Aviation Security

In this article, we seek to explain how one police organization, the Dutch police, has situated itself in various partnership arrangements that make innovative use of its authority and capacities. Such arrangements are notable for their strategic attention to high-risk places, and the flows of people, information and other goods in the spaces between them. We use the term 'policing assemblages' to capture the eclectic and rather fluid character of such partnerships. Four particular initiatives in Amsterdam are used to illustrate the ways in which such assemblages can emerge and function. We adopt the metaphor of 'team play' to characterize the relations between police and their partners in this 'nodal' policing field. We suggest that if nodal policing continues, the public police may play more varied and indirect roles in managing risky spaces and behaviors. Nodal policing could be helpful in a period of high public demand for security, but its stability and longevity requires further consideration.

The manner in which Aircraft Communications , Addressing and Reporting System (ACARS) is being used has significantly changed over time. Whilst originally used by commercial airliners to track their flights and provide automated timekeeping on crew, today it serves as a multipurpose air-ground data link for many aviation stakeholders including private jet owners, state actors and military. Since ACARS messages are still mostly sent in the clear over a wireless channel, any sensitive information sent with ACARS can potentially lead to a privacy breach for users. Naturally, different stakeholders consider different types of data sensitive. In this paper we propose a privacy framework matching aviation stakeholders to a range of sensitive information types and assess the impact for each. Based on more than one million ACARS messages, collected over several months, we then demonstrate that current ACARS usage systematically breaches privacy for all stakeholder groups. We further support our findings with a number of cases of significant privacy issues for each group and analyze the impact of such leaks. While it is well-known that ACARS messages are susceptible to eavesdropping attacks, this work is the first to quantify the extent and impact of privacy leakage in the real world for the relevant aviation stakeholders.

In an era of significant air traffic expansion characterised by a rising congestion of the radiofrequency spectrum and a widespread introduction of Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS), Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) are being exposed to a variety of threats including signal interferences, adverse propagation effects and challenging platform-satellite relative dynamics. Thus, there is a need to characterize GNSS signal degradations and assess the effects of interfering sources on the performance of avionics GNSS receivers and augmentation systems used for an increasing number of mission-essential and safety-critical aviation tasks (e.g., experimental flight testing, flight inspection/certification of ground-based radio navigation aids, wide area navigation and precision approach). GNSS signal deteriorations typically occur due to antenna obscuration caused by natural and man-made obstructions present in the environment (e.g., elevated terrain and tall buildings when flying at low altitude) or by the aircraft itself during manoeuvring (e.g., aircraft wings and empennage masking the on-board GNSS antenna), ionospheric scintillation, Doppler shift, multipath, jamming and spurious satellite transmissions. Anyone of these phenomena can result in partial to total loss of tracking and possible tracking errors, depending on the severity of the effect and the receiver characteristics. After describing GNSS performance threats, the various augmentation strategies adopted in the Communication, Navigation, Surveillance/Air Traffic Management and Avionics (CNS+A) context are addressed in detail. GNSS augmentation can take many forms but all strategies share the same fundamental principle of providing supplementary information whose objective is improving the performance and/or trustworthiness of the system. Hence it is of paramount importance to consider the synergies offered by different augmentation strategies including Space Based Augmentation System (SBAS), Ground Based Augmentation System (GBAS), Aircraft Based Augmentation System (ABAS) and Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM). Furthermore, by employing multi-GNSS constellations and multi-sensor data fusion techniques, improvements in availability and continuity can be obtained. SBAS is designed to improve GNSS system integrity and accuracy for aircraft navigation and landing, while an alternative approach to GNSS augmentation is to transmit integrity and differential correction messages from ground-based augmentation systems (GBAS). In addition to existing space and ground based augmentation systems, GNSS augmentation may take the form of additional information being provided by other on-board avionics systems, such as in ABAS. As these on-board systems normally operate via separate principles than GNSS, they are not subject to the same sources of error or interference. Using suitable data link and data processing technologies on the ground, a certified ABAS capability could be a core element of a future GNSS Space-Ground-Aircraft Augmentation Network (SGAAN). Although current augmentation systems can provide significant improvement of GNSS navigation performance, a properly designed and flight-certified SGAAN could play a key role in trusted autonomous system and cyber-physical system applications such as UAS Sense-and-Avoid (SAA).

