Corpus-Based Translation Studies

Scientific and Technical Translation (STT) is a highly complex and knowledge-intensive field of translation and cognitive linguistics is a usage-based linguistic framework which provides powerful theoretical tools for modelling knowledge organisation and representation in discourse. This book explores the interface between scientific and technical translation studies and cognitive linguistics by discussing the epistemological, contextual, textual and cross-linguistic dimensions of scientific and technical translation from a cognitive linguistic perspective. Particular emphasis is placed on explicitation and implicitation as indicators of the interaction between text and context in STT. The corpus-based investigation of the two phenomena illustrates the complex knowledge requirements pertaining to scientific and technical translation and demonstrates the explanatory power of cognitive linguistics with regard to important textual and contextual aspects of STT.

Existing studies on the translation of Nadsat – the invented language in A Clockwork Orange – neglect the fact that Nadsat is a result of language contact between English and Russian, and ignore the role that translators play in linguistic innovation, as well as the motivating factors behind their creativity. This study addresses this conspicuous gap by examining a multilingual corpus of A Clockwork Orange from a language contact and language change perspective, and creating for the first time a link between adaptation, as understood in contact linguistics, and creativity in translation. The focus is on how Russian-derived nouns in the English version have been rendered in four versions of Nadsat (French, German, Greek, and Spanish), and how these differ from naturally occurring Russian loan nouns in these languages, in terms of gender assignment and inflection. Results suggest that the level of creativity that translators demonstrate is not simply an indication of their talent, but rather a result of an interplay of factors related to translation, and that concepts from the field of language contact are particularly effective in reframing the way in which creativity is viewed in translation studies.

Available from: http://www.tandfonline.com/eprint/Qui4mZh2eAKjKjYm8HyA/full

This article presents the results of the investigation of a corpus consisting of translated and original French taken from contemporary prize-winning fiction. The focus of the inquiry is the difference between original and translated French and the consequences for the voice of the translator. The differences between the two language types are examined through a case study of the syntactic structure known as dislocation. Through careful analysis of the form, function and usage of this construction in the two language types, I arrive at several conclusions. First, the very existence of formal, functional and usage variation highlights the differences between translated and original language, and this may in future play a greater role in governing the composition of corpora in linguistic research. Second, the way in which this variation manifests itself has consequences for the status that translation holds in a specific culture and the effects that translation can have on the target language. Finally, variation between the two language types is shown to be relevant to the debate regarding the voice of the translator: Lawrence Venuti's invisibility theory is reworked to include three types of invisibility.

The present study deals with variation in discourse relations in different registers of English and German. Our previous analyses have been concerned with the systemic contrasts between English and German, cf. Kunz & Steiner (2013 a/b), Kunz & Lapshinova (to appear) and have addressed some cross-linguistic differences with regard to textual realizations of selected subtypes of cohesion. In our current work, our focus is on the empirical analysis of cross-linguistic variation between registers. In order to obtain a more comprehensive picture, we investigate three main types of cohesion in combination: co-reference, substitution and conjunction and their subtypes, cf. Halliday & Hasan (1976). We extract instantiations of cohesive devices from an English-German corpus of spoken and written registers. The data is analyzed with statistical procedures which show that subcorpora can be grouped along particular combinations of cohesive devices.

This paper traces register shifts (Halliday & Hasan 1976: 22; Hatim & Mason 1997) between source-texts (English) and target-texts (Greek and Spanish) in instances of racist discourse in films. It presents preliminary, as yet non-exhaustive, findings and aims to ultimately formulate explanatory hypotheses concerning the emerging norms. Our methodological approach is placed in the framework of Descriptive Translation Studies (Toury 2012; Chesterman 2008) and in the school of Critical Discourse Analysis (Fairclough 1985; 1992), relying on Appraisal Theory (Martin & White 2005) to provide and analyse a taxonomy of the racism-related utterances examined.

Following a number of studies on translator style, this paper attempts to apply corpus linguistics methods used in translation studies and inspired by stylometry to verify whether interpreters also demonstrate features of individual style.
Interpreting style is viewed here as a way of interpreting which is characterized by a consistent prominence of one or many linguistic features in interpretations from different source languages that make one’s interpretations distinguishable from those of others, as well as from one’s own speaking style. Style is approached from the point of view of authorship attribution and stylometry, i.e. described by quantitative linguistic discriminators, which in the present study are the parameters indicating the tendency to repetitiveness, informativeness and lexical
sophistication.

Chinese traditional wedding is a marriage ceremony established with a pre-arrangement between families involving a ritual procession. In this respect, this study deals with the semiotics translation of Chinese traditional wedding signs in the ritual processions located in Medan.The aims of this research are: to analyse the types of semiotics displayed in the Hokkien Chinese Traditional Wedding signs, to translate the semiotics of each sign Chinese traditional wedding in Medan realized in English, and to discuss the cultural value in the semiotics translation of Hokkien Chinese Traditional Wedding in Medan. The research focuses on the semiotics meanings of Chinese traditional wedding signs in Medan, North Sumatra, by the community of Hokkien. The study employed a qualitative research design. Interview and documentations were used as the data collection methods. The research results showed that: there are thirty signs of Hokkien Chinese Traditional Weddings discussed in this research consisting of semiotics meanings which influenced and gave an effect to the bride and groom in their wedding, the tradition that has been practiced consisted of the cultural category of ecology culture, material culture, social culture, organization culture, gesture, and habit culture in which the most dominant one was the social culture. Based on these, it was concluded that all of the signs used in Chinese traditional wedding for the pre-wedding and wedding ritual were in hereditary from generation to generation, though some modifications had been made.

