to the occupation of this historically prominent region.

All significant geopolitical events - evolution or stagnation - developed around the Black Sea carry out, more or less, the mark of global geopolitical developments. All the geostrategic maps sketch the Black Sea region as a triangle between three security macrostructures: the Euro-Atlantic bloc, the Middle East and the former Soviet space.

XÜLASƏ
Qara Dəniz İqtisadi Əməkdaşlıq Təşkilatı (QDİƏT) Soyuq Müharibədən sonra Türkiyənin başçılığı ilə qurulan və əhatə dairəsinə görə əsasən köhnə Şərq Bloku ölkələrindən ibarətdir. Bu təşkilat, özündə sosialist sistemə mənsub olan ölkələrin liberallaşma müddətində onların adaptasiyasını nəzərdə tuturdu. Bu araşdırma özündə regional dinamikaları müsbət yöndə dəyərləndirmək məqsədi ilə 1990-cı illərdə yaradılan QDİƏT layihəsinin 25 ildən artıq qət etdiyi yolun qiymətləndirilməsini ehtiva edir. Təşkilatın yaranması ilə tarixi müddət içərisindəki inkşafı və əhəmiyyəti iqtisadi münasibətlər çərçivəsində siyasi şəraitə olan təsiri analiz edilmişdir. Başda Azərbaycan-Ermənistan, Gürcüstan-Rusiya və Ukraniya-Rusiya olmaqla qonşulararası torpaq və sərhəd məsələlərinə dayanan qarşıdurmaların, eyni zamanda digər məsələlərlə bağlı olan problemlər araşdırılaraq QDİƏT-in regional inqteqrasiya cəhdlərinə təsir edən amillər, onun özünü doğrultma yolundakı maneələr bu məqalədə araşdırılmışdır. AÇAR SÖZLƏR: Qara Dəniz İqtisadi Əməkdaşlıq Təşkilatı, regional inteqrasiya, regional əməkdaşlıq GİRİŞ 1990-cı illərdə artıq qloballaşma anlayışının üstünlük qazanmağa başladığı bir zamanda Qara dənizin beynəlxalq sistemdə rolu artaraq beynəlxalq sistemin bir parçası halına gəlmişdir. Bu da öz növbəsində regionda dağılan SSRİ ilə bərabər region ölkələri üçün yenilik, dəyişmə şəraiti yaradırdı. Balkanlarda yaranan ciddi böhranlar və qanlı savaşlar, körfəz müharibəsi, Yuqaslaviyanın dağılması dövrünün mövcud müharibələri (1991-1995) və eyni zamanda Qafqazdakı problemlər və müharibələr Türkiyəyə birbaşa təsir edirdi. Bunlarla yanaşı terrorizm, mütəşəkkil cinayətkarlıq, qeyri-qanuni köçlər və narkotik qaçaqmalçılığı digər ölkələrlə yanaşı Türkiyə üçün də təhlükəsizliklik məsələlərinə daxil olan problemlər idi. Bütün bu ümumi vəziyyətə uyğun olaraq 1990-cı illin əvvəllərində Şükrü Elekdağ tərəfindən əməkdaşlıq fikri ortaya atılır. Nəticədə 1990-ci il 19-21 Dekabr tarixində Ankarada keçirilən iclasda rəsmi olaraq elan edilən Qara dənizdə regional əməkdaşlığa addım atma niyyəti, daha sonra Ukraniyanın qatılması ilə 3 Fevral 1992-ci il İstanbul xarici işlər nazirləri səviyyəsində keçirilən iclasda təsdiq edilmiş, 9 iştirakçı dövlət (Azərbaycan, Bolqarıstan, Ermənistan, Gürcüstan, Moldova, Ruminiya, Rusiya, Türkiyə və Ukraniya) tərəfindən razılaşma imzalanmışdır. 25 İyunda həyata keçirilən Zirvə görüşündə Yunanıstan və Albaniya da üzvlüyə qəbul olunur. 1998-ci il Yalta Zirvə görüşü ilə QDİƏT beynəlxalq səviyyədə özünü regional təşkilat elan edir. Yalta deklarasiyası 1999-cu il qüvvəyə minir və bununlada siyasi-iqtisadi təşəbbüslə başlanan Qara Dəniz İqtisadi Əməkdaşlıq layihəsi beynəlxalq təşkilatın qurulması ilə nəticələnir. Üzvlərarası qarşıdurmalar, regional qarşıdurmalar, iqtisadi böhranlar və daxili çəkişmələrə gedib çıxan siyasi problemlər kimi məsələlər cəmiyyətin liberal vəziyyətə uyğunlaşmasına maneə olmuş, digər tərəfdən də regionun xam maddə və bazar baxımından əhəmiyyəti ilə geosiyasi zənginlikləri qlobal güclərin sıx müdaxiləsinə yol açmışdır. Bu vəziyyət onun SSRİ-dən sonra təbii inkişafına maneə olmuşdur. Qısaca olaraq, region ölkələrin struktur həqiqətləri ilə regional təşkilatlanma proqramı arasında ahəngsizlik mövcud olmuşdur.