The technological developments in next generation avionics and air traffic management systems triggered through various regional and international research initiatives and modernization programs introduces greater interdependency and interconnectivity between airborne systems, ground systems and various stakeholders in the supply chain. The communication infrastructure would be the backbone of Communication, Navigation, Surveillance and Air Traffic Management Systems (CNS/ATM). Furthermore the introduction of the System Wide Information Management (SWIM) which is an integral part of the Global Air Navigational Plan (GANP) of International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) will become the global platform for information exchange. Security considerations against the threat of intentional unauthorised electronic interactions, commonly known as cyber security are a growing concern in Information Communication Technology (ICT) systems. In this regard, this paper reviews the existing framework for the assessment of safety and cyber security during the system design and development life cycle process, and presents an integrated safety-security assessment model for the purpose of integrated avionics and air traffic management system certification.

Özet Dünya çapında giderek büyüyen havacılık sektöründe gerçekleştirilen herhangi yasa dışı bir eylem masum insanların hayatını kaybetmesine, ciddi maddi kayıplara ve hem havayolu işletmelerinin hem de uçakların tescilli olduğu ülkelerin imajının zedelenmesine neden olmaktadır. Havacılık güvenliğinin sağlanması amacıyla, havaalanlarında uçuş öncesinden başlayıp ve uçuş sonrası süreci de içine alan birçok önleyici uygulama ve kontrol bulunmaktadır. Uçuş ekibi, yolcular ve uçağın güvenliğini tehlikeye düşüren olaylara karşı alınan önlemlerden biri, uçuş sırasında güvenlik görevlisi bulundurmaktır. Uçuş güvenlik görevlisi uygulaması, bazı ülkelerde havacılık güvenliğinin sağlanması için uzun süredir yürürlükte olmasına rağmen, Türk sivil havacılığının gündeminde olan yeni bir uygulamadır. Bu nedenle, uçuş güvenlik görevlisi kavramı ile ilgili Türkçe literatürün oluşumuna katkı sağlamak amacıyla bu çalışmanın yapılması hedeflenmiştir. Bu araştırmanın amacı, uçuş güvenlik görevlisinin görevleri, tarihçesi, dünya çapındaki uygulama şekilleri, yasal düzenlemeleri ve bu uygulamanın Türkiye'deki son durumunu kavramsal olarak incelemektir. Araştırmada veri toplamak amacıyla döküman incelemesi yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Bu kapsamda uçuş güvenlik görevlisi uygulamaları ile ilgili literatür kapsamlı olarak incelenmiştir. Araştırma sonucuna göre, havacılık sektöründe uçuş güvenlik görevlilerinin 1960'ların başından itibaren başta Amerika Birleşik Devletleri olmak üzere birçok ülkede kullanıldığı görülmüştür. Türkiye'de ise uçuş güvenlik görevlisi uygulamasının 2020 yılı içinde yürürlüğe gireceği öngörülmektedir. Bununla birlikte uçuş güvenlik görevlisinin görevleri, uçuş sırasında silah kullanma yetkileri ve uygulamanın havayolu işletmelerine maliyeti gibi konularda tartışmaların olduğu görülmüştür. Araştırmanın havacılık güvenliği ile ilgili literatüre katkı yapacağı düşünülmektedir. Abstract Any illegal action carried out in the ever-growing aviation industry worldwide leads to death of innocent people, serious material losses and the image of both airline companies and countries where aircraft are registered. In order to ensure aviation security, there are many preventive practices and controls at airports, including pre-flight and post-flight processes. One of the measures taken against the events that endanger the security of the flight crew, passengers and aircraft is to have a security officer during the flight. Practice of in flight security officer is a new practice on the agenda

In order to improve aviation security, many airports apply Threat Image Projection (TIP) and computer-based X-ray image interpretation training (CBT). One difference between TIP and CBT X-ray images is the algorithm used to merge virtual threat items into X-ray images of passenger bags, resulting in different color nuances. In this study, we tested the influence of merging algorithms on threat object detection performance, reaction time and confidence rating of 12 airport security screeners. The image merging algorithms of the individually adaptive CBT X-Ray Tutor were used. We have found that the hit rate was higher for TIP images compared to CBT images. Accordingly, the mean of confidence ratings was increased for TIP images. The reaction times tended to be shorter for TIP images. The results of our study indicate that the CBT merging algorithm used in this study is more realistic than the tested TIP image merging algorithm.

A segurança internacional enfrenta um ambiente de ameaças cada vez mais complexo, e a aviação civil, por possuir um papel significativo na economia global, é um alvo atrativo para atentados terroristas. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar como a Gestão de Riscos prioriza as ações para a Segurança da Aviação Civil contra Atos de Interferência Ilícita (AVSEC). Os resultados apontam que a melhora na identificação de riscos e o desenvolvimento da chamada Cultura Justa contribuem para a efetividade deste instrumento. Para tanto, utiliza-se o conceito de Cultura Justa para estudar o caso do Serviço Regional de Proteção ao Voo de São Paulo.