Asymmetric

The Middle Proterozoic Mount Isa Basin, of the Mount Isa terrane, hosts several large Pb-Zn-Ag deposits and is arguably one of the richest mineral provinces in the world. The deformed remnants of this basin extend from the eastern margin of the Leichhardt River Fault Trough through to the Murphy Tectonic Ridge in the far north of the terrane. The Mount Isa Basin initially evolved in response to NW-SE-directed extension during the Mount Isa Rift Event. This event began before ¾1708 Ma and had ceased by ¾1653 Ma. A sag basin continued to evolve thereafter until ¾1595 Ma. Regional analysis of the highest level cover rocks of the Mount Isa Basin reveals a notable difference in the locus of syn-rift sedimentation, syn-rift magmatism, and post-rift subsidence. Although crustal extension was widespread across the Mount Isa Basin, tectonic subsidence was focussed along the ¾N-S-oriented Mount Isa Rift. Approximately 3-5 km of fluvial to shallow marine clastic sediments were deposited into isolated rift basins. Bimodal volcanism and emplacement of shallow level plutons occurred along the western and northwestern margins of the Mount Isa Rift. Magmatic provinces mark the locus of significant subcrustal lithospheric thinning, asthenospheric upwelling, and mafic underplating. Within these magmatic provinces the syn-rift sequences are fewer and thinner (750-2000 m) and were dominantly deposited in subaerial environments, suggesting a relatively stable uplift and subsidence history. The position of maximum subcrustal lithospheric extension is determined by the position of greatest post-rift subsidence. This occurred beneath the northern Mount Isa terrane where the thickest post-rift sequences are preserved and the depositional history is more protracted. We propose that the evolution of the Mount Isa Basin is a consequence of asymmetric extension of the Middle Proterozoic lithosphere.

This paper introduces and tests Bid Function Equilibria (BFE) in the British spot market for electricity. BFE extend von der Fehr and Harbord's (1993) multi-unit auction model of wholesale electricity markets by allowing firms to have heterogeneous costs for different generating units. Pure-strategy equilibria in BFE predict asymmetric bidding by producers: a single firm (the "price-setter") bids strategically while other firms ("non-price-setters") bid their costs. We test for asymmetries in firms' bid functions in the British spot market between 1993 and 1995 and find strong empirical support for the theory. We conclude that BFE have important implications for the design and governance of electricity markets.

The boxplot method (Exploratory Data Analysis, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1977) is a graphically-based method of identifying outliers which is appealing not only in its simplicity but also because it does not use the extreme potential outliers in computing a measure of dispersion. The inner and outer fences are deÿned in terms of the hinges (or fourths), and therefore are not distorted by a few extreme values. Such distortion could lead to failing to detect some outliers, a problem known as "masking".

statement is important in many ways. First, it states that there are many aspects or domains in a person's life; thus, a person's well-being is expected to be related to her situation in all these aspects of life. Second, it recognises that economists usually deal with just one aspect of a person's life; hence, it is impossible to understand a person's well-being from an economic perspective alone. Third, it also recognises that economics, as a discipline, is an academic construct 1 that studies only one aspect of a person's life. Hicks' comment refers to economics, but it could also apply to any other of the social sciences, such as psychology, sociology, anthropology, and political science.

 This paper presents requirements, detailed analysis, and operation of six converter types used with 3phase 6/4 switched reluctance motor (SRM). These converters are R-dump, C-dump, C-dump with freewheeling transistor, asymmetric, series, and parallel type.

Graph Theory is one of the significant and important areas in Mathematics, which is used in Network Security. Cryptography is art of science to achieving security by encoding message to make it non-readable (secretive) to unintended users. Many techniques are presents to encrypt plain text and convert it to the cipher text [2]. Any cryptographic scheme is secure if and only if it is unbreakable in reasonable time, using feasible resources in spite of the intruder's being aware of the encryption and decryption algorithm and size of the key. In the proposed algorithm, adjacent matrix of graph can be used to obtain key for encryption and decryption which is safer compared to other keys.