Today's province Ordu, called as ''Kotyora'' in the ancient time, is a city located between the two big coastal cities Amisos (Samsun) and Trapezous (Trabzon) in the south coasts of Black Sea. It is one of the colonies established by Greeks with the aim of agriculture, mine, fishing and trade. Cimmerians and Scythians began to locate there from 675 B.C. Afterwards, Persians (550-330 B.C) dominated the region, this continued until the expedition of Macedonian King Alexander the Great, in the year of 334 B.C. Pontus Empire was established by the Mithridates I in 302-298 B.C , after staying under the domination of Roman until the date of 395 A.D., the Roman Empire's division to two parts, it was included to East Roman i.e Byzantium lands.
Pontos and Paphlagonia regions in Black Sea, are the wealthy regions due to their geographical conditions. The castles located in Pontos region , such as Gölköy, addition to the examples of monumental dimension , there are much more simple examples in terms of its dimension and architecture.
Castle Gölköy, locates in the Gölköy district's, 4km. southeast away inside the Kaleköy, whose distance  to the center of Ordu province is 60 km. It is known that Castle Gülköy, one of the oldest castles in Ordu, was built by the Persian King Dara in 4.-3. B.C. However,the walls which create  the castle's architecture, was constructed by Khorasan mortar and as a result of examinations we made on the potteries presented in castle, it shows that the castle was built after the Persian Periods because of the techniques of ceramics construction, profile, paste feature and  made as glazed.

Tanulmányomban bemutatom egy nagy jelentőségű kereskedelmi vállalat, a Magyar Keleti Tengerhajózási Részvénytársaság megalakulásának és működésének történetét az 1898–1913 közötti években. Ez a vállalat volt az, amelyik továbbvitte a Dunán a Vaskapuig szállított árut a fekete-tengeri és levantei kikötőkbe, és amely beindította 1912-től a Fiume-Ausztrália közötti rendszeres tengeri kereskedelmet is. Kutatásomban vizsgálom a vállalat és a magyar állam között fennállt törvénybe foglalt támogatási szerződéseket, melyekben konkrétan lefektették, hogy mely kikötőkkel és mennyi járattal kellett a vállalatnak folyamatos kapcsolatot létesítenie. Ezzel összhangban megvizsgálom a fellelhető statisztikai források alapján a vállalat hajó- és áruforgalmát és üzleti eredményeit, illetve elhelyezem ezen adatok alapján horizontálisan a Magyar Keleti
Rt-t a többi államilag támogatott tengerhajózási vállalat között. Kutatásomtól azt várom, hogy segít megvilágítani a magyar külkereskedelemnek egy kevéssé ismert és alig kutatott fejezetét.

In the last decade, physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models have increasingly been developed to explain the kinetics of environmental pollutants in wildlife. For marine mammals specifically, these models provide a new, non-destructive tool that enables the integration of biomonitoring activities and in vitro studies. The goals of the present study were firstly to develop PBPK models for several environmental relevant PCB congeners in harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena), a species that is sensitive to pollution because of its limited metabolic capacity for pollutant transformation. These models were tested using tissue data of porpoises from the Black Sea. Secondly, the predictive power of the models was investigated for time trends in the PCB concentrations in North Sea harbor porpoises between 1990 and 2008. Thirdly, attempts were made to assess metabolic capacities of harbor porpoises for the investigated PCBs. In general, results show that parameter values from other species (rodents, humans) are not always suitable in marine mammal models, most probably due to differences in physiology and exposure. The PCB 149 levels decrease the fastest in male harbor porpoises from the North Sea in a time period of 18 years, whereas the PCB 101 levels decrease the slowest. According to the models, metabolic breakdown of PCB 118 is probably of lesser importance compared to other elimination pathways. For PCB 101 and 149 however, the presence of their metabolites can be attributed to bioaccumulation of metabolites from the prey and to metabolic breakdown of the parent compounds in the harbor porpoises.