Cet article propose une analyse linguistique d'un corpus de français traduit de façon automatique depuis l'anglais, en comparaison avec un corpus de français original. Deux outils de traduction automatique ont été retenus pour cette étude, l'un générique, grand public et neuronal tandis que l'autre est un outil spécifique, utilisé par une grande organisation internationale et à base de statistiques. Selon la méthodologie de la traductologie de corpus, à travers une analyse quantitative de phénomènes linguistiques (lexicaux et grammaticaux) connus pour poser problème aux traducteurs anglais-français, nous montrons que l'usage linguistique, au-delà des règles et dont le respect permet d'atteindre la fluidité et l'idiomaticité de la langue cible attendues sur le marché, n'est pas pris en compte par les outils de traduction automatique actuels. L'objectif est de mettre au jour la valeur ajoutée de la traduction humaine, tout particulièrement auprès des traducteurs en formation.
ABSTRACT In this article we provide a linguistic analysis of a corpus of machine-translated texts from English into French, in comparison with a corpus of original French. Two machine translation tools have been selected: one of them is a generic, general public, neural system while the other is a specific, statistical-based tool developed by a major international organization. Following the corpus-based translation studies approach, we provide a quantitative analysis of a series of linguistic features (lexical and grammatical) which are known to be problematic for English-French translators. We aim to show that linguistic usage, which goes beyond grammatical correctness and needs to be taken into account to provide natural, idiomatic translations in order to meet the demands of today's translation market, is not taken into account by current machine translation systems. Our aim is to show human translators' added value over such systems, in particular for translation trainees.

As a crucial communication material, the brand name exhibits its growing importance in the worldwide communication. It is a special text with a strong function and a clear persuasive purpose. This paper aims to explore the translation strategy and methods of English brand names from the perspective of culture. According to Skopostheorie, the prime principle determining any translation process is the purpose of the overall translational action. The translation methods should be based on the text's function and the target culture. This paper is a tentative study of the guiding strategy and possible methods used in English brand names translation by analyzing the Chinese and English brand names, and how they fulfill the function of promoting products and enhancing the cultural exchange in the hope of offering a new perspective in the brand name translation practice. The study used the Skopostheorie as the guiding theory and strategy to analyze English brand names, which were selected from the brand names database " brandirectory ". It is found that the translation should follow the target-culture oriented strategy to conform to the habitual use of target language, social culture and aesthetics in target market.

Just a few years ago, the term “cloud computing” had little meaning to many people. Nowadays it has come to be associated not only with computer technology, but also with translation tools.
Over the past 20 years the field of computer-assisted translation (CAT) tools and technologies has witnessed substantial progress and, with the advent of cheap desktop computing and the internet it has been possible to see translation barriers falling down. Currently, almost the entire translation market is run by small and medium-sized organisations competing with larger ones. Thus, this situation has acted as a barrier to CAT tools adoption since large translation companies can afford to build automated workflow and CAT tools, but for many small enterprises this is less feasible. Thus, they have to rely on cloud computing translation technology. Things are changing dramatically since Google and the social networks have shown that the future is not on the desktop, but on the internet. One of the benefits of this solution is that translation companies supply their translators with tools that require no licences and, most importantly, do not require any installation or training. In addition, the staff support has direct access to any problem that might arise and is able to provide support. Another advantage is that multiple translators can work simultaneously on the same file, obviating the additional onerous task of cutting up files into smaller parts and then stick them back together after the translation process. Using a browser-based system means that there is no need to send files via mail. All the assets are updated and shared in real time, and data remain secure on the server. Another interesting feature of browser-based systems is that the design tends to be cleaner and functional than with desktop packages. Translators can concentrate only on what they have to do: translate.
The aim of this research is to point out the significant role of cloud translation in a brand new translation environment. The entire work is subdivided into five chapters, each focusing on the different methodologies used in the field of text analysis and translation, including the traditional methods as well as the latest related to cloud computing. The first chapter offers an overall review of traditional dissections in linguistic analysis, and especially in Corpus Linguistics, as well as the main linguistic theories worked out by major corpus scholars. Corpus Linguistics, indeed, offers effective methods of language analysis, taking into consideration its use in real linguistic environments since it relies on empirical data. The second chapter provides a useful guide as well as a theoretical background for corpus compilers, indicating the most efficient techniques to build a Do-It-Yourself (DIY) corpus. It starts taking into account the most important considerations by scholars such as Tognini Bonelli, Halliday, Sinclair and Leech not only on corpus building processes, but also on lexis structure, pragmatics and semantics. Then, it offers reflections about Sinclair’s main areas of investigation when analysing a corpus, i.e. collocation, colligation, semantic preference and discourse prosody. At the end of the chapter a detailed user guide to AntConc, a very useful free concordance tool for corpus investigation, is provided. The third chapter presents a detailed corpus-based investigation and analysis of veterinary research articles dealing with muscular diseases. The investigation offers meaningful personal deductions about the most frequent words occurring in all texts and the relations with their collocates, colligates, semantic preference and useful considerations about semantic prosody. The fourth chapter covers new approaches in Corpus Linguistics since it focuses on new theories which rely on the web in order to build corpora. As a matter of fact, the web is also considered as an excellent corpus source since it provides the largest text collection in the world. One of the tools available for online corpus building and investigation is the Sketch Engine. It is run by humans, who should establish themselves the parameters of research in advance. Once the corpus has been created, the Engine provides efficient functions for corpus analysis. In the case of the present research, the Sketch Engine has been used as a corpus builder uploading target language files, so that abundant considerations on texts belonging to the same field of research of the source texts could be made. Then, the results of this preliminary investigation have also been used as a valid help and support, for research purposes, to translate a scientific article. The last chapter, the fifth, is the most relevant one since it deals with terminology management systems and translation memory systems; on how translators can work on existing TMSs or how they can create new ones. Then, the chapter offers a review of the most popular computer-assisted translation (CAT) tools, from Trados up to the most recent one, KantanMT, a cloud-based translation tool. The last part of the chapter, indeed, copes with the latest advantages in translation technology in terms of cloud translation. With the KantanTM tool translators can work on their tasks directly on the web, without having to worry about downloading software on their computers. In order to prove the effectiveness of these new cloud tools, KantanMT was used to translate automatically the same text that had been previously translated using traditional methods. The last step of the present research offers an appendix with the first draft translation of the research article, the text translated by KantanMT, and at the end, the final and correct version of the translation (which can be considered as a combination of the two translations) completed with the aid and support of the findings acquired with the Sketch Engine.