Abstract: Encryption is the most effective way to achieve data security. It is the process in which plain text converts into a cipher text and allows only authorized people to access the sender information. In this research paper I would like to explain different types of encryption techniques such as hashing function and symmetric and asymmetric methods with advantages and disadvantages including necessary practical examples.
Keywords: Encryption, Cryptography, Hashing, Asymmetric, Symmetric, Cipher text
Title: Encryption
Author: Sruthi Medasani, Professor Tarik El Taeib,
International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology Research
ISSN 2348-1196 (print), ISSN 2348-120X (online)
Research Publish Journals

New version of Novikov helical gear combining double circular arc profile with crowned involute profile has been proposed in this paper. Generation of this gear is carried out using the required equations for these two profiles which are programmed using SOLIDWORK. To compare the resulting contact and bending stresses, three models of gear pairs are generated and investigated using finite element software package (ANSYS). The profiles of these models are as following: double circular arc for first model, crowned involute for second model, while the third model formed by combining double circular arc with involute crowned profiles. The results of stress analysis show that the generated stresses are lower in the proposed (combined) gear especially when the contact in the circular arc side. Keywords: Generation of gears, versions of Novikov Gears, circular arc gear, crowned involute gear, stress analysis in gears. 1. Introduction: Gears are mostly used to transmit power between shafts in several mechanical applications such that the rotary motion of the driven shaft is perfectly uniform relative to that of driving shaft [1]. In several mechanical applications gearing system is the preferred drive. As we know the toothed gearing has many advantages in compare with other mechanical drives such as its applicability for a wide range of torques and speed ratios, long service life and high reliability, can give constant speed ratio when there is no slipping as well as its small size [2]. These advantages illustrate the importance of developing gear profile. Today, three basic types of teeth profiles are used in gears for power transmission. They are involute, Noviko (or circular arc) and cyc1odial [3, 4]. One of the important causes of gear tooth failure is the presence of large contact and bending stresses in loaded gear tooth. These stresses lead to reduce the overall gear life and can result in tooth failure under loaded conditions [5]. A small reduction in the stresses leads to increase in the fatigue life of the gears considerable. Therefore it is important to find out the method of reducing induced stresses in the gear to increase gears life. Various improvements in gear design have taken place during the last few years such as use of material with improved strength, hardening the surfaces selectively with heat treatment and carburization, and improve the surface finish by shot peening. Many efforts such as using the asymmetric teeth, altering the pressure angle, introducing stress relief feature and using the gear with high contact ratio have been made to improve the strength of the gear [5]. Circular arc gears and crowned profile gears are superior compare with other types of gear profiles and they have higher load carrying capacity. In comparison with involute profile gear, crowned profile gear has a larger contact area, lower noise and vibration, and has a stronger tooth form [6]. Circular arc gears can take three to five times the load on the tooth flanks (in compare with involute gears) without detrimental pitting or wear, They more efficient in power transmission, and They retain lubricants between mating teeth more easily and form a thick oil film. Thus, the wearing of tooth flank is slower [7]. In this paper the asymmetric tooth profiles of two versions of Novikov gears will be used to reduce generated stress and increases gears life. These two profiles are double circular arc and crowned involute profiles. Double circular arc gear has higher bending and contact strength in compare with involute gear for the same parameters. This gear has been widely used in industry machinery [8].

Orthogonally protected chiral β-hydroxy-γ-amino acids can be accessed in >100 g quantities from readily available starting materials and reagents in three to four steps. These chiral synthons contain two adjacent stereocenters along with suitably protected functional groups (O-TBS, N-Boc) for downstream reactivity. Implementation of two existing aldol technologies allows rapid access to all possible stereoisomers of 1. The guiding principles during reaction optimization were reaction scalability and operational efficiency. Conversion of the amino acids to a variety of chiral building blocks in one to two steps demonstrates their synthetic utility.