""En Filipo II y el Arte de la Guerra tendremos la oportunidad de conocer en profundidad a uno de los más grandes reyes de la antigua Macedonia. Gracias a su habilidad como estratega, diplomático, político y soldado, heredó un reino pobre, débil y acosado por innumerables enemigos y lo transformó en el más poderoso de toda Grecia.

A lo largo de sus páginas podremos conocer la historia del reino Macedonio, desde sus orígenes míticos hasta la formación de un imperio, de la mano del que, a la postre, se convertiría en el padre del mítico Alejandro Magno y en el forjador de un nuevo ejército que cambiaria el devenir de la guerra en la Antigüedad. Filipo II fue el creador de la falange macedonia, formación que se demostraría como inigualable en el campo de batalla y que reportaría incontables victorias sobre poderosos enemigos, como los ilirios, los tesalios, los tracios, los beocios o los atenienses. Pero no sólo eso, logró integrar en el campo de batalla a la infantería y a la caballería para emplearlos en nuevas formaciones tácticas: armó a sus soldados con las míticas sarissas y apreció como pocos las posibilidades militares que la maquinaria de guerra podía proporcionarle, siendo el mecenas de numerosos avances en este campo. Soñó con conquistar el Imperio persa, cuando ya había logrado lo que nadie antes fue capaz: el control de Grecia.

Sólo la muerte le arrebató esa hazaña, pero sentó las bases de lo que más tarde conseguiría su propio hijo. Su figura levantó tanto odios como pasiones; se le conocía como mujeriego y bebedor, pero también por su habilidad para la oratoria, por sus astucia, determinación y valor. Siempre luchó en primera línea junto a sus soldados y nunca permitió que éstos le llamaran rey, sino solo "General".

Odessa, berceau de la Grèce moderne : Aux origines secrètes de la Philiki Eteria

Stella GHERVAS
(CES, Harvard University)

Résumé

C’est à Odessa, ville neuve au bord de la mer Noire, que fut fondée en septembre 1814 la célèbre Société des Amis (Philiki Eteria), qui fut à l’origine du mouvement grec de libération qui mena à la Guerre d’indépendance et à la constitution de l’Etat grec moderne. Et pourtant, si l’on excepte quelques tentatives récentes de la part d’historiens grecs (notamment Papoulidis, Prousis) et russes (Arsh) de resituer le mouvement de la Philiki Eteria, sa genèse recèle encore bien des points d’ombre. Cette communication, basée sur de multiples documents inédits tirés des archives russes et ukrainiennes (notamment sur la correspondance politique de Ioannis Capodistrias et Alexandre Stourdza), jette un nouveau regard  sur les origines de la Philiki Heteria, ses conceptions initiales, ses financements, ainsi que ses relations contrastées avec les autorités russes.

Elle s’interroge en particulier sur le cadre d’Odessa comme berceau de cette société secrète. Pourquoi est-ce dans cette ville portuaire, si loin des frontières de la Grèce continentale, qu'a pu se développer cette société secrète, et pourquoi son action a-t-elle eu des retombées si importantes ? Qu’y faisaient ses membres et comment s’étaient-ils connus ? Par reflet, nous examinerons les traces que cette organisation a laissées dans la mémoire et le patrimoine culturel de la ville d’Odessa.

Plus généralement, l’action de la Philiki Eteria à Odessa s’inscrit dans la vaste question d’Orient, un enjeu de la géopolitique russe auquel le sort de la Grèce fut intimement lié. C’est l’occasion d’examiner dans quelle mesure ce mouvement fut une cause passionnelle chez les haut fonctionnaires et les diplomates russes, ou au contraire l’instrument d’un Etat décidé à imposer son hégémonie sur les Détroits et en Méditerranée orientale, au détriment de l’Empire ottoman et des autres puissances européennes.