L’objectif de cet article est de soulever un certain nombre de questions que posent les études qui se font dans le cadre de la traductologie de corpus (corpus-based translation studies ou CBTS) et qui se sont fortement développées ces quinze dernières années.  Les questionnements seront d’ordres méthodologiques et interprétatifs, questionnements que nous souhaitons aborder au travers d’une étude spécifique sur les structures existentielles en anglais et en français (there is/are vs. il y a et leurs variantes flexionnelles), au sein de textes traduits et non-traduits. Plus spécifiquement, nous exposons les premiers résultats d’une étude pilote effectuée dans le cadre du projet CorTEx (CORPUS, TRANSLATION, EXPLORATION), qui vise à établir l’existence d’un lien entre les différences entre langue traduite (LT) et langue non-traduite (LNT) d’une part et la qualité de la traduction d’autre part (voir http://stl.recherche.univ-lille3.fr/CorTE/CorTEx_index).

L’utilisation des corpus électroniques (ou banques de données linguistiques) en traduction et en traductologie est de plus en plus répandue. Les différents corpus existants (monolingues, bilingues, comparables, parallèles…) peuvent en effet servir d’outils d’aide à la traduction en apportant des informations complémentaires à celles fournies par d’autres outils. Car si les corpus se « cachent » au sein des logiciels de TAO sous forme de mémoires de traduction ou encore au sein des outils de traduction automatique, d’autres utilisations sont possibles, avec pour objectifs notamment une compréhension plus fine du texte à traduire et une optimisation du caractère naturel du texte traduit, et donc de l’invisibilité du traducteur. En traductologie, l’approche de la langue traduite par le biais de corpus électroniques permet une analyse de la traduction comme processus et comme produit en lien avec des questions théoriques importantes, dont celle de la qualité en traduction.

We live in a world which is globalized and where international relations are much more active than ever. As people do not speak common language, need for translation and interpreting is more crucial in this regard. We cannot think of close contacts among states, societies, people and businesses without the mediation of translation and interpreting than before. Thus, translation and interpreting have became crucial and are playing a very important role in human interactions. International law, which regulates relations between organizations and states, has also gained importance. Thus, it can be said that international law (as a result of this translation and interpreting as well) has also become more crucial. Thus, legal translation has also become important among the other domains of translation. However, translating and interpreting are not easy at all. There is no room for error in translation and interpreting as legal consequences may follow. Legal translation involves very complex matters and specialized terminology. This is why it is extremely important to assign the legal translation task to a translator who is well qualified and specialized to handle translation of legal documents. The field of legal translation in Kosovo is not so much developed. There is a limited work and study done in this regard. Therefore, this paper attempts to make a modest contribution in this regard with description and discussion of the issues regarding translation of legal texts. Solutions offered herein may be taken as a basis for further research.

By MTHIKAZI ROSELINA MASUBELELE
Summary -- While translation can be studied with a view to throwing light on a number of aspects in life, in this thesis translation has been researched with a view to outlining the development of written Zulu from its earliest stages, using twelve texts of the Book of Matthew. The Book of Matthew has been chosen in this undertaking because it was the first book of the Bible to be translated into Zulu and was thought to be the most apposite instrument with which the development of written Zulu could be measured. The polysystem theory and the descriptive
approach to translation studies are the theoretical models that inform the arguments presented in this study. Polysystem theory sees translated literature as a system operating in the larger social, literary and historical systems of the target culture, while with the descriptive approach translations are regarded as facts of the target culture. Against this premise the focus of this study is mainly on the twelve translations of the Book of Matthew and no comparisons between
source and target texts are undertaken here. Corpus-based research provided tools such as WordSmith Tools 3.0 for linguistic analysis. Biblical texts were obtained, scanned and presented in electronic format ready to be analysed. From the findings drawn, written Zulu developed all the way through Bible translation, with some translations revealing slight developments and others showing enormous ones. As the findings of this study reveal, Zulu developed gradually, as evidenced by the change to conjunctive writing which occurred over a considerable period, along with the appropriate representation of Zulu speech sounds and grammar conventions. It could also be established at what point during the development of the language, processes such as consonantalisation and palatalisation were introduced into the written language. It is also clear that words of Greek and Hebrew origin were brought into the Zulu language through Bible translation. Furthermore, this study demonstrates that it is feasible to use
corpus-based research for analysis in the indigenous languages of South Africa.
(This dissertation was made available at the following website: http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/1149/thesis.pdf?sequence=1)

The study aimed to correlate the reading comprehension and translation performance of English linguistic students, then inform some pedagogical implications for the teaching of reading comprehension in translation classes in order to enhance the translation quality performed by the students. To this end, 45 junior students of English linguistics specialization of Hung Vuong University, including 5 males and 40 females, aged from 20 to 22, were subject to a TOEFL reading comprehension test and a translation performance test (ATA guidelines, 2011). Data were analyzed using the Pearson Correlation, SPSS version 20.0. The coefficient correlation of students' reading comprehension and their translation performance was noted 0.721 at the significant level of 0.01. It was found that the Reading comprehension was closely related to translation performance. Along the reading comprehension question types, translation performance was affected by the ability to determine gist and main ideas of the text, identify the vocabulary, infer the implied meanings and identify the writer's style and attitudes. The results were discussed, and implications for teaching reading comprehension to enhance translation performance were presented.