This paper estimates the long memory volatility model for 16 agricultural commodity futures returns from different futures markets, namely corn, oats, soybeans, soybean meal, soybean oil, wheat, live cattle, cattle feeder, pork, cocoa, coffee, cotton, orange juice, Kansas City wheat, rubber, and palm oil. The class of fractional GARCH models, namely the FIGARCH model of , FIEGACH model of , and FIAPARCH model of Tse (1998), are modelled and compared with the GARCH model of Bollerslev (1986), EGARCH model of Nelson (1991), and APARCH model of Ding et al. (1993). The estimated d parameters, indicating long-term dependence, suggest that fractional integration is found in most of agricultural commodity futures returns series. In addition, the FIGARCH (1,d,1) and FIEGARCH(1,d,1) models are found to outperform their GARCH(1,1) and EGARCH(1,1) counterparts.

An axisymmetric bending analysis of four-parameter functionally graded annular plate under uniform transverse load is studied. Generalization of four-parameter power-law distribution presented in literature is proposed. Four kinds of material profiles through the functionally graded annular plate thickness are illustrated by varying the four parameters of power-law distribution. Generalized differential quadrature (GDQ) method is used to discretize the system of governing equations. The convergence of the method is illustrated and the validation of the results is done by a comparison with another study which available in the literature and good agreement between two studies was found.

The J&K state which enjoys far greater status than other states within quasi federal polity of india was one of the 562 princely states in British ruled india. In almost all the cases these princely states surrendered whatever notional sovereignty they had to the new Indian state in exchange for guaranteed privy purses. whereas other Indian states lost their whatever kind of notional  sovereignty  they had by supplementary instruments and by agreeing to the settlement of their position and powers by constituent assembly of india  ,j&k choose to remain a unit of Indian federation only on the terms and conditions specified in instrument of accession .The state of j&k has been accorded asymmetric status under Indian federalism because of the peculiar circumstances under which it acceded to the union of india.

Reducing the amount of off-gases to flare is an important issue addressed by petrochemical plants and refineries. Therefore, separation of hydrogen from methane is crucial monetary and environmental incentives for these industries. The current research is aimed preparation of asymmetric polyetherimide(PEI) membranes for this purpose. The different mechanism of gas intake in PEI resulted in a decrease in hydrogen permeance and selectivity and adverse behavior for methane with pressure enhancement. There was a decline in both gases permeance and unexpected enhancement in selectivity. The effect of bath temperature was demonstrated. An effective coating method was applied and the selectivity increased noticeably.

The importance of click chemistry is widely recognized. Among all the known click reactions, those involving tetrazines represent the fastest click reactions reported and are generating a great deal of interest. However, there is no efficient entry to asymmetric tetrazines and those with strong electron withdrawing groups, which limits the development of this field. Herein, we report a general and efficient entry to asymmetric tetrazines with strongly electron withdrawing groups.

Recently, advances in time-varying quantile modeling have proven effective in financial Value-at-Risk forecasting. Some well-known dynamic conditional autoregressive quantile models are generalized to a fully nonlinear family. The Bayesian solution to the general ...

This chapter discusses the role of environmental morale and environmental motivation in individual behavior from the point of view of economics and psychology. It deals with the fundamental public good problem, and presents empirical (laboratory and field) evidence on how the cooperation problem can be overcome. Four different theoretical approaches are distinguished according to how individuals' underlying environmental motivation is modeled. Specifically, we look at the interaction between environmental policy and environmental morale through the lens of cognitive evaluation theory (also known as crowding theory). JEL classification: D64, H41, Q50, Z13

A series of new highly efficient chiral aliphatic–aromatic diamine catalysts have been designed and successfully applied to the asymmetric Michael addition of cyclohexanone with nitroolefins under solvent-free conditions without any acidic additives. The desired adducts were obtained in high yields with excellent enantio- and diastereoselectivities of syn products (up to >99% ee, >99:1 dr). Chirality 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc

This paper estimates a long memory volatility model for 16 agricultural commodity futures returns from different futures markets, namely corn, oats, soybeans, soybean meal, soybean oil, wheat, live cattle, cattle feeder, pork, cocoa, coffee, cotton, orange juice, Kansas City wheat, rubber, and palm oil. The class of fractional GARCH models, namely the FIGARCH model of Baillie et al. (1996), FIEGARCH model of Bollerslev and Mikkelsen (1996), and FIAPARCH model of Tse (1998), are modelled and compared with the GARCH model of Bollerslev (1986), EGARCH model of Nelson (1991), and APARCH model of Ding et al. (1993). The estimated d parameters, indicating long-term dependence, suggest that fractional integration is found in most of agricultural commodity futures returns series. In addition, the FIGARCH (1,d,1) and FIEGARCH(1,d,1) models are found to outperform their GARCH(1,1) and EGARCH(1,1) counterparts.

