FTIR

Since the pioneering work dealing with the synthesis and physicochemical aspects of dendrimers, a predictable and tunable set of compositions for therapeutic, scaffolding and imaging systems has been reported. These are well documented, but many hot issues should be examined and reviewed. Herein, a review is given on dendritic nanopolymers and their applications that show promise in the field of regenerative medicine. This review begins

The objective of this work was to evaluate the potential of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) in the characterization and discrimination between immature and mature or ripe coffee beans. Arabica coffee beans were submitted to FTIR analysis by reflectance readings employing attenuated total reflectance (ATR) and diffuse reflectance (DR) accessories. The obtained spectra were similar, but in general higher absorbance values were observed for nondefective beans in comparison to immature ones. Multivariate statistical analysis (principal component analysis, PCA, and agglomerative hierarchical clustering, AHC) was performed in order to verify the possibility of discrimination between immature and mature coffee samples. A clear separation between immature and mature coffees was observed based on AHC and PCA analyses of the normalized spectra obtained by employing both ATR and DR accessories. Linear discriminant analysis was employed for developing classification models, with recognition and prediction abilities of 100%. Such results showed that FTIR analysis presents potential for the development of a simple routine methodology for separation of immature and mature coffee beans.

Potassium metabisulphite (PMB) is a common antimicrobial additive in the food industry. In aqueous solutions, PMB leads to complex equilibria according to its concentration, pH and temperature, and different chemical species can be present. In winemaking, PMB is used at low pH, suggesting that the biocidic activity is exerted by sulphur dioxide while, in other applications, it is employed at higher pH values with little if any dissociation. This observation leads to the question of which chemical form is biologically active. For this reason, Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells were subjected to PMB solutions at different pH values and analysed with a Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)-based bioassay, to assess the entity and the type of stress. Cell viability was determined and compared to the metabolomics (FTIR) stress indices, which revealed that the metabolomics fingerprint was an effective description of the cell health state. GC-MS metabolite profiles were obtained to describe (in detail) the changes caused by PMB in the fatty acids region. Human dermal fibroblasts (HDF) were also subjected to PMB stress at pH 7.0 and analysed with the FTIR protocol, in order to compare the response spectra of yeast and human cell cultures.

A review of the results of the authors on single and coupled substitutions of F for OH, and of CO 3 and SO 4 for PO 4 in synthetic and natural apatites, their influence on apatite structure and properties, studied by peak fitting FTIR, XRD, TG/DTA and TG/ EGA methods, is presented. Calcination of carbonate and sulphate substituted apatites leads to the formation of stable stoichiometric apatite.

Matrix isolation-FTIR spectra of 2-pyrrolidinone monomer and its two hydrogen bonded dimers are recorded in N 2 matrix at 8 K temperature and in CCl 4 solution at variable temperature within the range 30-45 • C. The transient singly hydrogen bonded dimer (SHBD) is identified in the cold N 2 by comparing the matrix spectrum with that in CCl 4 solution. The spectral shifts of both amide-I and amide-A bands indicate cooperative strengthening of hydrogen bonds in doubly hydrogen bonded dimer (DHBD). Density functional theory at B3PW91/6-311++G** level of calculation is found to be in good accord to the observed spectral features.

Boron doped and undoped Poly(vinyl) alcohol/Zirconium-yttrium acetate (PVA/Zr-Y) nanofibers were prepared by electrospinning using PVA as a precursor. The effect of boron doping was investigated in terms of solution properties, morphological changes and thermal properties. The effect of boron doping on calcined yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) fibers were evaluated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis. XRD
analysis revealed varying amounts of monoclinic and tetragonal zirconia present in the undoped fibers calcined at 800oC. The average crystallite sizes of the undoped YSZ were increased from 9.28 to 22.79 nm with calcining temperature increasing from 250 to 800 °C. The crystallite size was enhanced with boron doping. The systematic evolution of morphological features in the spun and the processed fibers were employed by scanning electron microscopy.

The effects of hydrostatic pressure upon (1) a segmented poly (ester urethane), (2) a hydrolytically degraded sample of the same polymer, and (3) models for the polyurethane and polyester segments in this polymer have been studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy using high-pressure diamond anvil cells (DACs). The pressure responses of the vibrational frequencies of specific functional groups of the poly (ester urethane) in the 0 Á/100-kbar range are compared with data for individual segment models and the partially degraded sample. The results indicated that the polymer is highly stable in this pressure regime, with no measurable degradation or phase changes. Differences in the pressure dependency of specific infrared bands between the poly (ester urethane) sample and the partially degraded sample are slight and consistent with changes in hydrogen-bonding interactions and shorter chain lengths in the degraded sample.

