Bananas

“Plantain of Guinea”. The Atlantic Adventure of Banana. It is studied the historical process of the first move of Musaceae to the West Indies, along with sugarcane, in the context of a transatlantic network. Historical texts are critically analysed; evidence about cultivations and species in Europe, Africa and the archipelagos in Macaronesia is shown; longterm historical mistakes are discussed and some hypotheses about the Atlantic transport of biotypes or hybrids during the sixteenth century are suggested.

This paper evaluates the determinants of decision making in relation to the production of four crops (banana, cassava, potato and sweet potato). Understanding the division of labour and decision-making in crop management may lead to designing better interventions targeted at improving efficiency in smallholder agriculture. A household quantitative survey with heads of households involving 261 women and 144 men in Burundi and 184 women and 222 men in Rwanda was conducted in 2014. Most of the decisions and labour provision during production of both cash crops (potato and banana) and food crops (sweet potato and cassava) were done jointly by men and women in male-headed households. Higher values for ‘credit access’, ‘land size’ and ‘farming as the main occupation of the household head’ increased the frequency of joint decision-making in male-headed households. A decline in the amount of farm income reduced the participation of men as decision makers....

Framed within the common goal of advancing trade justice and South-North solidarity, The Fair Trade Handbook presents a broad interpretation of fair trade and a wide-ranging dialogue between different viewpoints. Canadian researchers in particular have advanced a transformative vision of fair trade, rooted in the cooperative movement and arguing for a more central role for Southern farmers and workers. Contributors to this book look at the issues within global trade, and assess fair trade and how to make it more effective against the broader structures of the capitalist, colonialist, racist and patriarchal global economy. The debates and discussions are set within a critical development studies and critical political economy framework. However, this book will appeal to a wide range of readers, as it translates the key issues for a popular audience.

This paper reports the results of research investigating the evolution of environmentally and socially responsible strategies and practices within the banana industry. An historical overview of a major multinational banana company, Chiquita Brands Int., provides context for the research. Chiquita Brands has been involved in political, environmental, legal and labor controversies in many parts of the world. In Latin America, Chiquita Brands has attracted more attention than any other foreign company and is seen by many as the archetypical representative of United States imperialism.

Introduction: Breastmilk is the best nutrition for babies. Bananas flower are good to increase breastmilk production because it contains lactogogum (a kind of nutrient which can release the breastmilk). The purpose of this research was to determine any effect of consuming bananas flower and the increasing of breastmilk production of postpartum woman in Balowerti Public Health Center at Kediri city on 2016. Methods: The research design is pre experimental with one group pretest postest design. The population are all postpartum woman who have problem in giving breast feeding and there are 15 respondents selected by using acidental sampling. This research have been work on May 2016. The data were analyzed by Wilcoxon test. Result: the result showed that after consuming bananas flower the breastmilk production is more than before. The analysis showed α = 0,05, and it was obtained ρ value = 0,001 so ρ value < α it means H0 is denied and H1 is accepted. There is a correlation between consuming bananas flower and increasing of breastmilk production among the postpartum woman in Balowerti Public Health Center at Kediri City on 2016. Discussion Based on the result, before they consuming bananas flower the production of breastmilk more less (100%) and after consuming bananas flower, the production of breastmilk more than before (80,0%). So there is a correlation between consuming bananas flower and the increasing of breastmilk production of postpartum woman in Balowerti Public Health Center at Kediri city on 2016.

