Compulsive Buying

Compulsive buying (CB) has only relatively recently become a topic of interest for researchers and clinicians alike. This hiatus means that (unlike other impulse control disorders) there is currently little theoretical guidance for clinicians attempting to intervene with CB clients and no established model for researchers to evaluate, distil and refine. The current paper summarizes and organizes the main extant identified factors in the CB literature into four distinct phases: (1) antecedents; (2) internal/external triggers; (3) the act of buying; and finally, (4) post-purchase. The relationships and interactions between the identified phases are then hypothesized, within the proposed cognitive–behavioural model. The model distinguishes the key cognitive, affective and behavioural factors within each phase and identifies how CB can become self-reinforcing over time. The over-arching treatment implication is that CB can be re-conceptualized as chronic and repetitive failure in self-regulation efforts, and that psychological interventions can accommodate this in attempting to facilitate change. A successful case example is provided of a ‘co-dependent compulsive buyer’ using the model, with psychometric evaluation of key aspects of CB and mental health at assessment, termination and 6-month follow-up. The research and clinical implications of the proposed model are discussed, alongside identified short-comings and the need for psychological services to respond appropriately to CB clients seeking help. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Compulsive buying (CB) has only relatively recently become a topic of interest for researchers and clinicians alike. This hiatus means that (unlike other impulse control disorders) there is currently little theoretical guidance for clinicians attempting to intervene with CB clients and no established model for researchers to evaluate, distil and refi ne. The current paper summarizes and organizes the main extant identifi ed factors in the CB literature into four distinct phases: (1) antecedents; (2) internal/external triggers; (3) the act of buying; and fi nally, (4) post-purchase. The relationships and interactions between the identifi ed phases are then hypothesized, within the proposed cognitive-behavioural model. The model distinguishes the key cognitive, affective and behavioural factors within each phase and identifi es how CB can become self-reinforcing over time. The over-arching treatment implication is that CB can be re-conceptualized as chronic and repetitive failure in self-regulation efforts, and that psychological interventions can accommodate this in attempting to facilitate change. A successful case example is provided of a 'co-dependent compulsive buyer' using the model, with psychometric evaluation of key aspects of CB and mental health at assessment, termination and 6-month follow-up. The research and clinical implications of the proposed model are discussed, alongside identifi ed short-comings and the need for psychological services to respond appropriately to CB clients seeking help.

Purpose – The compulsive buying (CB)behaviour has become topics of increasing interest to researchers
and policy makers, particularly because researches have shown that it can influence consumer behaviour
and well-being. However, a clear picture of how this phenomenon arises has proven elusive. Using the
adolescents perceived level of stress as an integrative framework, the purpose of this paper is to derive
hypotheses from two theoretical perspectives (the stress and CB behaviour), and uses a survey of
adolescents (15-18) year in India to test the hypotheses.
Design/methodology/approach – The present study is the first to experimentally manipulate
important stressors in the lives of adolescents, i.e. familial and non-familial; and measures its impact on
CB among a sample of 15-18-year old adolescents. Next, the authors investigate the relationship
between CB and post-purchase regret and then whether gender moderates the stress-CB relationship.
Findings – The present study finds that adolescents increasingly turn to CB in an attempt to cope
with heightened levels of stress due to familial and non-familial factors. Surprisingly, findings reveal
that non-familial factors are not a major source of stress among adolescents. Gender was not found to
moderate stress-CB relationship. Both boys and girls were found to respond to higher levels of stress
with higher incidences of CB. Results suggest that CB behaviour is a common coping strategy for
adolescents from both genders. The findings indicate that one’s experiences and circumstances in
adolescence are related to their CB behaviour, thus a framework has been used to elucidate them, have
important implications for theory and practice.
Originality/value – The study makes some inimitable and significant contributions to the literature.
It portrays one of few studies to investigate CB during adolescence period – a hard to reach population.
Here authors experimentally manipulate stress levels to investigate its impact on CB. The study’s
findings in regard to gender’s impact on the stress-CB relationship suggest that CB begins during
adolescence period and is a common coping strategy for both boys and girls.
Keywords Gender, Marketing, Adolescents, Compulsive buying, Family conflict,