A series of coals varying in rank from peat to semi-anthracite was studied by Fourier Tramform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and curve-fitting analysis in order to gain additional information on coal structure and the main structural changes that take place during the coalification process. Several structural parameters based on FTIR data and curve-resolved bands were calculated. These parameters provide quantitative evidence of the increase of aromaticity and the loss of aliphatic and oxygen-containing structures with increasing maturation. The analysis of the aromatic C-H out-of-plane region (900-700 cm-~) reveals the loss of aromatic substituents up to the stage of bituminous coal and the subsequent increase in the degree of aromatic condensation with increasing coalification. The ratio of aromatic carbons to carboxyl groups (1605 cm -1/1605 cm -1 + 1705 cm -1) appears to be a suitable parameter for assessing the natural maturation of coal.

In this study, the static electrochemical corrosion behavior of nano (SiC)P based aluminum in 3.5% NaCl with and without inhibitor was compared. The metal matrix nanocomposites were produced by using powder metallurgy technique The effect of inhibitor for The metal matrix nanocomposites on the corrosion rate were studied. The corrosion resistance was increased by increasing weight percentage of the nanoparticles, the Al/ 12% nano (SiC)P composites exhibited the highest corrosion resistance among all the evaluated nanocomposites with and without inhibitor. FTIR was used to analysis the film formed on the metal matrix composites. The obtained results signified that the mechanism of adsorption of thiourea molecules on the metal matrix composite surface was by physisorption.

The third generation glycerol based hyperbranched polyester (HBPE-3G) was synthesized by reacting glycerol and 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)propionic acid in a stoichiometric molar ratio. This polyester was used as preparation for waterborne hyperbranched UV cured polyurethane-silica hybrid coatings. The acrylic terminated waterborne coatings were prepared by modifying some of the hydroxyl groups HBPE-3G to acidic groups by reacting with maleic anhydride. The remaining hydroxyl groups were reacted with NCO terminated acrylate. Then the prepolymer was neutralized with triethyl amine and dispersed in water. The waterborne hybrid formulations were prepared by mixing 3, 5 and 10% of trimethoxysilylpropyl methacrylate (TMSPM) into the acrylic terminated waterborne coatings. The films were casted and cured under UV light. The various film properties were studied by XRD, AFM, TGA and DMTA instruments. TGA result suggests that the onset degradation temperature and final mass residue increase with increasing TMSPM concentration. DMTA results show that the storage modulus and glass transition temperature increase for the hybrid formulations with increasing TMSPM concentration. The structural characterization of the hybrid coatings was performed using FTIR spectroscopy. The tensile test demonstrated that the mechanical properties improve with the increasing TMSPM content. Surface morphology was studied by atomic force microscopy (AFM). AFM study revealed that TMSPM was crosslinked homogenously through the polymer matrix. The TGA and DMTA data suggest that higher thermal stability and glass transition temperature (T g) for the TMSPM hybrid films compared to their pure counterparts were obtained with increasing the TMSPM content.

The purpose of the present study is to synthesize hydroxyapatite by using CaCO 3 and H 3 PO 4 in various water-ethanol solvent systems. It was observed from experiments that formation of ammonium phosphate compounds hindered the formation of calcium phosphates in ethanol medium. Although the reactivity was better in aqueous medium, the carbonate contents of the products obtained were above 8.5%. Best results with a carbonate content as low as 3.82% was obtained in 50% ethanol containing mixed-aqueous medium at 80°C and the FTIR analysis showed that the product was a carbonated apatite with a calculated composition of 14CaO•4.2P 2 O 5 •CO 3 •7.2H 2 O. The amorphous and porous phosphate compound obtained with a BET surface area of 106.6 m 2 g-1 seems to be useful as adsorbent in wastewater treatment. Upon sintering of the amorphous product at 750°C, crystalline hydroxyapatite with a BET surface area of 25.9 m 2 g-1 is obtained that may be used in biomedical applications.