The research was conducted on the production of banana liqueur form AAA-EAH beer bananas [Intuntu]. The study started by the incubation of mature green banana at 200C for 4 days of ripening. After the ripen banana fruits were crushed with spear glass (Impeta cylindica) to obtain juice which was pasteurized at 80oC for 15 min. The inoculation was made with Saccharomyces cerevisiae then incubated at 25oC, after 48 hours the fermentation was done with no more production of CO2. The wine produced was 9% (v/v) of alcohol content and then proceeded to distillation at 78-82oC for the production of a brandy which was 89.5% (v/v) of alcoholic strength after check. The brandy was again macerated in banana juice with 150 g of Gros Michel banana fruits and 10 g of honey for sweetening and aromatization. The maceration was kept first at temperature below 12oC for 24 hours and the second 24 hours at 25oC for sweetness and aromas extraction, the produced liqueur was then filtrated and bottled ready for analysis. The 30.19oBrix produced liqueur was checked for physicochemical properties and proved to have 40.5% (v/v) of alcoholic strength with the total acidity of 2.5 g/l, a volatile acidity of 1.03 g/l and a density of 1.045 which made the study to be classed as successful.

Keywords: AAA-EAH beer bananas/Musa spp, alcohol strength, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, brandy

An original and copyright research paper conducted by my group implementing on saving the environment by minimizing the waste of peels from the banana making it into a food wrapper which is edible and can be cooked. This also shows the difference of the specific bananas used.

A brief overview of three key conflicts between the United Fruit Company and Latin American countries which hosted their enterprises (Costa Rica, Colombia, and Guatemala), relating each to contemporary US foreign policy and military doctrine. Also discussed is a history of United Fruit's origins and practices.

The double canoe which was brought by ancestors of present-day Negritos to Southeast China and Taiwan served as original watercraft of the Malayo-Polynesian dispersal, the first waves of which were carried out by people with equatorial (dark) complexion. A tradition of maritime communication and trade seems to have developed in the South China Sea, with exchange of material culture between indochina and the Philippines, leading up to a metal-age Sahuynh-Kulanay complex. A boat-burial rite seems to likewise have developed, transmitted as far east as Hawaii, bt also into the mainland up the Mekong as mell as Salween, Irrawady, and Brahmaoutra. A further development, already in the metal age, was apparently the ship-of-the-dead cult. Meanwhile Negrito (and Papuan) westward shipping, already since before the Malayo-Polynesian dispersal, apparently brought the banana and the coconut to India. Negrito seafarers who, like also subsequently arrived Malayo-Polynesians, settled on the Bay of Bengal coast, may have been referred to in early Indian literature as Nagas.

This paper presents four new strategies for growing the organic agriculture sector. Globally there are 51 million hectares of certified organic agriculture land and a further 39 million hectares of wild culture land. For the past two decades organic agriculture has been growing at 11.9% per annum, thereby doubling the size of the sector every six years. Nevertheless, despite ten decades of advocacy for organics, only 1.1% of the world's agricultural land is certified organic. From the outset, the strategy has been to advance the sector 'one farm at a time'. This strategy has left the organics sector well short of the vision of the pioneers of organics who saw organic farming as a universal solution and a practice suited for all farmers and all agriculture. Successful exemplars of marketing strategies of converting 'one consumer at a time' remain elusive. Recent years have seen the development of new strategies for growth of the organics sector. The strategy of 'one crop at a time' has proved successful for the Dominican Republic which now produces 55% of the world's certified organic bananas. The strategy of 'one state at a time' has seen the state of Sikkim (in India) declare itself as the first Indian organic state. Meanwhile, other Indian states are working towards all-organic status, including Mizoram, Goa, Rajasthan and Meghalaya. The strategy of 'one island at a time' has seen the Pacific islands of Cicia (in Fiji) and Abaiang (in Kiribati) commit to 100% organic farming. The strategy of 'one country at a time' sees Bhutan with the stated goal of being the world's first organic nation. These new strategies rely for success on the tripartite cooperation of government, community and commerce. In the meantime, as these new strategies play out, only 11 countries report that 10% or more of their agriculture land is organic, while 111 countries report that less than 1% of their land is certified organic, which reveals great potential for new growth strategies.