摘要：
最近几十年，语料库语言学已成为现代应用语言学的支柱。因此，本文的宗旨是更深入地探讨语料库建设的一些认知性和操作性的步骤，以便把语料库观念向广大的研究人员推广。本文主要分为三个部分：
1. 语料库建设：理论与实践
2. 语料文本的加工层面
3. 语料格式属性的标注
第一部分探讨语料库语言学作为新学科发展的必要性，即从讨论学科的理论观念阶段进一步发展到应用的阶段，容纳最近该学科在工作方法论上所发生的新变化。在这个范围内，本文先探讨语料库语言学的定义和语料库的类型，目的是想确定一些更细致、可靠的语料库分类标准，以及所引出的语料库建设需求。
第二部分探讨语料库建设筹备阶段的语料加工层面，这部分又分三个部分：其一，语料文本的来源。详细地讨论文本的两种来源——纸质文本和电子文本；其二，现存的电子文本形式；其三，语料规范的不同层次。主要讨论四种层次：1-语料收取和记录语料库编纂有关的信息，2-文本储存阶段，3-文本转换阶段，4-选取语料样本阶段 。
第三部分探讨语料库建设中的语料格式属性标注，集中讨论双语语料库的建设，因为该语料库是应用语言学的基石，把实际运用的语言作为出发点来进行不同方面的应用研究，如翻译学、辞典编纂学、外语教学等。

关键词：语料库、语料加工、计算机语料库、计算机语料库规范问题、语料格式属性标注、XML语言与语料格式属性标注、汉阿对齐语料库、汉阿对应语料库。

This research attempted to evaluate the quality of Persian translation of drug leaflets. The researchers randomly selected a set of 30 pharmaceutical leaflets collected between March-August, 2015. The leaflets were analyzed based on House's functional-pragmatic model of translation quality assessment. At first, the profiles of both source texts and target texts were collected. Then, their overtly and covertly erroneous errors and the kinds of strategies used by the translators in translating the pharmaceutical leaflets into Persian were identified. The results indicate that out of 90 selected sentences of English leaflets, 47 were overtly erroneous and 43 were error-free. These overtly erroneous translations had 27 instances of " mistranslation " , 15 instances of " grammatical mistakes " , six instances of " addition " , six instances of " omission " and four instances of " substitution ". The only covert error was " tenor mismatch " in all sample sentences. The study findings can help teachers in translation studies to improve the quality of students' translation. Moreover, awareness of the errors in the current leaflet translations can assist students in performing their future jobs as translators. The findings may directly and indirectly affect the health of patients in an efficient and effective way.

The present paper studies diverse procedures related to Venuti " s strategies of domestication and foreignisation in Farsi dubbing and subtitling of the English movie, Warcraft directed by Duncan Jones. The procedures of both domestication and foreignisation were studied and statically analysed for the purpose of exploring the film translation method (dubbing or subtitling) which is closer to target-language-culture and the one which is closer to source-language-culture. In other words it was intended to explore which translation strategy (domestication or foreignisation) dominates dubbing and which one dominates subtitling. The tertiary purpose was to compare the reasons of differences in dubbing versus subtitling on the one hand, and the reasons of differences of the target text from the source text. The statistical analysis revealed that in dubbing, cultural equivalence is the most frequently used procedure (38.26%) apparently for making the movie visible for the public Iranian audience and adjust the movie to cultural considerations. Henceforth, dubbing orients to domestication. However, subtitling, with literal translation as the most frequently used procedure (57.4%), orients to foreignisation. In dubbing of the movie, most differences are related to cultural equivalence (38.26%) and the literal translation (29.56%) is in the next step. An interesting point is that the procedure of calque is neither used in subtitling nor in dubbing. In subtitling, cultural equivalence stands in the second place (17.34) and explanation (9.50%) occupies the third place. Other procedures " frequencies show no meaningful difference. Once implemented on more cases, the findings of this study have the potentialities of generalization to identify the most frequently occurred errors in movie translation industry and henceforth suggesting translation solutions for rendering dubbing and subtitling with more degree of naturalness.

This research aims at studying binomial expressions in common law agreements in the light of Corpus Linguistics in an attempt to provide translators with the necessary linguistic elements that will enable them to render a natural translation, that is, to translate legal language into legal language. Binomial expressions are formed by two words belonging to the same grammatical category and joined by and or or. Some examples are: terms and conditions, any and all, executed and delivered, due and payable, action or proceeding, agreement or obligation. Binomials are an integral part of English legal language and as such have deserved a considerable amount of study. The same, however, does not occur in Brazilian Portuguese legal language. Therefore, when dealing with binomial expressions, studies show that Brazilian translators tend to translate all the elements of a binomial literally. The choice of text type is due to the fact that agreements and contratos are among the most difficult documents to translate and seem to have an incredibly high concentration of binomial expressions. For said reasons, in order to study binomials in English legal language and provide elements for translators to arrive at their own translation into Brazilian Portuguese, we have compiled and explored a bilingual comparable corpus consisting of authentic agreements and contratos, totalling, approximately, 1 million words - 705,744 in English and 289,984 in Brazilian Portuguese - made up of 5 samples of 28 different kinds of contratos and agreements, a total of 140 documents in each language. Exploring such a corpus greatly depended on the principles and tools of Corpus Linguistics. To tag the corpus we used UCREL's CLAWS 7 (the Constituent Likelihood Automatic Word-tagging System) and to explore the corpus we used Mike Scott's WordSmith Tools.