— Algae are gaining broad consideration as a substitute renewable source of biomass for the manufacture of bioethanol, due to this reason categorized under the " third generation biofuels " .İn this work, GC-MS analysis and FTIR has been done of bio-oil obtained from fast pyrolysis of Freshwater Algae(Spirogyra) in this paper we have shown a simple process of converting biomass of fresh water algae to bio-oil through pyrolysis and explained it with the help of graphs and tables. Pyrolysis is a thermal process for converting various biomasses , residues and wastes to produce high-energy-density fuels (bio-oil, biochar). The bio-oil was obtained in two step pyrolysis in which temperature of the system kept 25ºC and then increased up to 650ºC time by time. After pyrolysis these fractions were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and FTIR which show different peaks and data of different compounds and functional groups present in this bio-oil

Biocompatible poly(vinyl alcohol)/poly (vinylpyrrolidone) iodine/poly(ethylene glycol) fibers containing (hydroxypropyl)methyl cellulose (HPMC) and aloe vera were successfully prepared by electrospinning their aqueous solution. Aloe vera which is known to be effective in the treatment of various wounds was added to the polymer solution. HPMC was added to the system as the water retention agent. The hybrid fiber mats were subjected to detailed analysis using a differential scanning calorimeter, a scanning electron microscope (SEM), and a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. Images obtained from the SEM showed that the polymer fibers were linear, homogenous, and contained no beading. The fiber diameters ranged between 100 and 900 nm. It was seen that the electrospun mats obtained could potentially be used as a material for dressing wounds. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011

Thin films of TiO 2 were deposited on quartz and p-Si (100) substrates held at room temperature by sputtering of titanium target at various sputter powers in the range 80 -200 W. The as-deposited films were annealed in air for an hour at 1023 K. The annealed films were characterized by using Fourier transform infra red spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Surface morphology, dielectric and optical properties. The deposition rate of the films increased from 1.26 to 6.66 nm/min. with increase of sputter power from 80 to 200 W. TiO 2 films formed at sputter power of 80 W and annealed at 1023 K were polycrystalline in nature with anatase phase crystallite size of 40 nm, dielectric constant of 10, optical band gap of 3.65 eV and refractive index 2.35.

Series of heterogenized copper complexes are prepared by either coprecipitation or adsorption of Cu(II) on the bulk chitosan and composite supports (egg-shell type chitosan/SiO 2 and chitosan/MCM-41systems). The morphology and properties of the catalysts are studied by FTIR, UV-Vis, SEM, and ESR methods, and the activity of the redox sites immobilized by the chitosan matrix is tested in oxidation of o-and p-dihydroxybenzenes in water. The estimate of the copper concentration derived from the ESR data shows that essentially all Cu(II) ions introduced in low-loaded samples (≤1.5 wt.% Cu) are ESR-visible, with the symmetry of isolated Cu 2+ -sites in chitosan approximating the square-planar coordination. Redox transformations of the active sites in the course of catalytic tests or prolonged boiling in water are not accompanied by copper leaching from the chitosan matrix, and the catalyst reoxidation by H 2 O 2 leads to quantitative restoration of the Cu(II)-ESR signal. Thus, the matrix of chitosan is able to stabilize and retain isolated Cu 2+ ions in highly coordinatively unsaturated state. In contrast with a homogeneous copper-chitosan system demonstrating copper-hydroquinone complexation that suppresses dramatically the yield of the oxidation products, the heterogenized samples are active and stable catalysts in the process of quinone formation. The binary composite system, with a thin film of low-loaded Cu-chitosan supported on macroporous SiO 2 , demonstrates significantly higher activity in oxidation of hydroquinone, as compared with the bulk Cu/chitosan sample. This approach to catalyst design opens up a promising way for synthesis of the supported chitosan catalysts with a very low content of noble metals. .ru (A.V. Kucherov). biodegradable polysaccharide containing different functional groups. It is well known that this polymer demonstrates the unique adsorption ability towards many metal cations and atoms of Periodic

A single method has been developed for Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) determination of Fluometuron in pesticide formulations. Samples were ultrasonically shaken with CHCl 3 for 5 min and the FTIR spectra of sample extracts and standards were obtained at a nominal resolution of 4 cm À1 from 4000 to 900 cm À1 accumulating 25 scans. Fluometuron determination is based on the measure of peak area from 1342 to 1321 cm À1 corrected using a baseline defined from 1352 to 1294 cm À1 . This procedure provided a limit of detection of 6.5 mg g À1 , a sensitivity of 0.852 a.u. g mg À1 for a pathlength of 0.11 mm, a relative standard deviation of 1.6% for three analysis of a sample containing 50.4% (w/v) and recoveries of 99 AE 2% for spiked samples. It is necessaries only 7 ml of chloroform per sample to do this kind of analysis. When FTIR results in mg g À1 were compared with those found by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), a regression line C FTIR ¼ ð0.01AE 0:01)þ(0:999 AE 0:005)C HPLC with R 2 ¼ 0:999 was obtained, showing that both methods provide statistically comparable results. #