© The Author(s) 2012. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract Behavioral economics (BE) examines the implications for decision-mak-ing when actors suffer from biases documented in the psychological literature. This article considers how such biases affect regulatory decisions. The article posits a sim-ple model of a regulator who serves as an agent to a political overseer. The regulator chooses a policy that accounts for the rewards she receives from the political over-seer—whose optimal policy is assumed to maximize short-run outputs that garner political support, rather than long-term welfare outcomes—and the weight the regula-tor puts on the optimal long run policy. Flawed heuristics and myopia are likely to lead regulators to adopt policies closer to the preferences of political overseers than they would otherwise. The incentive structure for regulators is likely to reward those who adopt politically expedient policies, either intentionally (due t...

The effect of electronic factors, solvent composition, identity of the chiral bidentate, and olefin structure on the yields and enantioselectivities of the asymmetric chlorohydrin synthesis were investigated. Electronic effects on the chlorohydrin reaction were tested by oxidation of phenyl allyl ether p -substituted by H, Cl, CH 3 O and CN. All species gave same similar yields and enantioselectivities indicating that electronic effects are not important. Varying the solvent composition of the THF Á/H 2 O mixtures indicated that the optimal solvent mixture contains more than 85% THF. Variation of added [Cl ( ] indicated that the added chloride had to be greater than 0.2 M for high yields and %ee's. Under ideal conditions the enantioselectivities of the chlorohydrins from the phenyl allyl ethers were more than 90%ee. Vinylacetic acid, methyl acrylate and trans -cinnamaldehyde were unreactive under the usual reaction conditions while 2-hydroxy-3-butene and allyl acetate give lower %ee's than did the phenyl allyl ethers. Styrene and amethylstyrene gives comparable rates of reactions but the %ee's were lower with the latter. (2,6-Diisopropyl)phenyl allyl ether and 2hydroxy-3-butene give high %ee's indicating that steric hindrance was not a major factor. All of the chiral bridging ligands tested gave satisfactory results except for DACH. A strange case was BZOX which did not give any induction at all. Structural studies showed the ligands are not large enough to bridge both Pd(II) in the bimetallic catalyst so one Pd(II) contained both ligand groups of the bidentate ligand and was thus unreactive. The other Pd(II) of the dimer was reactive but did not contain any chiral ligands to induce optical activity. #

In this work, we explore the authentication and verification of key exchange protocol using Message Authentication Code (MAC). We propose a new MAC scheme model using input-output automata to protect the integrity of the secret key in the key exchange protocol. Our scheme was devised in reference to the Diffie-Hellman communication protocol model. We divided our MAC protocol into three stages of communication sequences in order to simplify the model and the design of automata machine. In the final result, we combined all stages and represented the protocol as Cryptographic MAC Protocol in the regular language. We have shown that the cryptographic MAC protocol for key exchange protocol can be implemented using finite input-output automata with some small modification of the finite state machine. The proposed protocol would be useful for implementation in a lightweight or a secure smart devices communication in the wireless sensor nodes (WSN) network.

The physics, technology, and modeling of complementary asymmetric MOSFETs are reviewed and illustrated with statistically representative silicon data from a recent manufacturing implementation, in which the transistors for the secondary power supply voltage are offered in asymmetric and symmetric constructions. The in-depth analysis of the device physics of asymmetric transistors provides new insights into their physical operation and into the operation of transistors using halo implants in general. The variability, matching, and noise implications of using halo implants are also analyzed, concluding that both asymmetric and symmetric devices need to be offered for uncompromised circuit design. The challenges associated with the compact modeling the asymmetric transistors are also reviewed and illustrated. The preferred manufacturing implementation uses retrograde wells with no dopant fillers at the surface, while avoiding the drain-to-source punch-through by source-side-only halo implants. In addition to the known switching speed and maximum voltage gain advantages of the asymmetric transistors, this particular device architecture offers superior hot-carrier reliability and transistor design flexibility. The availability of retrograde wells enables construction of high-reliability complementary extended-drain MOSFETs for a third higher power supply voltage.