Bibliographie sélective :

- Stella GHERVAS, Réinventer la tradition. Alexandre Stourdza et l’Europe de la Sainte-Alliance, Paris, Honoré Champion, 2008, 625 p.

- Stella GHERVAS, « Odessa et les confins de l’Europe: un éclairage historique », in Lieux d’Europe : Mythes et limites, Stella Ghervas et François Rosset (éds.), Paris, Editions de la Maison des sciences de l'homme, 2008, pp. 107-124.

- Stella GHERVAS, « Philhellénisme et ambitions russes dans le contexte de la question d’Orient », in Φιλελληνισμός. Το ενδιαφέρον για την Ελλάδα και τους Έλληνες από την Επανάσταση ως σήμερα, Anna Mandilara, Georgios Nikolaou, Lambros Filitouris et Nikolais Anastassopoulos (éds.), Athènes, Hérodote, 2014, à paraître.

- Stella GHERVAS, « Le philhellénisme d’inspiration conservatrice en Europe et en Russie », in Peuples, Etats et nations dans le Sud-Est de l’Europe, Bucarest, éd. Anima, 2004, pp. 98-110.

- Stella GHERVAS, « Le philhellénisme russe : union d’amour ou d’intérêt ? », in Regards sur le philhellénisme, Cléopâtre Montandon (éd.), Geneva, Permanent Mission of Greece to the United Nations, 2008, pp. 33-41.

Turkey-Ukraine relations which have made important progress since the dissolution of the Soviet Union have a high strategical value for both countries. Whereas being riparian states of the Black Sea becomes prominent as one of determinant factors for its bilateral relations, the fact that Turkey obtains a large part of its Russian natural gas via Ukraine shows the importance of these relations

The seaport is a location settled on the coast of a sea and other waterways, guarded by the streams and waves, and in principle, equipped with all equipment necessary for the loading and discharging of ships as well as for repair and maintenance. Ports become to be a rivalry zone cause of being most critical economic structures for transnational business and trade activities. Container transportation has increased concurrently with the rise of world trade. Therefore, modern ports exceed this classic description. In order to adapt to the global competition environment, they should make necessary regulations and infrastructure work in container ports. However, having only the necessary infrastructure facilities does not make this port usable for shipping companies. In order to have cargo density in the ports, the port should be accessible, the hinterland area should be large, and the trade in the region where it is located should be active. Black Sea container terminals are the eastern sea border of Europe, necessary gates for entry and exit of import and export commercial commodity, the eastern maritime aspect of Europe. The aim of this study is to examine the current status of container ports in the Black Sea Basin, which are of great importance both regionally and globally. This study purposes to make a contribution in this respect by (i) to be able to understand the effectiveness of container port operations, (ii) Conceptualize efforts to integrate port/ship operations; (iii) a conceptual study on the parameters used in performance measurement of ports and logistics systems.

Asırlardır Karadeniz’in çevresinde birlikte yaşayan ve dünya politikalarını yönlendiren bu iki devlet, önümüzdeki süreçte de Karadeniz bölgesinde
kriz yerine iş birliğini seçerek bölgede istikrar ve refahı egemen kılacaktır.
Aksi bir durumda ise, Karadeniz yeni bir çatışma alanına dönüşerek
her iki ülkeyi de olumsuz bir şekilde etkiyecektir.

The Black Sea Port-city in the Road of Modernization. The First Modern Attempts in Varna during the 1840s – 1870s. – in: Port cities of the Western Black sea coast and the Danube. Economic and social development in the long nineteenth century. Edited by Constantin Ardeleanu and Andreas Lyberatos. Black Sea History vol. I, Ionian University, Greece, 2015, pp. 214–224