There is an increasing commercial demand for nanoparticles (NPs) due to their wide applicability in various areas. Metallic nanoparticles are traditionally synthesized by wet chemical synthesis techniques where the chemicals used are quite often toxic and flammable. Hence the development of reliable and eco-friendly processes for synthesis of metallic nanoparticles is an important step in the field of nanotechnology. Plant extracts are eco-friendly and thus can be an economic and efficient alternative for the large-scale synthesis of nanoparticles. In the present study, we used a novel approach to synthesize stable silver (Ag) NPs using Cynodon dactylon leaf extract and. observed a rapid reduction of silver ions leading to the formation of stable silver nanoparticles in solution when exposed to sun light compared to other modes of synthesis viz, microwave synthesis, microwave, UV, direct boiling and room temperature. The UV-Vis spectrum of Ag NP in aqueous solution shows an absorbance peak around 450 nm due to Surface plasmon resonance. Silver nanoparticles were confirmed with XRD which exhibited intense peak. Besides the above, the FTIR analysis showed the presence of difference functional groups invoved in capping the silver nanoparticles Again, silver nanoparticles size was confirmed by SEM analysis which shows that particles were in the range of 30 to 50 nm in size. This study, to the best of our knowledge, is the first attempt to perform eco-friendly synthesis of Ag NPs using Cynodon dactylon and sun light and produced the maximum yield which may benefit various industries with wide range of applications, including renewable clean energy, clean water, medical advances, cosmetics, food and food packaging, paints, coatings, information, technologies and aerospace developments.

Biodiesel has become more attractive as alternative fuel for automobiles because of its environmental benefits and the fact that it is made from renewable sources. However, corrosion of metals in biodiesel is one of the concerns related to biodiesel compatibility issues. This study aims to characterize the corrosion behavior of commercial pure copper and leaded bronze commonly encountered in the automotive fuel system in diesel engine. Static immersion tests in B0, B50 and B100 fuels were carried out at room temperature for 2640 h. Similar immersion tests in B0, B100 and B100 (oxidized) fuels were also conducted at 60 °C for 840 h. At the end of the test, corrosion behavior was investigated by weight loss measurements and changes in surface morphology. Fuels were analyzed by using TAN analyzer, FTIR, MOA (multi-element oil analyzer) to investigate acid concentration, oxidation level with water content and corrosive impurities respectively. Results showed that under the experimental conditions, pure copper was more susceptible to corrosion in biodiesel as compared to leaded bronze. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378382009003440 
http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0378382009003440/1-s2.0-S0378382009003440-main.pdf?_tid=25f84e0c-a9c6-11e3-87d2-00000aab0f6c&acdnat=1394615605_02776a89e9e710d4bf68a8213e0aace7

The abstraction reaction of D adatoms by H atoms have been investigated on the Si(110) surfaces. The direct abstraction to form HD molecules obeys a second-order rate law in D coverage θ D . On the other hand, the indirect abstraction to form D 2 molecules obeys a fourth-order rate law in θ D . In addition to the direct abstarction, indirect abstraction to form HD molecules is also included due to piled H adatoms during H exposure. It is found that the indirect abstraction is promoted on the surfaces saturated with dideuterides, suggesting that dideuterides (dihydrides) play a significant role in the indirect abstraction paths. The kinetics of the abstraction reactions on the Si(110) surfaces look similar to those on the Si(100) surface. However, the delayed D 2 desorption exhibits time profiles different from those on the Si(100) surfaces.