Since its emergence in the 1970s the modern economic or Coasian theory of the firm has been discussed and challenged by sociologists, heterodox economists, management scholars, and other critics. This chapter reviews and assesses these critiques, focusing on behavioral issues (bounded rationality and motivation), process (including path dependence and the selection argument), entrepreneurship, and the challenge from knowledge-based theories of the firm.

A bimetallic palladium(II) complex containing a triketone ligand and a bridging diphosphine ligand oxidizes olefins in acetic acid to allylic acetates by a direct air oxidation, which does not require intermediate redox systems. When the diphosphine is chiral, an asymmetric reaction occurs which gives enantioselectivities between 52 and 78% for cyclic olefins.

Nanostructural Al 1050 sheets were produced using a novel method of asymmetric cryorolling under ratios of upper and down rolling velocities (RUDV) of 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, and 1.4. Sheets were rolled to about 0.17 mm from 1.5 mm. Both the strength and ductility of Al 1050 sheets increase with RUDVs. Tensile strength of Al sheets with the RUDV 1.4 is larger 22.3% of that for RUDV 1.1, which is 196 MPa. The TEM observations show the grain size is 360 nm when the RUDV is 1.1, and 211 nm for RUDV 1.4.

Isothiourea HBTM-2.1 catalyzes the asymmetric Michael addition/lactonization of aryl-and alkenylacetic acids using -keto-,-unsaturated-phosphonates as ,-unsaturated ester surrogates, giving access to a diverse range of stereodefined lactones or enantioenriched functionalized diesters upon ring-opening. In conclusion, we have demonstrated the Michael addition/lactonization of a range of acetic acids with α-keto-β,γunsaturated phosphonates as masked α,β-unsaturated ester equivalents. The synthetic utility of the lactone and diester products has been demonstrated through a variety of product manipulations, affording a range of stereodefined building blocks. Further studies within our laboratory are directed towards the development of isothioureas in catalysis. Scheme 3. Proposed mechanism ASSOCIATED CONTENT Supporting Information Experimental procedures, spectral and HPLC data for all new compounds are provided. This material is available free of charge via the Internet at http://pubs.acs.org.