India is considered as the centre of origin of bananas, both wild and cultivated. During the revision of the family Musaceae, as much of the specimens were collected from all over India and conserved in Calicut University Botanical Garden (CUBG), of which most of them are with high ornamental potential. This paper focuses mainly on such species which can be introduced into gardens because of its ornamental value. Ensete glaucum, E. superbum, Musa arunachalensis, M. aurantiaca, M. chunii, M. laterita, M. mannii, M. markkui, M. ornate, M. rubra, M. sanguinea, M. velutina, M. velutina subsp. markkuana and M. velutina var. variegate are some of the ornamental bananas that are common in use and also can introduce into gardens. The ornamental value and the characters that raised that value of each taxa are also materialized here.

O presente trabalho tem como finalidade relatar como se deu o processo empreendedor da fábrica de balas de banana Antonina e identificar as principais estratégias traçadas durante a história da organização. Para tanto, descreve o processo de produção da bala de banana e os principais problemas enfrentados.
A metodologia utilizada foi o estudo de caso, um método de pesquisa que visa estudar profundamente um objeto, para tanto utiliza-se comumente mais de uma técnica de análise de dados. Portanto, além da entrevista semiestruturada, com recorte transversal, isto é, feito de uma única vez, proposto pela literatura correspondente utilizou-se também uma matriz de impacto cruzado a fim de ranquear entre os problemas enfrentados pela organização citados pelos gestores, quais exerciam maior influência.
O estudo levanta que o processo empreendedor se deu por necessidade e por oportunidade quando a empresa de conserva de palmito muda para a utilização de matéria-prima abundante na região devido à baixa safra do palmito, e por herdeiro quando os filhos do fundador assumem a organização. O processo de fabricação da bala, apesar de contar com maquinário que auxilia o volume de produção, é praticamente o mesmo desde o início das operações da fábrica. As principais estratégias adotadas e apontadas pelos atuais gestores foram a parceria com a Banca Bela Vista que alavancou as vendas no início das operações e é o maior cliente da fábrica até hoje, a utilização acidental do marketing epidêmico que difundiu a marca da bala já que não haviam outras estratégias de marketing e a manutenção do sabor e características da receita original. Por fim o trabalho aponta que as dificuldades de reparos das máquinas e o excesso de responsabilidades acumuladas pelos gestores são os piores problemas enfrentados pela organização, entre outras dificuldades elencadas.

Indonesia, being part of the center of origin of bananas (Musaceae), has a large number diversity of bananas both wild seeded species and edible seedless cultivated varieties. Inventory of wild Musa species in Purwodadi Botanic Garden has been conducted through compiling data records from PBG's Registration section, field inspection and observation to living collections in the garden, herbarium specimens and literature studies. The results show that total 17 wild Musa accessions has been recorded planted in Purwodadi Botanic Garden since 1990 until 2012; comprises of 8 Musa acuminata sub species, 2 Musa balbisiana forms, 1 Musa ornata, 1 Musa troglodytarum, 1 Musa borneensis and 4 unidentified species Musa spp.; but only 8 living accessions remained in 2012. Morpho-taxonomic review of those 8 wild Musa accessions remained will be discussed in this paper including their geographical distributions. According to its differentiated morphological characteristics observations, it is known that there are three accessions were resembled cultivars and one unidentified species have been determined its species level, so that their registration identity needs to be revised. It is important next to prioritize ex-situ conservation of wild Musa species not yet collected in Purwodadi Botanic Garden especially from Eastern Indonesia.