The effects of electron beam irradiation on ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer (ETFE) films were studied. Samples were irradiated in air at room temperature by a universal electron beam accelerator for doses ranging from 100 to 1200 kGy. Irradiated samples were investigated with respect to their chemical structure, thermal characteristics, crystallinity and mechanical properties using FTIR, differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and universal mechanical tester. The interaction of electron irradiation with ETFE films was found to induce dose-dependent changes in all the investigated properties. A mechanism for electron-induced reactions is proposed to explain the structure-property behaviour of irradiated ETFE films. r

Renewable biomass is considered as an important energy resource all over the world and for an agriculture based economy like that of India, the future prospects of being able to convert widely available biomass materials into various forms of fuel is most attractive. In this study, pyrolysis of groundnut de-oiled cake was investigated with an aim of studying the physical and chemical characteristics of the bio-fuel produced and to determine its feasibility as a commercial fuel. Thermal pyrolysis of groundnut de-oiled cake was done in a semi-batch reactor at a temperature range of 200-500°C and at a heating rate of 20°C/min. The chemical analysis of the bio-fuel showed the presence of functional groups such as alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, amines, nitriles, nitro compounds and aromatics rings. The physical properties of the bio-fuel obtained were close to that of diesel and petrol.

Altarpieces and polychrome carved wood from the fifteenth century AD usually exhibit golden and silvery areas by the application of a very thin foil of metal. The metal foils were normally protected from the atmosphere by a varnish or resin which maybe either preserved or absent. Moreover, they were glued to the background surface by adhesive substances (egg yolk, drying oil or animal glue). The high proportion of the glueing substances often renders the development of reaction compounds. With time, silver alters blacken or simply disappear completely. In this paper, we study the alterations to metal foils from a selection of fifteenth century artworks showing different glueing agents, organic coatings and several degrees of conservation of the organic coatings and metal leafs. The submillimetric layered structure and the high variability and low amount of most of the compounds present in the different layers, as well as their differing nature (organic and inorganic) make the use of micron-sensitive highresolution techniques essential for their study. In particular, the high resolution, high brilliance and small footprint renders synchrotron radiation most adequate for their study. SR-XRD was performed to identify the reaction compounds formed in the different layers; μFTIR was used at to identify the silver protecting organic coatings, the metal foil glueing layers and the corresponding reaction compounds. The results obtained suggest that atmospheric corrosion is the dominant mechanism, and therefore that the degree of corrosion of the metal foils is mainly related to the conservation state of the protecting coatings.

In Brazil, covered conductors must withstand an ageing test combining the stresses of heat, voltage to ground and corona. The observed failures indicate the necessity of complementary tests. In this paper Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), electron spin resonance (ESR), thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), contact angle and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) measurements on artificially aged and unaged cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) insulation of medium voltage covered conductors is reported. The ESR spectroscopy results show clear evidence of the presence of free radicals in all unaged and aged XLPE insulation cables suggesting inadequate manufacture and processing conditions. The FTIR showed the presence of carbonyl groups in both, unaged and aged XLPE insulation indicating that oxidation process occurred during the manufacturing process. The TGA analysis demonstrates that the decomposition temperature of XLPE insulation did not change significantly except for one of the manufactures. It was observed in DSC analysis that the ageing of the XLPE insulation causes a decrease in intensity and broadening of the peak corresponding to fusion heat, indicating the bond scission in the backbone of the XLPE. The contact angle measurements showed hydrophilic character for all unaged and aged XLPE insulation possibly due to some oxidation during cables manufacturing. After ageing the contact angle is about 23.1° and 52.4°, indicating a significant increasing in the hydrophilicity of the XLPE insulation. The increase in hydrophilicity of aged XLPE insulation appears to be due to the increase in oxygen functional groups and the results are consistent with the FTIR spectroscopy measurements. The defects observed in SEM analysis of unaged XLPE insulation indicate a nonuniform mechanical and thermal stresses during cables manufacturing.

Potassium Pentaborate nonlinear optical (NLO) material was synthesized by the solution growth method. The grown crystals were subjected to structural, optical and mechanical property studies. Crystal with excellent transparency were grown with maximum size of 9mm×8mm×5mm and the grown crystals were characterized by single crystal Single crystal XRD, FT-IR, TGA-DTA&DSC, and UV-vis-NIR studies. The crystal belongs to orthorhombic with a space group of mm 2 having unit-cell dimensions a = 11.068Åb= 11.175Å c = 9.058Åand α = 90°; β = 90°; and γ =90°; Z=4, at 298(2) K. The second-order nonlinear optical property of the polycrystalline sample has been confirmed by Kurtz-Perry powder SHG analysis. Third order nonlinear optical properties were also studied by Z-scan techniques. Nonlinear absorption and nonlinear refractive index were found out and the third order bulk susceptibility of compound was also calculated.