Today’s frequent intercultural contacts and migration bridge earlier cultural gaps and carry recipes further than ever before. Cookery books are governed by their own laws not only in the choice of vocabulary and fixed expressions, but also grammar and style, and require specialised knowledge of the culinary arts in both source and target cultures. Their translations should accordingly not only be linguistically impeccable and technically accurate, but also read as if written by a professional.
This paper discusses key characteristics of English-language recipes from the author’s over decade-long experience and demonstrates how the employment of corpus tools can help choose the most appropriate collocation or turn of phrase, validate hypotheses concerning crucial but non-salient grammatical choices (such as presence or absence of articles, or preference for singular or plural) as well as stylistic, spelling and punctuation conventions. Several categories of snares lurking for the translator are outlined with the help of a self-compiled corpus (1m tokens, ≈12k types), and numerous concrete examples presented vindicating the brownie points gained in teaching ESP and specialised translation through analyses of recipe vortals, the Wikipedia and cookery software in ways different from those envisaged by their creators. The article concludes with menu writing tips.

The paper discusses potential applications of corpus-based methodologies to legal language studies, the focus being placed on their implications for translation research and translator training. Corpus-based studies have been applied to translation since the 90ties; prior research tended to exclude translations as a nonrepresentative language. However, relatively few current projects concentrate on legal translation
specifically. Corpus-based methodologies analyse authentic data and language in use. They help to eliminate the speculative element and to verify research hypotheses on a larger scale. Their major contribution seems to be the possibility to improve the naturalness of translation. They may be applied to analyse the translationese against the non-translated language and, in consequence, to identify interferences from the source language. A substantial deal of research is devoted to the so-called translation universals, that is ‘universal features of translation’ (Baker 1993: 243) independent of specific language pairs, i.e. explicitation; simplification, disambiguation; normalisation or conservatism; leveling-out; and over- and underrepresentation of SL or TL elements, including untypical distribution of collocations. It will be argued that some of these hypotheses require further analysis in the context of legal translation. For example, how does the tendency to disambiguate relate to strategic ambiguities and purposeful flexibility of legal language (vagueness)? Is the tendency of explicitation and sanitation not in conflict with the high accuracy requirement in legal translation? And more generally, how does the untypical distribution of TL elements impact the naturalness of translation? It seems that corpus-based studies is a promising
methodology that may open up new perspectives on legal language and translation.

Translation quality assessment is at the heart of any theory of translation. It is used in the academic or teaching contexts to judge translations, to discuss their merits and demerits and to suggest solutions. However, literary translations needs more consideration in terms of quality and clarity as it is widely read form of translation. In this respect, Persian literary translation of Kite Runner was taken for investigation based on House's (2014) functional pragmatic model of translation quality assessment. To this end, around 100 pages from the beginning of both English and Persian versions of the novel were selected and compared. Using House's model, the profile of the source text register was created and the genre was recognized. The source text profile was compared to the translation text profile. The results were minute mismatches in field, tenor, and mode which accounted for as overt erroneous expressions and leading matches which were accounted for as covert translation. The mismatches were some mistranslations of tenses and selection of inappropriate meanings for the lexicon. Since the informal and culture specific terms were transferred thoroughly, the culture filter was not applied. Besides, as the translation was a covert one. The findings of the study have implications for translators, researchers and translator trainers.

Kehadiran linguistik korpus telah memberikan dampak yang signifikan terhadap berbagai penelitian yang mengkaji bahasa, tak terkecuali kajian penerjemahan. Dampak dari linguistik korpus terhadap perkembangan kajian penerjemahan antara lain ditandai oleh ketersediaan korpora yang memungkinkan para peneliti untuk mengkaji penerjemahan sebagai fenomena empiris dan kehadiran kajian penerjemahan berbasis korpus (corpus-based translation studies). Makalah ini membahas konsep-konsep pokok dalam kajian penerjemahan berbasis korpus sebagai hasil dari perkawinan antara metodologi linguistik korpus dan kajian penerjemahan deskriptif. Teknik dan metode yang dikembangkan oleh linguistik korpus diyakini mampu memperluas cakupan penelitian tentang kajian penerjemahan dan memperkenalkan sudut pandang baru bagi para peneliti penerjemahan. Pembahasan dalam makalah ini meliputi paparan tentang perubahan paradigma dalam kajian penerjemahan, konsep linguistik korpus, jenis korpus dan teknik analisis korpus yang dapat diaplikasikan dalam kajian penerjemahan, dan perkembangan kajian penerjemahan berbasis korpus. Paparan dalam makalah ini diharapkan dapat menginspirasi para ahli di bidang kajian penerjemahan dan linguistik korpus, khususnya di Indonesia, untuk berkolaborasi mengembangkan potensi penelitian kajian penerjemahan berbasis korpus, yang sampai dengan saat ini tampaknya belum banyak digali. 
Kata kunci: korpus linguistik, kajian penerjemahan, kajian penerjemahan berbasis korpus, kajian penerjemahan deskriptif.