Banana exploration study has been conducted in Madura Island covering areas of Bangkalan, Sampang, Pamekasan and Sumenep Districts. This paper presents the results of survey, inventory and diversity of bananas in Madura Island including its habitat aspects, agronomic practices and diseases problems. Results showed that banana plants are widely distributed in Madura Island, it grows wild in coastal line, road sides and river banks, or cultivated mostly by small scale farmers in backyards, drylands, intercropped with annual and/or perennial crops. It's mostly cultivated subsistently with less consideration to cultivation practices for home consumption or for local markets. Major diseases such as bunchy top and wilts have largely spread to the areas, with highest occurrences and intensities in Bangkalan and Pamekasan Districts. Spreads of leaf late blight disease were found sporadically in all areas; with Pamekasan District has the lowest disease intensity. About 37 recognizable banana cultivars with local Madurese names were known with any possible synonymies within the cultivars. It comprises of 15 dessert bananas, 17 cooking bananas and 5 dual purposess bananas. From this exploration, about 21 living banana specimens consist of 83 suckers were collected from the sites to be ex-situ conserved in Purwodadi Botanic Garden, Pasuruan.

Banana Bunchy Top Virus (BBTV) is a high threat to banana
and plantain production in many communities in Benin Republic. The
objective of the project is to contain the disease and revive the
production in two communities (Akpro-Missérété and Adjarra). A total
of 60 banana producers were identified and targeted.
Methods used include awareness/mobilization and trainings on:
i) the eradication of the disease, ii) the technical itinerary (phytotechny)
of banana field, iii) the vegetative production especially
macropropagation, IV) the rule, regulation of cooperative and
entrepreneurship.
As a result of the strategies developed, three clean banana fields
(1200 m2) of three varieties selected by the producers were established
in each community and two seeds nursery systems with 400 seedlings
of 13 varieties are available in the two communities. There is an
agreement on the understanding of the disease and the way to control it.
The midterm evaluation showed that about 80 % of the people in the
communities are aware of the disease (symptoms, transmission and
eradication). More than 70 % are continuously eradicating the disease
from the field. All the farmers are implementing the knowledge
received in their own field. Those activities are expected to improve the state of the production of Banana through good partnership of different
actors: NARS, producers, Universities, Direction of crop protection,
IITA, students, NGO and local government representatives. Moreover,
diverse research data are collected and are under analysis. This is the
first participative project implemented in the two communities that is
bringing hope to farmers, technicians and students.
Key words: Banana, bunchy top, virus, awareness, macropropagation,
participative, cooperative

The relationship between the diversity of endophytic bacteria and disease development has been documented on many diseases. In Indonesia, by the millions banana are infected by Blood Disease Bacterium, causing severe damages. In this work, the diversity analysis of endophytic bacteria in infected bananas from endemic area of blood disease bacterium had been conducted using Ribosomal Intergenic Spacer Analysis (RISA). RISA is a Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)-based method as a useful assessment tool for the diversity analysis of microbes in the environment. Here, the infected bananas were determined by PCR using specific primer for Blood Disease Bacterium (BDB). Asymptomatic and symptomatic mats samples were analyzed through independent cultureable approach of PCR-RISA using universal primers of operon gene region of rRNA between small subunit (16S) and large subunit (23S) called intergenic spacer region (ISR). The diversity of endophytic bacteria from asymptomatic banana was different from that of symptomatic plants. In addition, the cultivar and habitat type might affect the diversity of endophytic bacteria.

The burrowing nematode of banana, Radopholus similis, is difficult, if not
impossible, to control effectively. The lack of resistance in commercially acceptable cultivars and the perennial nature of the crop limit management options. Multiple- cycle treatment with systemic nematocides is presently the only effective tool available for reducing damage and sustaining yield. Most of these compounds are not toxic to the burrowing nematode, but only inhibit nematode activity for short periods of time. The repetitive application of non-fumigant nematocides has led to an increase in the rapidity of their biodegradation. From environmental, toxicological and consumer viewpoints, this type of pest management is unacceptable. Many attempts have been made to improve the situation with little or no impact to date. Many nematocides have been or are being removed from the market, and new replacement compounds have not been developed. Resistance has never been detected in commercial banana cultivars, and genetically modified cultivars are still unacceptable to a large number of banana consumers. Microbial- based strategies are considered to be a promising alternative approach to nematode management in banana. Progress can only be made if research and crop production systems are streamlined to support new management concepts. The following are discussed: 1) biological enhancement of planting material with fungal endophytes; 2) treatments with multiple nematode antagonists with diverse modes of action; 3) importance of induced systemic resistance in biological control systems; and 4) use of molecular tools to detect effective antagonists.