The purpose of this study is to investigate the association of unplanned buying with post-purchase regret, moderated by consumer-family income and gender, as well as the association of both sales promotion and bankcard payment with unplanned buying in the Saudi market. Drawing on unplanned buying and post-purchase literature, the study tested a model of post-purchase regret. A survey was conducted among Saudi consumers of retail stores in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. A convenience sample of 927 respondents was taken for data collection, among them 903 were finalized for analysis. The study concluded that there is a positive relationship between unplanned buying and post-purchase regret. An increased association of unplanned buying with post-purchase regret has been found among low-income earners and male consumers. Furthermore, bank-card payment, but not sales promotion, has a significant association with unplanned buying. Practically, consumers and marketers can benefit from the results and recommendations of this study, both avoiding the bad consequences of post-purchase regret. Self-awareness of the factors that cause regret may turn consumers to be more rational in their future buying decisions. Marketers' perceptions of those factors may also be helpful in setting marketing strategies towards their target markets; satisfying, and retaining consumers. The original contribution of this study comes from a lack of research in the Middle East on unplanned buying, post-purchase regret and their relationship antecedents.

Nowadays, it's all about social media. Antecedents-Based on the results of the analysis of previous studies, researchers categorized antecedents for marketers by using social media as a marketing communication tool. Viral marketing is one of the advantages of social media over traditional media. Second: Buzz Marketing uses WOM to share consumer experiences, opinions, or information about a brand or company with fellow social media users. In social media users whose recommendations are often or trusted by other social media, users are called influencers or opinion leaders. There are several consequences or results that can be generated through social media marketing, including increased brand awareness, increased reputation, increased relationships, brand development, and increased purchase intention.

Due to the problems of measurement and the lack of nationally representative data, the extent of compulsive buying behaviour (CBB) is relatively unknown. Methods: The validity of three different instruments was tested: Edwards Compulsive Buying Scale (ECBS; Edwards, 1993), Questionnaire About Buying Behavior (QABB; Lejoyeux & Adès, 1994) and Richmond Compulsive Buying Scale (RCBS; Ridgway, et. al., 2008) using two independent samples. One was nationally representative of the Hungarian population (N=2710) while the other comprised shopping mall customers (N=1447). Results: A new, four-factor solution for the ECBS was developed (ECBS-R), and confirmed the other two measures. Additionally, cut-off scores were defined for all measures. Results showed that the prevalence of CBB is 1.85% (with QABB) in the general population but significantly higher in shopping mall customers (8.7% with ECBS-R, 13.3% with QABB and 2.5% with RCBS-R). Conclusions: Due to the diversity of content, each measure identifies a somewhat different CBB group.

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The study investigates theoretical framework of non-store retail management and online retail management in the first chapter and types of buying and compulsive buying in the second. For this purpose, the study investigated the compulsive buying tendencies of shoppers in electronic environment.
    For the study, data was collected by survey method. 384 questionnaires were analyzed by SPSS 16.0 package software. Results revealed that compulsive buying tendencies has a significant relationship with marital status and gender. Besides, compulsive buying tendencies does not have a significant relationship with profession, monthly income and educational status.

Aims To estimate the pooled prevalence of compulsive buying behaviour (CBB) in different populations and to determine
the effect of age, gender, location and screening instrument on the reported heterogeneity in estimates of CBB andwhether
publication bias could be identified. Methods Three databases were searched (Medline, PsychInfo,Web of Science) using
the terms ‘compulsive buying’, ‘pathological buying’ and ‘compulsive shopping’ to estimate the pooled prevalence of CBB
in different populations. Forty studies reporting 49 prevalence estimates from 16 countries were located (n = 32 000). To
conduct the meta-analysis, data from non-clinical studies regarding mean age and gender proportion, geographical study
location and screening instrument used to assess CBB were extracted by multiple independent observers and evaluated
using a random-effects model. Four a priori subgroups were analysed using pooled estimation (Cohen’s Q) and covariate
testing (moderator andmeta-regression analysis). Results The CBB pooled prevalence of adult representative studieswas
4.9% (3.4–6.9%, eight estimates, 10 102 participants), although estimates were higher among university students: 8.3%
(5.9–11.5%, 19 estimates, 14 947 participants) in adult non-representative samples: 12.3% (7.6–19.1%, 11 estimates,
3929 participants) and in shopping-specific samples: 16.2% (8.8–27.8%, 11 estimates, 4686 participants). Being young and
female were associated with increased tendency, but not location (United States versus non-United States). Meta-regression
revealed large heterogeneitywithin subgroups, due mainly to diversemeasures and time-frames (current versus life-time) used
to assess CBB. Conclusions A pooled estimate of compulsive buying behaviour in the populations studied is approximately
5%, but there is large variation between samples accounted for largely by use of different time-frames and measures.