Last two decades have seen a rapid change in the global economic and financial situation; the economic conditions in many small and large underdeveloped countries started to improve and they became recognized as emerging markets. This led to growth in the amounts of global investments in these countries, partly spurred by expectations of higher returns, favorable risk-return opportunities, and better diversification alternatives to global investors. This process, however, has not been without problems and it has emphasized the need for more information on these markets. In particular, the liberalization of financial markets around the world, globalization of trade and companies, recent formation of economic and regional blocks, and the rapid development of underdeveloped countries during the last two decades have brought a major challenge to the financial world and researchers alike. This doctoral dissertation studies one of the largest emerging markets, namely Russia. The motivation why the Russian equity market is worth investigating includes, among other factors, its sheer size, rapid and robust economic growth since the turn of the millennium, future prospect for international investors, and a number of important major financial reforms implemented since the early 1990s. Another interesting feature of the Russian economy, which gives motivation to study Russian market, is Russia's 1998 financial crisis, considered as one of the worst crisis in recent times, affecting both developed and developing economies. Therefore, special attention has been paid to Russia's 1998 financial crisis throughout this dissertation. This thesis covers the period from the birth of the modern Russian financial markets to the present day, Special attention is given to the international linkage and the 1998 financial crisis. This study first identifies the risks associated with Russian market and then deals with their pricing issues. Finally some insights about portfolio construction within Russian market are presented. The first research paper of this dissertation considers the linkage of the Russian equity market to the world equity market by examining the international transmission of the Russia's 1998 financial crisis utilizing the GARCH-BEKK model proposed by Engle and Kroner. Empirical results shows evidence of direct linkage between the Russian equity market and the world market both in regards of returns and volatility. However, the weakness of the linkage suggests that the Russian equity market was only partially integrated into the world market, even though the contagion can be clearly seen during the time of the crisis period. The second and the third paper, co-authored with Mika Vaihekoski, investigate whether global, local and currency risks are priced in the Russian stock market from a US investors' point of view. Furthermore, the dynamics of these sources of risk are studied, i.e., whether the prices of the global and l oca l ri s k f a ctors a re cons ta nt or ti me-v a ryi ng ov er ti me. W e u ti l i z e the mu l ti v a ria te GAR CH-M framework of De Santis and Gérard (1998). Similar to them we find price of global market risk to be time-varying. Currency risk also found to be priced and highly time varying in the Russian market. Moreover, our results suggest that the Russian market is partially segmented and local risk is also priced in the market. The model also implies that the biggest impact on the US market risk premium is coming from the world risk component whereas the Russian risk premium is on average caused mostly by the local and currency components. The purpose of the fourth paper is to look at the relationship between the stock and the bond market of Russia. The objective is to examine whether the correlations between two classes of assets are time varying by using multivariate conditional volatility models. The Constant Conditional Correlation model by Bollerslev (1990), the Dynamic Conditional Correlation model by Engle (2002), and an asymmetric version of the Dynamic Conditional Correlation model by Cappiello et al. (2006) are used in the analysis. The empirical results do not support the assumption of constant conditional correlation and there was clear evidence of time varying correlations between the Russian stocks and bond market and both asset markets exhibit positive asymmetries. The implications of the results in this dissertation are useful for both companies and international investors who are interested in investing in Russia. Our results give useful insights to those involved in minimising or managing financial risk exposures, such as, portfolio managers, international investors, risk analysts and financial researchers. When portfolio managers aim to optimize the risk-return relationship, the results indicate that at least in the case of Russia, one should account for the local market as well as currency risk when calculating the key inputs for the optimization. In addition, the pricing of exchange rate risk implies that exchange rate exposure is partly non-diversifiable and investors are compensated for bearing the risk. Likewise, international transmission of stock market volatility can profoundly influence corporate capital budgeting decisions, investors' investment decisions, and other business cycle variables. Finally, the weak integration of the Russian market and low correlations between Russian stock and bond market offers good opportunities to the international investors to diversify their portfolios

In this paper, a new asymmetrical multilevel inverter topology (MLI) is proposed with the objectives of using decreased number of semiconductor switches, dc voltage sources, gate driver circuits and dc links. The structure of presented MLI is very simple and modular. The fundamental module of this structure consists of nine semiconductor switches (eight unidirectional and one bidirectional) and four asymmetrical configured DC sources (ratio of 1:2), which can generate 13-level output voltage. To validate the design, a Matlab-Simulink based model is developed. For this paper, a Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) is deployed as the switching strategy of the proposed MLI. The circuit model is simulated under pure resistive and inductive loads. It will be shown that the circuit performs well under both loads. Comparison with traditional MLIs and other recently introduced MLIs will be conducted to show the superiority of the proposed MLI in terms of reduced number of devices and lo...

In this paper, the subthreshold swing was observed when the stacked high-k gate oxide was used for a junctionless double gate (JLDG) MOSFET. For this purpose, a subthreshold swing model was presented using the series-type potential model derived from the Poisson equation. The results of the model presented in this paper were in good agreement with the two-dimensional numerical values and those from other papers. Using this model, the variation of the subthreshold swing for the channel length, silicon thickness, gate oxide thickness, and dielectric constant of the stacked high-k material was observed using the dielectric constant as a parameter. As a result, the subthreshold swing was reduced when the high-k materials were used as the stacked gate oxide film. In the case of the asymmetric structure, the subthreshold swing can be reduced than that of the symmetric JLDG MOSFET when the dielectric constant of the bottom stacked oxide film was greater than that of the top stacked oxide film. In the case of the asymmetric structure, the subthreshold swing could be also reduced by applying the bottom gate voltage lower than the top gate voltage.

The palladium-catalysed asymmetric methoxycarbonylation of styrene has been investigated for the first time using phosphetanes as chiral ligands and showed good catalytic activity, excellent regioselectivity to the branched product and enantioselectivity up to 29%.