East Java Province has high diversity of local banana cultivars with various local names and diverse morphological characteristics. The genome identification of those banana cultivars are needed to provide valid identity of the banana accessions to be used as basic data for in-situ and/or ex-situ banana conservation management and for further breeding banana material. Polymerase Chain Reaction – Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) of the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region nuclear ribosomal Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid (nrDNA) using RsaI restriction endonuclease enzyme was conducted to 68 banana accessions collected from 17 Regencies in East Java Province. The RsaI digested fragments showed consistent polymorphic banding DNA patterns; in M. acuminata the wild species and cultivars produced two fragments of 530 bp and 120 bp whereas M. balbisiana species and its hybrid cultivars produced three fragments of 350 bp, 180 bp and 120 bp. From this study it was found that about 45 accessions were identified as M. acuminata species (AA/AAA genomes). It comprises of 3 wild species M. acuminata (AAw), 17 M. acuminata diploid cultivars (AA) and 25 M. acuminata triploid cultivars (AAA). Wild species M. balbisiana identified only one accession (BBw), and the hybrid cultivars comprises of 14 M acuminata × balbisiana (ABB) cultivars and 8 M. acuminata × balbisiana (AAB) cultivars. Clustering analysis result based on restriction fragment ITS region showed that BBw, ABB and AAB genome groups were close related and clustered as sister group whilst AA/AA genome group became the out-group with similarity coefficient between 0,635 to 1.00.

Banana exploration study has been conducted in Madura Island covering areas of Bangkalan, Sampang, Pamekasan and Sumenep Districts. This paper presents the results of survey, inventory and diversity of bananas in Madura Island including its habitat aspects, agronomic practices and diseases problems. Results showed that banana plants are widely distributed in Madura Island, it grows wild in coastal line, road sides and river banks, or cultivated mostly by small scale farmers in backyards, drylands, intercropped with annual and/or perennial crops. It’s mostly cultivated subsistently with less consideration to cultivation practices for home consumption or for local markets. Major diseases such as bunchy top and wilts have largely spread to the areas, with highest occurrences and intensities in Bangkalan and Pamekasan Districts. Spreads of leaf late blight disease were found sporadically in all areas; with Pamekasan District has the lowest disease intensity. About 37 recognizable banana...

The existence of a Trans New Guinea phylum seems to broadly accepted although its exact membership remains disputed. The dating and motivation for such a remarkable expansion remains difficult to determine. Informal arguments have been made as a relationship with the evolution of agriculture, in particular vegeculture and arboriculture. The paper explores whether the linguistic evidence really supports this idea, using data on the better-documented species, such as taro, Musa and sugar-cane.

The banana represents a particularly intriguing story. Since the Renaissance, scholars have been diligent in tracing the etymologies of Latin words, but it is safe to say they have generally not looked to areas as remote as Melanesia. However, there is reason to think that at least one Latin root, musa, applied to the banana family, may have originated there, in the Papuan languages affiliated with the Trans New Guinea phylum. The paper presents evidence that the root #mugu, or something similar, is deeply embedded in the Trans New Guinea languages and was borrowed from there to Austronesian, and made its way into Dravidian via the commerce routes across the Bay of Bengal. The term became something like #mottai in Dravidian and was borrowed into Indo-Aryan, and thence into Persian, eventually showing up in Latin. Various forms are also attested in languages of Nepal, probably borrowed from Indo-Aryan. However, reflexes in the Tangkhulic languages of Myanmar, appear to be directly cognate with Dravidian. The Palaungic languages of Myanmar also have a cognate of the Indo-Aryan root. From India, the root travelled west, borrowed into Farsi, Arabic, late Greek and Latin. Via Arabic, it also made its way down the Red Sea, and to the Horn of Africa, where it occurs in Amharic and Somali. A Swahili attestation is probably a direct borrowing from Farsi.