Equivalence, gain and loss (divergence) are well-established and the most prevalent concepts in both the theoretical and applied translation studies. Equivalence denotes to the 'ideal or perfect translation' from the SL to TL and is inherently vital since it is indispensably reader-oriented or listener-oriented. In the process of translation, total equivalence is hardly achieved because of some gain and loss. Gain and loss can be accounted for the differences or divergences between languages viz. SL and TL. The divergences could be pertained to linguistic, social, cultural (Vermeer, 1987 & Goodenough, 1964), religious and other knowledge paradigms as translating a given language text encapsulates representing all of these paradigms into the TL text. Anton Popovic (1976) has identified four broader types of equivalence in translation: linguistic, paradigmatic, stylistic and textual. Dorr has classified divergence into two basic types: syntactic and lexical-semantic. In order to deal with the concept of equivalence, Popovic's theoretical model has been considered. So far as divergence is concerned, we have devised our own theoretical model. With regard to methodology, we have applied 1 thousand corpus of English sentences for this research study and analysed the translated Urdu output considering different areas of translational equivalence, gain and loss on web-based Machine Translation platforms such as Bing and Google Translate. We presume that gain and loss emerge as a huge issue which may owe their genesis from socio-linguistic, cultural, religious and anthropological factors.

Este estudio se centra en los elementos culturales, que, de acuerdo con la definición de Christiane Nord (1997:34) y otros autores, se denominan culturemas y se caracterizan por ser elementos abstractos propios de una cultura y útiles por su comparación entre esta y otras culturas diferentes. Debido a su naturaleza cultural, a menudo se encuentran problemas en la traducción de dichos elementos. Estas dificultades han llevado a diversos autores a proponer unas técnicas de trasvase (el préstamo, el calco, la traducción literal, la notas a pie de página, la utilización de equivalentes culturales, las reducciones o ampliaciones de significado, etc.) y a enumerar los factores que se han de considerar en su elección. En este estudio se analizan los culturemas y las técnicas utilizadas para su transposición de una cultura a otra. La metodología elegida para desarrollar este análisis es la de los corpus electrónicos. El objetivo principal del estudio es demonstrar que esta metodología facilita la identificación y la clasificación de los culturemas en el corpus de obras traducidas utilizadas en este trabajo. Los objetivos específicos se pueden sintetizar en: obtener un conocimiento más profundo del corpus utilizado que pueda ser útil como base para ulteriores investigaciones, demostrar la operatividad de las clasificaciones propuestas para los culturemas y para las técnicas de traducción utilizadas, y demostrar la efectividad del método utilizado para que se pueda emplear en trabajos futuros, específicamente en una tesis doctoral. Persiguiendo estos fines, el análisis se desarrolla en dos etapas, una descriptiva y otra comparativa, ambas divididas a su vez en dos fases. Con el objetivo de analizar la naturaleza de los culturemas y mejorar el conocimiento del corpus de estudio utilizado, el análisis descriptivo se divide en una primera fase de identificación y clasificación de los culturemas en categorías culturales y una segunda fase de identificación y clasificación de los culturemas más frecuentes en el corpus (con una frecuencia mayor o igual a 50 ocurrencias). El análisis comparativo permite, en la primera fase, identificar y clasificar las técnicas de traducción, mediante la utilización de un alineado entre obras traducidas y sus respectivos originales, y en la segunda fase analiza y calibra el peso idiosincrásico de los culturemas del corpus de literatura traducida y lo coteja con el de los culturemas localizados en las obras en lengua original.

W monografii zaproponowano model analizy terminograficznej jako odpowiedzi na postulowane w literaturze przedmiotu systematyczne badania metaleksykograficzne. Na dalszych stronach podsumowano wyniki badań ponad 600 słowników specjalistycznych z terminologią angielską i polską za lata 1990-2006. Zawarte w publikacji karty terminograficzne zawierające dane metaleksykograficzne przebadanych słowników umożliwiają przegląd materiału badawczego i jego dalsze wykorzystanie w badaniach. Pracę uzupełniają indeksy: dziedzinowy, według typów słowników, oraz wykazy najdłuższych serii wydawniczych. Dzieki nim użytkownik może np. potwierdzić istnienie słownika w ramach konkrtnej dziedziny i odnaleźć jego dane bibliograficzne.

This paper proposes a set of translation strategies for euphemisms, strategies that can, arguably, be applied to any pair of source-target languages. These strategies are based on Mona Baker's strategies for translating idioms, and also on Mona Arhire's view on translation universals. The study goes on to apply the translation strategies to a number of 40 English euphemisms into Romanian, using an online corpus of amateur translations and subtitles. A quantitative and qualitative analysis of the results shows to what extent and by what means Romanian translators manage to convey the complete euphemistic message through, and what are the most common mistakes they make.

As Piirainen put it (2012, p. 43); binomials are “sequences of two or more constituents that belong to the same grammatical category, have some semantic relationship and are joined by a conjunction like and or or”. This type of phraseological unit has been analyzed from several perspectives and across different languages (Malkiel, 1959; Gustaffson, 1984; Müller, 2009; Čermák, 2010; Toury, 2012; Pontrandolfo, 2011), but this is the first attempt to carry out a corpus-based translation analysis of binomials in the German-Basque/Spanish language combination.

Subtitles are a transcription or translation of a film, video and television presentations displayed as text on the lower part of the screen. An emotion is basically defined as a mental and physiological state associated with thoughts, feelings and behaviors. The preparation of film subtitles imposes certain requirements that make this type of translation complex. One of the constraints with subtitles is the failure sometimes to indicate the emotional nuances of dialogue, such as intonation, volume, and other vital information which may be required to fully comprehend the message conveyed. Consequently, the wrong use of Audiovisual Translation (AVT) techniques and strategies may lead to communication problems for the receiving audience. The aim of this article was therefore to i) identify the difficulties faced by the translator/subtitler in the translation of emotions in the subtitling process of the film Paris à tout prix from French into English for multilingual context viewers in Cameroon and ii) establish the strategies used in this process and propose solutions where necessary. The methodology involved the viewing of the two versions of the film [French version (Paris a tout prix) and its subtitled English version (Paris at any cost)], identification of emotions cases in the two versions, examination of the subtitling strategies used to translate the identified emotions in the films and highlighting inherent difficulties in rendering them into the target language of the audience. Findings revealed that the translator/subtitler used the strategies of modulation and adaptation to improve understanding of emotions in the film and thereby facilitating communication issues in the target language of the viewers. Proposals aimed at improving the quality of the subtitles of the film in particular and, the quality of Cameroonian audiovisual products in general are made where necessary.