This review deals with the effect of variations in phospholipid and sterol structure on the nature and magnitude of lipid-sterol interactions in lipid bilayer model membranes. The first portion of the review covers the effect of Chol itself on the thermotropic phase behavior and organization of a variety of different glycero-and sphingolipid membrane lipid classes, varying in the structure and charge of their polar headgroups and in the length and structure of their fatty acyl chains. The second part of this review deals with the effect of variations in sterol structure on the thermotropic phase behavior and organization primarily of the well studied DPPC model membrane system. In the third section, we focus on some of the contributions of sterol functional group chemistry, molecular conformation and dynamics, to sterollipid interactions. Using those studies, we re-examine the results of recently published experimental and computer-modeling studies to provide a new more dynamic molecular interpretation of sterol-lipid interactions. We suggest that the established view of the rigid sterol ring system and extended alkyl side-chain obtained from physical studies of cholesterol-phospholipid mixtures may not apply in lipid mixtures differing in their sterol chemical structure. L is lauroyl, M is myristoyl, P is palmitoyl, S is stearoyl, A is arachidoyl, E is elaidoyl and O is oleoyl (DMPC is dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine, etc.); LC , lamellar crystalline phase with tilted hydrocarbon chains; L ␤ or L ␤ , planar lamellar gel state with tilted or untilted hydrocarbon chains, respectively; P ␤ , rippled gel state with titled hydrocarbon chains; L␣, lamellar liquid-crystalline state; Lo or L d , lamellar liquid-ordered or liquid-disordered state, respectively; Tp and Tm, the pretransition and main phase transition temperature, respectively; Hp and Hm, enthalpy of the pretransition and main phase transition, respectively; T 1/2 , width of the DSC endotherm at half height ( • C), which is inversely related to the cooperativity of the phase transition; Tm shp , phase transition temperature of the sharp component of the DSC endotherm corresponding to the sterol-poor bilayer regions; Tm brd , phase transition temperature of the broad component of the DSC endotherm corresponding to the sterol-rich bilayer regions; Hm shp , phase transition enthalpy of the sharp component of the DSC endotherm corresponding to the sterol-poor bilayer regions; Hm brd , phase transition enthalpy of the broad component of the DSC endotherm corresponding to the sterol-rich bilayer regions; DSC, differential scanning calorimetry; FTIR, Fourier transform infrared; NMR, nuclear magnetic resonance.

Based on the incomplete understanding on how filler features influence the wear resistance and monomer conversion of resin composites, this study sought to evaluate whether materials containing different shapes and combinations of size of filler particles would perform similarly in terms of three-body abrasion and degree of conversion. Twelve experimental monomodal, bimodal or trimodal composites containing either spherical or irregular shaped fillers ranging from 100 to 1500 nm were examined. Wear testings were conducted in the OHSU wear machine (n ¼ 6) and quantified after 10 5 cycles using a profilometer. Degree of conversion (DC) was measured by FTIR spectrometry at the surface of the composites (n ¼ 6). Data sets were analyzed using oneway Anova and Tukey's test at a significance level of 0.05. Filler size and geometry was found to have a significant effect on wear resistance and DC of composites. At specific sizes and combinations, the presence of small filler particles, either spherical or irregular, may aid in enhancing the wear resistance of composites, whithout compromising the percentage of reacted carbon double bonds. r

Biosorption can be an efficient low-cost process to remove toxic heavy metals from wastewater. This study investigated the uptake of Pb 2+ by processed orange peels, a pectin-rich byproduct of the fruit juice industry. Potentiometric titrations showed a significantly higher negative surface charge of protonated peels compared to original peels, with acidic groups around pH 4, 6, and 10. FTIR spectra of peels were similar to those of pectin. The carboxylic group peak shifted from 1636 to 1645 cm −1 after Pb 2+ binding, indicated the involvement of carboxyl groups in Pb 2 binding. Depending on the particle size, equilibrium was achieved in 30 min to 2 h. The first-order model was inferior to second-or third-order models. The obtained rate constants were much higher for smaller particles, while the capacity was similar for all sizes. Low pH, increased ionic strength, or competing co-ions reduced Pb 2+ binding at low sorbent dosages, but at high sorbent dosages removal remained above 90%. The Pb 2+ uptake at 300 ppm was 2 mmol/g (40% of the dry weight). Due to high uptake, favorable kinetics and good stability, citrus peel biosorbents hold high promise for industrial applications.