Postharvest losses (PHL) destroy 20-60 % of the food production in East Africa, exacerbating already severe regional food insecurity. Fermenting perishable foods such as fruits may reduce PHL while providing nutritional enrichment, improving shelf-life and food quality, and addressing seaso-nality in food supply. Fermented banana products have been refined and diversified in Uganda over generations to make the greatest use of available food resources, but still parts of the raw material are being lost during processing. This study aimed at exploring existing traditional methods and eciency of fermentation of Musa (AAA-EAHB) 'Mbidde' in southwestern Uganda. The study gathered information through participatory explorations (working with brewers) on banana juice (lightly fermented beer with < 1 % alcohol content [n=20 brewers]), tonto (turbid beer with ⇠4% alcohol [n=20]), and amarwa (smoky spirit with ⇠40% alcohol [n=20]). Brewers mentioned several losses of material during harvest and processing. Harvesting bananas requires felling the plant causing ripe fruit damage, particularly during harvest for processing banana juice (loss from fresh bananas=6.4% ± 8.8%) or amarwa (loss=9.3% ± 9.5%). Second, losses occur when brewers squeeze juice from the raw banana pulp using stems of Imperata cylindrica, which is then discarded or fed to animals together with the adherent fruit pulp (losses from raw banana juice=50.6% ± 0.2%; from tonto 39.2% ± 21.4% and amarwa 47.6% ±12.5%). Other causes of PHL during processing are excessive peeling for tonto processing (loss of banana flesh=18.6% ± 5.8%) and losses of intermediate products during distillation of amarwa (loss=75.9% ± 1.3%). Total losses of banana products during processing were rare and caused by sabotage (mostly by children), mistakes in the brewing process (e.g. addition of too much water), using bananas of wrong ripening stage, and equipment failure (e.g., burst or leaking drums in distillation equipment). Other non-PHL challenges include Banana Xanthomonas Wilt (BXW) and bad weather (up to 50% losses in the field). Despite the general eciency of traditional fermentation practices, significant portions of fruit are still lost. Reduction in PHL can complement, both culturally and nutritionally, the role that fermented banana products play in Ugandan food systems and contribute to regional food security. Collaborative mechanisms for PHL reduction should target the cited sources of PHL.

Abstrak Penyakit kerdil pisang (Banana Bunchy Top Disease) merupakan salah satu penyakit serius yang disebabkan oleh virus, yang mengancam pertanaman pisang di seluruh dunia baik lokal maupun regional. Beberapa kultivar pisang diketahui lebih tahan terhadap infeksi virus, tapi belum ada kultivar yang dianggap tahan terhadap penyakit kerdil. Keterjadian penyakit kerdil berikut tipe dan gejala serangan diamati pada populasi koleksi pisang tanpa adanya inokulasi buatan. Hasil pengamatan pada tahun 2007 menunjukkan bahwa 12,14% dari total aksesi menunjukkan positif terinfeksi penyakit kerdil. Keterjadian penyakit kerdil meningkat pesat sebanyak dua kali lipat per tahun, 28,57% pada Oktober 2010 dan 54,29% pada Oktober 2011. Penyebaran dan perkembangan penyaki kerdil ini optimum pada kondisi yang lembab dengan intensitas curah hujan dan suhu lingkungan yang tinggi, tanah yang subur dan intensitas cahaya yang rendah atau ternaungi. Pada monitoring terakhir bulan Februari 2012, tanaman pisang yang terinfeksi meningkat hingga 62,14 % yang terdiri dari 64 aksesi positif terinfeksi dan 39 aksesi tanpa gejala. Tiga puluh sembilan aksesi tanpa gejala tersebut diindikasikan sebagai kultivar pisang yang toleran terhadap penyakit kerdil antara lain Pisang kepok (BBB), Pisang sobo (BBB), Pisang Bandung (ABB), Pisang Nangka (AAB), Pisang Candi (AAB) dan Pisang Raja Marto (AAB). Hasil studi awal ini sesuai dengan beberapa studi sebelumnya yang menunjukkan bahwa genotipe dengan satu atau dua genom B cenderung lebih toleran terhadap penyakit kerdil. Namun beberapa kultivar yang diketahui cenderung toleran penyakit kerdil diindikasikan rentan terhadap penyakit layu