Flame spray pyrolysis (FSP) has been used for the production of alumina-supported platinum catalysts (1 to 10 wt% Pt on alumina). Liquid precursors containing specific amounts of aluminium isopropoxide and platinum acetylacetonate dissolved in xylene/ethylacetate were dispersed by oxygen and combusted, resulting in nanostructured powders. The as-prepared powders were collected on a filter and characterised by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, hydrogen chemisorption, nitrogen adsorption, X-ray diffraction, and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The specific surface areas of the powders ranged from 70 to 140 m 2 /g depending on the oxygen and precursor flow rates. Platinum was well dispersed and confined to the alumina surface. Platinum dispersion strongly depended on the platinum loading, decreasing from ca. 77 to 24% when the loading was increased from 0.1 to 0.9 mg Pt m −2 . These FSP-made catalysts showed higher activity for the enantioselective hydrogenation of ethyl pyruvate than a standard commercial platinum/alumina catalyst (E4759) with about the same platinum loading. Enantiomeric excess of (R)-ethyl lactate formation reached 87% at 100% conversion for FSP-derived catalysts pretreated in hydrogen. Turnover frequency increased with higher platinum loading, i.e., lower dispersion, indicating structure sensitivity of the reaction. In contrast, enantiomeric excess was virtually independent of platinum loading in the range 0.2-0.9 mg Pt m −2 .

The aim of this study is to investigate whether market reacts asymmetrically to the issuance of selected sukuk structures (ijarah and musyarakah) in Malaysia for the period 2008-2011. The estimation periods in this study are from 2004-2006. Data are collected from the Securities Commission Malaysia (SC) and Bloomberg database. The study employs event study methodology using cumulative average abnormal return (CAAR) on symmetric and asymmetric events based on the reaction of the FTSE Kuala Lumpur Composite Index (FTSEKLCI) to the announcement of sukuk issuance. The results indicate positive, significant and both symmetric and asymmetric market reactions to sukuk issuance. Hence, market reacts positively and asymmetrically to the announcements of ijarah and musyarakah after the recent crisis. The findings would be useful to issuers, investors and decision-makers to ensure the stability of Islamic capital market and sustainable economic growth.

In this work, we explore the authentication and verification of key exchange protocol using Message Authentication Code (MAC). We propose a new MAC scheme model using input-output automata to protect the integrity of the secret key in the key exchange protocol. Our scheme was devised in reference to the Diffie-Hellman communication protocol model. We divided our MAC protocol into three stages of communication sequences in order to simplify the model and the design of automata machine. In the final result, we combined all stages and represented the protocol as Cryptographic MAC Protocol in the regular language. We have shown that the cryptographic MAC protocol for key exchange protocol can be implemented using finite input-output automata with some small modification of the finite state machine. The proposed protocol would be useful for implementation in a lightweight or a secure smart devices communication in the wireless sensor nodes (WSN) network.

Different types of data are produced, stored, transmitted or exchanged, and in most of the cases the privacy of the data is a requirement; this issue enforces the inventing of a secure way to send the data using the encryption. These days most of the encryption algorithms based on the idea of (Public-Private Key), so that the process of encryption uses a key known to everyone and the decryption process uses a different private key, such as the RSA. The problem in these algorithms is the giving of the same cipher-text each time you encrypt a particular text using a specific key, which makes it easier to discover the original text by relating the encrypted text to a well-known decrypted text. The main purpose of this research is to build a reliable, an efficient, and a more secure algorithm for encryption. This algorithm gives multiple ciphers for a specific message using the same key and produces the original message once we decrypt these ciphers; this will make the process of hacking by relating the cipher to the text so difficult. This research paper will compare different algorithms with the new algorithm, and will demonstrate the implementation of an application that shows each one of these algorithms including the new one using a wellknown programming language.