______________________________________________________________________________ A multi-technique prediction and analysis of compulsive buying ______________________________________________________________________________ Abstract Predicting compulsive buying is important and it is said to account for several billions of dollars in annual sales. Recently, general phenomenological studies have indicated that new computer-aided diagnostic (CAD) techniques offer stronger predictive precision than the classic one. The main objectives of this paper were to characterize compulsive consumers and determine the most efficient predictive computer-aided diagnostic technique. Five CAD techniques were tested and compared them with the traditional logistic regression to predict whether an individual classifies as compulsive buyer or non-compulsive. The results show that the support vector machine (SVM) and the K-nearest neighbour (KNN) not only deliver better predictions than the logistic regression technique but also outperform the multilayer perceptrons neural network and the radial basis function. The additional insights from the models allow us to conclude that the most important variables to classify consumers as compulsive are their proneness to sales, prestige-sensitive, and price-quality inference. The measures concentrated on price-related factors because consumers are exposed daily to promotions and offers. This research applies various machine learning techniques in the prediction of compulsive buying behaviour. The variables are price-related mainly because they have been less studied, and consumers often justify their compulsiveness on these variables.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the association of unplanned buying with post-purchase regret, moderated by consumer-family income and gender, as well as the association of both sales promotion and bankcard payment with unplanned buying in the Saudi market. Drawing on unplanned buying and post-purchase literature, the study tested a model of post-purchase regret. A survey was conducted among Saudi consumers of retail stores in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. A convenience sample of 927 respondents was taken for data collection, among them 903 were finalized for analysis. The study concluded that there is a positive relationship between unplanned buying and post-purchase regret. An increased association of unplanned buying with post-purchase regret has been found among low-income earners and male consumers. Furthermore, bank-card payment, but not sales promotion, has a significant association with unplanned buying. Practically, consumers and marketers can benefit from the results and recommendations of this study, both avoiding the bad consequences of post-purchase regret. Self-awareness of the factors that cause regret may turn consumers to be more rational in their future buying decisions. Marketers' perceptions of those factors may also be helpful in setting marketing strategies towards their target markets; satisfying, and retaining consumers. The original contribution of this study comes from a lack of research in the Middle East on unplanned buying, post-purchase regret and their relationship antecedents.

The present paper is the first attempt to check the impact of vanity and shopping values on compulsive buying in university shoppers with the comparative study of business students and teachers. Our objectives are to check the impact of vanity on utilitarian, vanity on hedonic values, vanity on compulsive buying, mediation of hedonic and utilitarian values among vanity and compulsive buying. Our sample was the Business students and teachers of Mohammed Ali Jinnah University Islamabad. 200 questionnaires were distributed and 140 were selected. A conceptual model was developed and hypotheses were tested with structural equation modeling. The main findings suggest that the vanity affect the compulsive buying directly. The vanity affects hedonic values positively but no effect on utilitarian shopping values. The utilitarian and hedonic values do not mediate the relationship of vanity and compulsive buying. The vanity has no indirect relation with compulsive buying.

Due to the increasing of using of computers and internet, shopping has started to be made from
the internet. Therefore, the compulsive buying phenomenon seems in normal in every trade, which
also includes in electronic trade. The main goal of this study is to investigate the theoretical
framework of compulsive buying tendencies of online shoppers in the electronic environment. In this
study, which consists of electronic environment users living in the area of Rize, data was collected
through a questionnaire. 384 data were analyzed by SPSS 16.0 package software. Results revealed
that compulsive buying tendencies have significantly related to marital status and gender. Results
also show that compulsive buying tendencies do not have a significant relationship with the
profession, monthly income, and educational status.

Öz
Teknolojide yaşanan gelişmeler ve tüketici tercihlerindeki değişimlerle beraber
internet üzerinden yapılan ticari faaliyetler son derece hız kazanmıştır. Türkiye’de online
alışverişin payı toplam ticari faaliyet içerisinde giderek büyümekte, işletmeler, tüketiciler
ve devlet açısından daha fazla önem kazanmaktadır. Online alışveriş yapan veya bu
potansiyele sahip tüketiciler işletmelerin hedefi haline gelmiştir. Türkiye için özellikle son
10 yılda hacmi büyümüş olan online alışveriş pazarı, akademik çalışmalar için yeni ve
üzerinde durulması gereken bir olguyu oluşturmaktadır. Madalyonun diğer yüzünde, online
alışverişin olumsuz bir yanı olarak kompulsif davranışa dönüşebilmesi çalışmanın
kaynağını oluşturmaktadır. Çalışmada online alışveriş faaliyetinde bulunan tüketiciler
hedef alınmıştır. Çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye’de online kompulsif davranış bozukluğuna
ilişkin çıkarımlar elde etmektir. Tüketicilerin online alışverişe ilişkin tutumları, demografik
özellikler ile ilişkisi saptanmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu doğrultuda Türkiye genelini temsil
edebilecek bir örneklem ile yapılan saha araştırması sonucu elde edilen bulgular
demografik faktörlerin ve online alışverişe karşı geliştirilen tutumların kompulsif davranış
üzerinde etkili olduğunu ortaya çıkarmıştır