This descriptive, library research considers the effects of globalization on the cultural acceptability of words and expressions transmitted to different linguistic-cultural communities via audiovisual materials through mass media such as movies industry, satellite channels or the internet. As words and expressions carry overlays other than lexical, the early assumption is that they have associations which are not acceptable in the culture of recipient communities. This is especially true about audiovisual texts that are highly culture-bound in form and communication style. The first question is whether globalization has positive or negative impact on translation as a whole. The second question is whether globalization can improve cultural acceptability and tolerance of cultural differences demonstrated in audiovisual products translated through various languages. The hypothesis is that due to technological advancement and globalization, mass media has acted as a facilitator among cultures in recent decades. The findings of the study show that the growing trend of globalization together with the fast pace of information technology and access to transnational satellites has brought cultures closer together. As well, introducing culture-specific terms to global viewers or readers has created linguistic connections among communities and many of such terms are now accepted and used by different people around the globe. Consequently, translation has become an easier task and a higher acceptability of translated audiovisual texts is achieved helping communities share cultures. Based on the findings, less known languages and cultures are encouraged to produce high-quality audiovisual products for global media and provide translations into different languages to have a share in global circulation of culture. Translators are also advised to make smarter choices for translation into/from their languages because they are assumed a higher status in the transfer of culture in a globalized world.

Many techniques have been applied in the interpretation and translation in the field of tourism guiding. This research paper focuses on the interpreting techniques of tour guides in North Sumatra. It seeks the types and the capabilities of tour guides in interpretation of the meanings of heritage of tourist destinations in North Sumatra. Data of this research were collected through document analysis, interviews, and analyzed using interactive data analysis in ancient tombs of Kings Sidabutar and the traditional house of Karonese Siwaluh Jabu at Dokan village in Karo district. The findings of this study showed that there were eight interpreting techniques applied by the tour guides in consecutive and liaison interpreting modes. The summarizing was the dominant technique. It was applied in order to clarify the objects.

Zitierhinweis: Wurm, Andrea (2014) "Kohäsion, Korpora und der Erwerb von Translationskompetenz. Text‐ und korpuslinguistische Analysen anhand des KOPTE‐Korpus." Kunz, Kerstin; Teich, Elke; Hansen-Schirra, Silvia; Neumann, Stella; Daut, Peggy (eds.): Caught in the Middle – Language Use and Translation. A Festschrift for Erich Steiner on the Occasion of his 60th Birthday. Saarbrücken: universaar Universitätsverlag des Saarlandes. 429-441

A  experiência  do  usuário  é  um  tópico  comumente  abordado  em  Sistemas  de Informação,  seja  pelas  necessidades  identificadas  durante  a  elaboração  de ferramentas e aplicativos especialistas ou pela sua importância no que se refere à interação  humano-computador.  No  entanto,  apesar  de  ser  uma  preocupação compartilhada por muitos, seu reflexo se limita a um pequeno número de pesquisas
na área dos Estudos da Tradução. Esse número é ainda menor quando tratamos de pesquisas relacionadas aos Estudos da Tradução Baseados em Corpus  (ETBC). Esse trabalho tem por objetivo principal analisar e avaliar um sistema sob a perspectiva do  usuário (pesquisador,  tradutor,  estudante  –  da  área  de  tradução),  abordando
características de usabilidade e ergonomia. O ponto de partida da investigação é um  sistema  de  tradução  com  base  em corpus  denominado  COPA-TRAD  – desenvolvido junto à Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC) –, que teve com  uma  de  suas  principais  preocupações  oferecer  uma  ferramenta  de  fácil utilização aos seus usuários. Neste contexto, investiga-se até que ponto critérios de usabilidade e ergonomia foram utilizados no sistema avaliado. Para tanto, um conjunto  de  métodos  foi  selecionado  para  coletar  informações  sobre  o  nível  de satisfação do usuário, bem como suas atitudes em relação ao sistema. Os resultados preliminares  demonstram  uma  tendência  à  preocupação  com  o  usuário,  porém
sem a aplicação prévia de avaliações de ergonomia e usabilidade, seja durante o  desenvolvimento ou após a conclusão do software. Acredita-se que a contribuição metodológica  venha  a  fomentar  um  melhor  desenvolvimento  de  sistemas  e/ou ferramentas, assim como promover mais discussões sobre o tema.

This paper aims at touching upon effects of technological developments on the translation teaching in the 21st century. These technological developments are usually in the area of Information Technology (IT) contributing to the fast growth of the computer industry. The popularization of the computer, especially in the early 1980s changed actually the way translator follows in the translation process through the appearence of useful translator tools including translation memories, terminology databases, translation management programs, electronic corpora and so forth. These breakthroughs happening in the computer technologies also triggered a different perception of what we call functional translation theories defending that every translation is made for a purpose and suggesting a target oriented approach. In the past a translator had to translate using a typewriter or paper and pen. The development of the technology, however, encouraged the translation industry or more appropriately, now localization industry to adopt new tools in the translation process. While explaining all these points, the study follows a descriptive and comparative methodology.