Ivan ROUSSEV


Summary: Modernization is an important change in social life and marks the transition from traditional to industrial society. The process began in Western Europe during the Industrial Revolution and the political revolutions of the 18th century, mainly the French revolution (1789–1799), and reached the Balkans and the Black Sea region in 19th century. Especially for the Black Sea region the most important factors stimulating the process were the removal of the monopolies in the Ottoman Empire and the beginning of large grain-export toward the Mediterranean and West European ports at the end of the 1830s. Being the biggest port-city of the Western Black Sea, Varna wasn’t an exception to the rule. On the contrary, the history of the town during the 1840s – 1870s is full of interesting attempts to modernize the local economy and city life: trade was modernized as some limited joint-stock companies were set up and a trade on commission introduced; city-planning and architecture were improved; transport and communications were developed with the project for diligence track between Varna and Russe; the railway reached Varna; the town became the main station of the first telegraph line crossing the Black Sea region; for the first time the Varniotes could enjoy some modern entertainments like the casino, etc. But modernization wasn’t always that well welcomed in Varna. There were also cases in which it led to misunderstanding and failure – for example, the project of building a new large town port, unrealized until the beginning of the 20th century.

The paper is based on different sources: travel notes, newspapers from this period, archives, including unknown reports and correspondence of foreign diplomats (consuls) living in Varna during the 1840s – 1870s.

Keywords: Modernization, Varna, Black Sea region, consuls, trade

Черное море традиционно было местом преимущественного столкновения интересов внерегиональных и региональных стран, определенный баланс между которыми обеспечивает Конвенция Монтрё 1936 г. После вхождения Крыма в состав России, получившей контроль за значительными морскими пространствами и ресурсами вокруг Крымского полуострова, предшествующая ситуация усложнилась за счет роста противоречий уже между черноморскими государствами, прежде всего между РФ и Украиной. Спор о государственной принадлежности Крыма продолжается путем подачи украинской стороной исков в международные судебные инстанции. От того, как будет разрешен этот спор и сможет ли Россия в полной мере обеспечить защиту своих национальных интересов в районе Черного моря, будет зависеть ее статус крупнейшей черноморской державы.

Coastal protected areas and historical heritage sites in Bulgaria are established by national policy in-struments/laws and EU Directives to protect a wide range of natural and cultural resources. This paper demonstrated the development of a detailed inventory based on GIS tools which is able to document a variety of protected areas and heritage sites along the North Bulgarian Black Sea coast with a landward extended zone 2100 m in width. The strip zone area is 182.6 km 2 and circa 67% has different protection status both for natural and historical heritage. Analysis concerned compliance of national and IUCN categorisation of coastal protected areas in North Bulgaria and the degree of spatial overlapping and complementarities between nationally designated sites and Natura 2000 areas. The greatest natural and human related challenges were considered for both protected areas and historical sites, i.e. impact of tourism, management conservation issues and perspectives for future development (ecotourism). Results help in providing the key issues of conservation value and proper visitation management, to managers of coastal protected areas, tourism operators, developers and visitors on, leading towards a goal of environmental , social and economic sustainability.

2011 Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan announced the construction of a new canal bypassing the Bosphorus, which will connect the Mediterranean with the Black Sea. The Turkish press called it Erdogan's "crazy project". The article discusses the Istanbul Canal project, its parameters, environmental and legal issues, as well as the infrastructure that will be built around the canal.

In connection with Romania’s efforts to defend her sovereignty at the Lower Danube, Great Britain reacted according to her own interests, opposing Romania’s intentions to name the Port Captain of Sulina and the Navigation Inspector or to levy custom taxes at Sulina, but, at first, supporting indirectly the Bucharest cabinet in resisting the pressures of Austro-Hungary and Russia (the latter trying to remove the Chilia branch from the European jurisdiction). In the complicated dispute related to the creation of the Mixed Commission of the Danube (an instrument which would have given the dual monarchy a total control over the Danubian sector between the Iron Gates and Galaţi) Great Britain acted as the country most interested in respecting the freedom of navigation on the Danube. But the problem of the prolongation of the European Commission of the Danube made the Foreign Office more open to arrangements with Vienna and St. Petersburg. The negotiations and compensations among the cabinets led to the Conference of London (1883), whose mission was to establish a new international regime of navigation at the Lower Danube. Although Great Britain acted as a supporter of Romania’s participation at the Conference on equal footing with the European Powers, the Foreign Office was more eager to reach satisfactory results in the important problems concerning the prolongation of the European Commission of the Danube and the extension of its jurisdiction to Brăila – the terminus point of the maritime Danube. The favorable solution of these questions was the result of two important concessions made to Austro-Hungary and, respectively, Russia – the approval of the Regulation for Navigation, Police and Supervision between the Iron Gates and Galaţi and, respectively, the detachment of the Chilia Branch from the jurisdiction of the European Commission.
Accused by many contemporaries of sacrificing the Danube for the Nile,Great Britain acted according to her own interests, too little similar with those of Romania, and thus had an important contribution in determining the Bucharest government to look for a direct agreement with Austro-Hungary in the problem of the freedom of navigation on the Danube, that eventually led to Romania’s joining the Triple Alliance (1883).