An optical code generating device using plastic optical fiber (POF) coupler for a portable optical access card system is presented. The code generating device has been constructed using asymmetric hollow POF coupler design. The device provides a unique series of output light intensities which are successively used as an optical code. Ray tracing models of various coupler designs showed a linear relationship between the tap-off ratio (TOFR) and the waveguide tap width. The asymmetric POF coupler has been fabricated on metal-based materials using machining technique. The results for the simulated and fabricated metal-based 1Â2 asymmetric couplers show the same linear characteristics between the TOFR and the tap width. The simulated devices show a TOFR variation from 18.6 to 49.9% whereas the TOFR for the fabricated metal-based devices varies from 10.7 to 47.7%, for a tap width of 500 mm to 1 mm. The insertion loss for the 1Â2 asymmetric coupler at the tap line varies from 12.7 to 21.2 dB whereas for the bus line, the average insertion loss is about 12 dB.

The objective of this work is to obtain estimations of the amplification factors α and δ used for torsion design of buildings, from experiments. For this study, simple one-storey torsionally unbalanced (TU) steel models were considered. Models consisted of a deck ...

The relationship of drain induced barrier lowering (DIBL) phenomenon and channel length, silicon thickness, and thicknesses of top and bottom gate oxide films is derived for asymmetric junctionless double gate (JLDG) MOSFETs. The characteristics between the drain current and the gate voltage is derived by using the potential distribution model to propose in this paper. In this case, the threshold voltage is defined as the corresponding gate voltage when the drain current is (W/L)×10-7 A, and the DIBL representing the change in the threshold voltage with respect to the drain voltage is obtained. As a result, we observe the DIBL is proportional to the negative third power of the channel length and the second power of the silicon thickness and linearly proportional to the geometric mean of the top and bottom gate oxide thicknesses, and derive a relation such as DIBL=25.15 −3 2 √ 1 • 2 , where is a static feedback coefficients between 0 and 1. The is found to be between 0.5 and 1.0 in this model. The DIBL model of this paper has been observed to be in good agreement with the result of other paper, so it can be used in circuit simulation such as SPICE.

Mandelic acid (1) and its derivatives and 1-naphthylglycolic acid (8) were used as modifiers for the asymmetric hydrogenation of ketopantolactone to pantolactone on supported Pt, Ru, and Rh catalysts. A systematic variation of the modifier structure showed that 8 was the best modifier, affording up to 28% ee on Pt; the other metals were barely efficient. The catalytic studies were completed with FTIR spectroscopic analysis of the modifier-modifier and modifier-substrate interactions in solution. Attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy was applied to study the adsorption of the α-hydroxy-carboxylic acid type modifiers on a Pt/Al 2 O 3 model catalyst in the presence of hydrogen. The study indicates that the modifiers are present on the metal surface as monomers with an internal hydrogen bond between the hydroxyl group and the carboxyl carbonyl group, and the phenyl or naphthalene rings are in a tilted position relative to the surface. The moderate enantioselection is attributed to a hydrogen bond interaction between the carboxylic OH group of the modifier and the carbonyl O atom of the substrate. The poor enantioselectivities attained in ketopantolactone hydrogenation may be explained by the overly weak adsorption of the modifiers on Pt and by the weakness of the O-H-O-type H bond between the substrate and the modifiers. It seems that the carboxyl group has a double role, allowing interaction with the substrate and the Pt surface.

The platinum-catalyzed enantioselective hydrogenation of ethyl pyruvate (EP) has been studied in a continuous fixed-bed reactor working under trickle bed conditions. The alumina-supported platinum catalyst was chirally modified by continuous dosing of small amounts of cinchonidine (CD) to the reactor feed containing EP and hydrogen dissolved in acetic acid. A parametric sensitivity study, including CD/EP ratio, hydrogen pressure, temperature, solvent/EP ratio and total liquid feed rate indicated significant dependence of reaction rate and enantiomeric excess (ee) on these parameters. Optimization using the Box Wilson method with hydrogenation rate as objective function and ee > 90% as boundary condition afforded a site-time-yield, expressed as average turnover frequency (TOF), of 84 000 h −1 . The space-time-yield was found to be approximately one order of magnitude higher than that achieved in a batch reactor (autoclave) under otherwise similar conditions. These findings indicate that the continuous fixed-bed reactor operation may provide an interesting opportunity for process intensification of this type of asymmetric catalytic hydrogenations.