Kombinasi buah jeruk, pepaya dan pisang dicampur bersama-sama untuk membuat minuman jus sehat yang mampu menurunkan kadar kolesterol tinggi!

Campuran ketiga bahan tersebut kaya akan kalium, vitamin C dan serat yang rendah akan kalori sekaligus baik untuk menjaga kesehatan organ jantung.

Bananas ( spp.) are widely cultivated in Indonesia. They are extensively grown in backyards, home gardens, Musa intercropped with short term crops and also in agroforestry sy . stem The potential of bananas to sequester carbon has been reported but there is limited knowledge on the performance of various cultivars. An inventory of biomass and C-stock estimation on banana accessions has been conducted in germplasm plots - Purwodadi Botanic Garden, Musa Pasuruan. Estimation on biomass and C-stock have been conducted for 42 individual banana accessions, comprised 5 wild banana species and 37 cultivars using non-destructive method i.e. allometric equation for banana. The objectives ere conduct inventory on the biomass and C-stock estimation of Indonesian bananas in of this study w to germplasm collection of Purwodadi Botanic Garden, to make the projections of time average above ground for Cstock of banana farming system in Indonesia and to discuss the potential role of bananas in land r...

Plant regeneration of diploid bananas (Musa acuminata, AA group) 'Kluai Sa' and 'Kluai Leb Mu Nang' was achieved through organogenesis in callus cultures. Calluses were induced from in vitrogrown shoot tips of both cultivars on a modified Murashige and Skoog medium containing 100 mg L-1 malt extract, 50 mg L-1 proline, 50 mg L-1 cysteine, 100 mg L-1 glutamine, 1 mg L-1 biotin, 5-7 mg L-1 dicamba and 1-2 mg L-1 thidiazuron (TDZ). On these media, two morphologically distinct types of white and yellow compact calluses were produced. Green shoot buds were best induced after several transfers of the yellow compact calluses to MS medium supplemented with 1 mg L-1 αnaphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and 3 mg L-1 benzyladenine (BA) with 19 shoots in both cultivars. Rooting in all regenerated shoots was promoted on MS medium devoid of plant growth regulators but containing 0.2% activated charcoal. All the resultant plants were shown to be morphologically normal. Acclimatization and survival when transferred to field conditions were shown to be 100% in the regenerated plants. Flow cytometric analysis of nuclear DNA content confirmed that they were all diploid with a 2C peak indicating that ploidy alteration did not occur.

Resumen Analiza la historia de los programas institucionales de fotomejoramiento del banano de exportacion y explora las conexiones historicas entre la produccion de banano de exportacion, la biodiversidad y el consumo de masas. Abstract This article analyzes the history of institutional banana breeding programs and explores the historical connections between export banana production, biodiversity, and mass markets

https://www.latinxproject.nyu.edu/intervenxions/reappropriating-impositions-a-conversation-with-gonzalo-fuenmayor In this interview, conducted in February of 2019 at the artist’s Miami studio, Gonzalo Fuenmayor discusses how ideology and history are principal themes in his work. He also speaks about his evolution as an artist, how his works dialogues with the history of the Colombian Caribbean, the marginalization of that history within a wider national imaginary, and the use of signifiers such as the banana as representative of a colonialist legacy and imperialist existence in Colombia.