Long-term monitoring of marine litter composition and density has been conducted between 2009 and 2018 on eleven beaches of Trabzon city located on the southeastern Black Sea coast in Turkey. All unnatural litter items were collected from randomly selected transects on the beaches. A total of litter items 4138 in number and 108.75 kg in weight were collected during the study. The highest litter density was 22.00 items/m 2 which is categorized as extremely dirty by Clean-Coast Index. The ANOVA results revealed that there was a significant difference in density between years (p < 0.05). However, no significant difference was found between stations, substratum and whether the station is located on a river mouth (p > 0.05). Plastic (79.69%) was the most commonly found litter followed by metal (7.37%) and glass (5.58%). The main source of the litter items was found to be river transportation (21.96%).

The ancient site of Tios (modern Filyos) lies at the mouth of the river Billaios (Filyos Çayı), towards the western end of the southern Black Sea coast, in Zonguldak province. In ancient sources the city is spelt in various ways, including Tios, Tieion, Teion and Tion. In the second half of the seventh century BC the city was founded as a Milesian colony by the priest named Tios.

It was dependent to various kingdoms throughout the Hellenistic period and the city fell under Roman control in AD 70. In the Roman Imperial period, it is understood from inscriptions and coins that Roman emperors and proconsuls encouraged the development of the city. In the Byzantine period the city was a bishopric and we find the names of bishops of Tios on lead seals.

Salgın hastalıklar insanlık tarihi boyunca ortaya çıkmıĢ, insanların ölümüne sebep olmuĢtur. Bu hastalıklardan birisi de çiçek hastalığıdır. Osmanlı Devleti"nde de zaman zaman çiçek salgınlarına maruz kalarak kayıplara uğramıĢtır. Ölümcül olan bu hastalık bulunan aĢı sayesinde tehlike olmaktan çıkmıĢtır. Osmanlı"nın çiçek salgına karĢı aĢı uygulamasının yapıldığı bilinmektedir. Bir kampanya kapsamında çiçek aĢısı uygulanan yerlerden birisi de Tirebolu kazasıdır.

The monograph "Geology and Non-traditional resources of the Black Sea" examines the origin, properties and application of deep sea organogenic mineral sediments (DSOMS) formed during the newest ages of the geological history of the Black Sea. It examines also the natural conditions influencing the formation of the sediment complex and the mineral resources. The Black Sea is seen as a unique natural geobiotechnological reactor capable of generating specific geological resources. The object of this study is the Black Sea bottom and more specifically the Bulgarian economic zone and the western region of the Black Sea and the subject of the study is the origin, the properties and the distribution of deep sea organogenic mineral sediments (DSOMS) and the evaluation of the possibilities to use them as a complex raw material. This paper lays the foundations of the application of a new type of complex raw material from the bottom of the Black Sea and examines the composition, the properties, the distribution and the origin of DSOMS as well as the possible spheres of their economic application and extraction.

This report is prepared to recall the significance of  The Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Straits which entrusted Turkey with the full control of the Turkish Straits and restored Turkey’s absolute sovereignty over one of the most strategic waterways in the world that converge Europe and Asia.
The report, starts with explaining the historical background of the regime of the Turkish Straits until the Montreux Convention and incorporates detailed analysis of the core articles of the Convention, dwells on the current developments in today’s crisis-ridden world that  bring the Montreux Convention to renewed prominence. The report, furthermore, suggests that Montreux Convention continues to be a functional regional and global safety valve for today's world.
I would like to sincerely thank for the thoughtful guidance and support given to me by AVİM Director Alev Kılıç and AVİM Consultant Yiğit Alpogan for writing this report. I commemorate with great respect the Founder and Honorary President of AVİM Ambassador  Ömer Engin Lütem.