The paper aimed to investigate the role of translator's religious ideology on his/her translation of the Nobel Quran by focusing on English translations of four verses from Surah An-Nisa (Women), Surah Al-Ahzab (The Confederates) and Surah An-Nur (Light) which are mostly referred to with the aim of imagining Islam as a religion that oppresses women and abuses their rights. To this end, four English translations of the Nobel Quran by four translators from Muslim, Christian and Jewish backgrounds, with different ideologies, were selected as the corpus of this study. The research applied Farahzad's model of translation criticism (Based on Fairclough's approach to CDA) as the theoretical framework of this paper. Based on this framework, English translations of selected verses were compared with their original versions at the textual level and paratextual level. The result of this study demonstrated that it is difficult to conclude that there is relationship between translator's religious ideology and his/her translation of Quran.

Drawing on adaptive models of translation, the paper attempts to identify how a change in the readership of the text could result in changes in the target text. For this purpose, a well-known book on the history of Iran, written originally in English and later translated into Persian, by a well-versed scholar was selected. The corpus was then analyzed using Vehmas-Lehto's (2002) classification of pragmatic adaptation and Chesterman and Wagner's (2002) model of pragmatic strategies. Results indicated that from among the adaptation types 'addition' was employed with the highest frequency, followed by omission. In addition, 'explicitness' and 'information change' as pragmatic strategies showed to be often used by the translator. Further, in both categories of 'omission' and 'addition', 'information change' appeared to be the most frequently employed strategy. The findings are discussed focusing on how translation practice can be improved based on the survey of recent translation theories.

This research examines the translation of the swear words of a Turkish film (GORA, 2004) into English subtitles. So far, the most closely related research on translation of swearing in the Turkish Soler-Pardo, 2015). The main reason for this paper is the current research gap in translating the Turkish swear words into another language (English). Throughout this research, the English subtitle translation of Cem Yılmaz's GORA (2004) was picked on Netflix and parts which contained swear words were documented on a .txt file, were marked and analyzed using swear words categories of Pinker (2007). Ameri & Ghazizadeh's (2014) swear word translation model, as well as Harvey's (2000) technique of 'functional equivalence' (2000, pp. 2-6) presented by the four main culture-based concepts of translation technique was used for the analysis. This article aims to explore and answer the following questions; (i) How have the Turkish swear words in GORA (2004) been translated into English? (ii) How and for what reason did changes in translation occur? The hypothesis of this research is as follows; (a) there will be a loss of meaning and function due to smoothing during the translation of swear words; (b) cultural contraction will be observed during the translation of swear words. The findings confirm the hypotheses and support that the words of curses are either completely omitted from the frame or changed in meaning by being softened. This shows that the translations also adopted a target language-oriented strategy during translation.

Conditional Conjunction in legal texts has its own characteristics. As the grammatical word, it differs from the content words in which translating conditional conjunction leads to different techniques in translating conditional conjunction. This study is particularly purposed to explain how conditional conjunction is translated from English (Source Text: ST) into Indonesian (Target Text: TT), and its effect on legal interpretation in Indonesian. Comparative method is applied to interpret the data. Besides, this study also explore how the use of different conditional conjunction also effect on how legal sentence is interpreted differently between in English and Indonesian. This possibly creates multi interpretation between ST and TT. Most translation techniques applied are single and double techniques, this indicates that translating conditional conjunction requires special thoughtfulness to gain equivalence both grammatically and semantically in ST and in TT. Therefore, this study is necessary both in determining language system in legal documents an in comprehending legal effect in TT as the consequence of translating Conditional Conjunction in legal documents.

Wurm, Andrea (2013): "Eigennamen und Realia in einem Korpus studentischer Übersetzungen (KOPTE)"; in: trans-kom 6 [2]; http://trans-kom.eu; 381–419

Einleitung:
Korpora spielen in der Translationswissenschaft bisher nur teilweise eine Rolle. Doch hat sich das Interesse von Dozenten und Forschern in den letzten Jahren verstärkt auch korpuslinguistischen Methoden zur Optimierung der Übersetzerausbildung oder korpusbasierter Übersetzungswissenschaft zugewandt. Hieraus ist eine eigene Subdisziplin
entstanden: Corpus-based Translation Studies. Die potentiellen Nutzungsmöglichkeiten von Korpora scheinen jedoch im Hinblick auf translationswissenschaftliche Fragestellungen noch keineswegs ausgeschöpft. Der vorliegende Aufsatz leistet einen Beitrag zur Ausweitung möglicher Fragestellungen in der korpusbasierten Translationswissenschaft und verknüpft diese mit einem Thema der Übersetzungsdidaktik. Anhand eines fehlerannotierten Übersetzerlernerkorpus (KOPTE) wird das Problempotential eines konkreten Phänomens (Eigennamen und Realia) ausführlich analysiert. Dabei wird in explorativer Herangehensweise die potentielle Eignung
verschiedener im Korpus messbarer Werte für die Einschätzung der Qualität der Übersetzungen geprüft.
Im Folgenden sollen einige wichtige Forschungsrichtungen kurz vorgestellt werden (Kap. 2), bevor das Projekt KOPTE (Korpusprojekt zur Translationsevaluation) präsentiert wird (Kap. 3). Dann folgt in Kap. 4 eine kurze linguistische Einordnung von Eigennamen und Realia. Anschließend werden im Hauptteil (Kap. 5) Ergebnisse zu Eigennamen und Realia aus dem KOPTE-Korpus erörtert, die dieses Übersetzungsproblem
genauer beleuchten und eine eingehende Analyse der studentischen
Schwierigkeiten ermöglichen. In einer Zusammenfassung werden schließlich Konsequenzen für die Translationsdidaktik diskutiert.