Abstract
Along with the developments in technology and changes in consumer preferences,
commercial activities on the internet have gained speed. The share of online shopping in
Turkey is growing in total commercial activity and gaining more importance in terms of
businesses, consumers, and the state. Consumers who shop online or have this potential are
targeted by businesses. The online shopping market, which has grown in volume, especially
for Turkey in the last 10 years, is a new and important issue for academic studies. On the
other side of the medallion, the fact that this action can be turned into compulsive behavior
as a negative aspect of online shopping constitutes the source of the study. The aim of the
study is to obtain inferences about the online compulsive behavior disorder in Turkey.
Consumers' attitudes towards online shopping and demographic characteristics have been
tried to be determined. In this direction, a field survey was conducted with a sample that
could represent Turkey in general. Findings revealed that demographic factors and
attitudes towards online shopping were influential on compulsive behavior.

This study included randomized and non-randomized controlled trials on pharmacological treatment of compulsive buying published in English or Portuguese. Databases evaluated were MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Biological Abstracts and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. Of all six selected articles, only two were placebo-controlled randomized trials, and one had a first open-label phase followed by a second placebo-controlled phase. It is important to stress that all studies excluded bipolar patients. All the studies reviewed included small samples (from 10 to 42 patients). Current available evidence regarding pharmacological treatment of compulsive buying is poor due to the lack of studies using more rigorous methodology.
Keywords: Obsessive-compulsive disorders, compulsive behavior, impulse control disorders.

One discussed cause for the emergence of conspicuous buying
patterns is the spread of materialistic consumer culture. Assumed
is the interaction of certain dispositional factors like lack of
confidence or emotional deficiencies, with external factors like
the predominating consumer culture. This study compares the
threshold state China and Germany; both countries are strongly
different in their cultural backgrounds. Nonetheless, the authors
hypothesized a relatively high level of compulsive buying among
consumers as well as a higher percentage of compulsive buyers
among women in both countries. Both assumptions were largely
confirmed, demonstrating the relevance of compulsive buying as a
global problem.
KEYWORDS compulsive buying, compensatory buying, impulsive
buying, China, Germany, globalization, consumer culture,
consumer behavior

Changes in economic and social life create important and permanent changes in the behavior of individuals. In our age where digitalization and mass consumption are intense, consumption preferences are changing rapidly. In addition to utilitarian consumption, individuals are consumed depending on many motivations today. Even abnormal consumption behaviors can be encountered. One of these behaviors is compulsive consumption behavior, which is the subject of the study. Compulsive buying is a chronically repetitive, an impulsive buying behavior that the individual does to suppress or reduce anxiety, negative emotions and thoughts that are caused by many factors in the family, environment or internal. It is not the product that is important for individuals but the pleasure they experience throughout the buying process. The general acceptance in the literature is that compulsive buying behavior is seen in women for various reasons. However, there are discussions about the fact that it has started to be seen in men today. The purpose of this study is to investigate the difference between the sexes in the Y and Z generations of compulsive buying behavior. For this purpose, the data collected from 222 persons throught the survey were analysed by independent sample t test. According to the data obtained as a result of the analysis, in generation Y, in line with the general acceptance opinion, women have more compulsive buying behavior. However, this difference disappears in the Z generation.
Keywords:
compulsive buying behavior, consumption theory, y and z generations

Pazarlamada tüketici davranışları alanının araştırma odaklarından birisi de tüketicileri satın alma davranışına sevk eden sebeplerin ortaya konulabilmesidir. Zaman içerisinde bu sebeplerin irdelenmesi sürecinde seçim, motivasyon, bekleyiş, eylem, planlı davranış ve benzeri pek çok teoriden faydalanılmış olup bu teoriler ışığında ortaya konulan bulgular da büyük ölçüde genellenebilir niteliktedir.

Diğer taraftan tüketici davranışları disiplini ile her ne kadar genel tüketici satın alma davranışları açıklanabiliyor da olsa; hala bir takım özel ve niş tüketici grupları bulunmakta ve bunların davranışları genelden ve genel kabulden uzaklaşmaktadır.

Bu çalışmada genel kabul görmüş tüketici davranışı kalıbından ayrışan “Kompulsif Satın Alma Davranışı”; demografik değişkenler, benlik ve pazarlamacıların kontrolünde bulunan alışveriş ortamına dair durumsal faktörler üzerinden irdelenmektedir. Literatürde alışveriş ortamına dair durumsal faktörlerin etkisi veya benlik özelinde kompulsif satın alma davranışını irdeleyen bir çalışmaya rastlanamamış olmakla beraber bu çalışma sürecinde durumsal faktörler üzerinden kompulsif satın alma davranışına yönelik olarak geliştirilen ölçek ile literatüre önemli bir katkı sağlanacağı da düşünülmektedir.

Toplanan verilerin analiz sonuçlarına göre durumsal faktörler kompulsif satın alma davranışı üzerinde önemli ölçüde belirleyici olabilmekte, kompulsif satın alma davranışı kadınlarda erkeklere nazaran; bekarlarda da evlilere nazaran daha fazla görülmektedir. Aynı şekilde farklı ürün türleri de durumsal faktörlerle bir araya geldiğinde aracı rolü gösterip durumsal faktörlerin etkisini arttırmaktadır. Benlik algısı ise oldukça kompulsif satın alma davranışı üzerinde oldukça düşük bir etkiye sahip çıkmaktadır.

Elde edilen bulgular ışığında ortaya konulan sonuç ve önerilerin, gerek uygulayıcılara gerek ise teorisyenlere kompulsif satın alma davranışı üzerine faydalı bilgiler sağlayabileceği değerlendirilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Kompulsif Satın Alma, Benlik, Durumsal Faktörler, Demografik Değişkenler, Tüketici Davranışı

Due to the increasing of using of computers and internet, shopping has started to be made from the internet. Therefore, the compulsive buying phenomenon seems in normal in every trade, which also includes in electronic trade. The main goal of this study is to investigate the theoretical framework of compulsive buying tendencies of online shoppers in the electronic environment. In this study, which consists of electronic environment users living in the area of Rize, data was collected through a questionnaire. 384 data were analyzed by SPSS 16.0 package software. Results revealed that compulsive buying tendencies have significantly related to marital status and gender. Results also show that compulsive buying tendencies do not have a significant relationship with the profession, monthly income, and educational status.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the role of ideal self-congruence in instigating two types of negative consumer behaviours – compulsive buying and external trash-talking – and the mediating role of brand attachment on these relationships. Design/methodology/approach Two studies were designed using a structural equation modelling methodology. Study 1a was based on a mail survey of 280 respondents, whereas Study 1b was based on an electronic survey of 152 respondents. Study 1b was conducted to test the external validity of the research model. Findings In Study 1a, ideal self-congruence affects emotional brand attachment and in turn emotional brand attachment affects compulsive buying behaviour and external trash-talking. The mediation analysis indicates that emotional brand attachment mediates the relationships. Study 1b offers support to the results of Study 1a. Practical implications From a practical point of view, this study is useful for policymakers seeking to...

ÖZET Bu araştırmada amaçlanan, kompulsif satın alma davranışı ile ilgili olarak yazında en sık kullanılan iki ölçeğin birleştirilmesiyle kavrama dair daha geniş tabanlı bir ölçme aracı geliştirmektir. İki ölçeğin maddeleri birleştirilerek oluşturulan soru formu 776 kişiye uygulandıktan sonra güvenilirlik testine ve faktör analizine tabi tutulmuştur. Faktör analizi ile elde edilen beş boyutlu yapı doğrulayıcı faktör analizine tabi tutulmuş ve nihayetinde 25 soru, 5 boyuttan oluşan, yüksek güvenilirlik değerine sahip genişletilmiş bir ölçme aracı elde edilmiştir. ABSTRACT This research aims to combine the two primarily used scales to measure compulsive buying behavior to achieve a broader-based measuring instrument. After applying the combined scale on 776 attendants, a reliability test and factor analysis have been conducted on the collected data. Five dimensions have been obtained by the factor analysis, and this structure has been tested by confirmatory factor analysis. Finally, the extended measuring instrument has been constituted, with 25 questions, five dimensions, and a high-reliability score of Cronbach's Alpha.