Biosorption by cheaply and abundantly available materials such as citrus peels can be a cost efficient method for removing heavy metals from wastewater. To investigate the role pectin plays in metal binding by citrus peels, native orange peels, protonated peels, depectinated peels, and extracted pectic acid were compared. Kinetic experiments showed that equilibrium was achieved in 1 h. The 1st-order model was more effective in describing the kinetics than the 2nd-order model. Titrations showed two acidic sites with pK a values around 4 (carboxyl) and 10.5 (hydroxyl), respectively. The pH dependent surface charge was described well by a two-site model. Sorption isotherms were best modeled assuming a 1:2 binding stoichiometry, followed by the Langmuir and the Freundlich model. The binding capacity was highest for pectic acid (2.9 mequiv./g) followed by protonated peels and native peels, being lowest for depectinated peels (1.7 mequiv./g). This showed the importance of pectin in metal binding by citrus peels. However, even depectinated peels were still good sorbents which still provided carboxyl groups that were involved in metal binding. FTIR spectra confirmed the presence of carboxyl and hydroxyl groups in all materials and their involvement in metal binding.

BACKGROUND: Conventional techniques used for determination of extractable poly(hydroxyalkanoate)s (PHAs) present in the cells, are laborious and destructive. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is an indirect analytical method to study molecular structures and has been used for the detection and quantification of PHA in intact cells. However, to obtain a fine powder with pure PHA to prepare KBr pellets is a difficult task. The objective of this study was to develop a cheap alternative for quantifying the extractable intracellular PHA, based on a pulverizable solid as a standard material (PEM: Pre Extraction Material) produced by Bacillus megaterium BBST4 strain, instead of pure PHA produced by the same strain. Through statistical analysis the correlation between sample content and its FTIR spectra were determined. The proposed methodology employs typical MID-FTIR equipment and KBr pellets for spectra determination.
RESULTS: Small root-mean-standard errors of prediction of the amount of extractable PHA were obtained using partial least square regression (PLSR1). In order to simplify the determination process, a simple linear regression analysis (SLRA) was also developed, and satisfactory correlations were found.
CONCLUSIONS: Results from PLSR1 and SLRA, calibrated with the proposed standard, indicate that it is a simple, fast and reliable alternative of fitting for determining the extractable PHA in unknown lyophilized cell samples.

The effect of high-pressure (HP) treatment (100–400 MPa for 15 or 30 min at 20 °C) on the rheological characteristics and colour of fresh and canned mango pulps was evaluated. Differences were observed in the rheological behaviour of fresh and canned mango pulps treated with HP. Shear stress–shear rate data of pulps were well described by the Herschel–Bulkley model. The consistency index (K) of fresh pulp increased with pressure level from 100 to 200 MPa while a steady decrease was noticed for canned pulp. For fresh pulp the flow behaviour index decreased with pressure treatment whereas an increasing trend was observed with canned pulp. Storage and loss moduli of treated fresh pulp with HP increased linearly with angular frequency up to 200 MPa for a treatment time of 30 min while a steady decreasing trend was found for processed pulp. No significant variation in colour was observed during pressure treatment.

This  study  was  conducted  with  the  aim  to  extract  and  purify  a
polyphenolic compound “Resveratrol” from the skin of black grapes
Vitisvinifera  cultivated  in  Iraq  and  synthesis  new  derivative.
Chemical  investigations  and  tests  for  the  identifications  carried  out
for the qualification of extracted crystals yield include: general tests
for  polyphenoles,  aromatic  unsaturated  compounds,  spectrophotometric  scanning  for  λmax  screening,  High  Performance  Liquid
Chromatography  (HPLC)  comparable  with  standard  and  Fourier
Transform  Infrared  (FTIR)  to  observed  groups  of  compound.
Synthesis  new  derivatives  from  purified  resveratrol  were  done
throughout  series  of  reactions  accompanied  with  FTIR  for  each
derivative.  The  derivative  is  (E)-5-(4-(3,  4,  5-trihydroxybenzoyl)
oxy)  styryl)-1,  3-phenylene bis  (3,  4,  5 tri hydroxyl benzoate). The
IR spectroscopy result confirms the presence of functional groups in
the proposed compounds.

Avian eggshell is a natural biomaterial that has been used as an alternative natural source of CaCO 3 and is accessible in big amounts from egg manufacturing. This study was planned to estimate CaCO 3 in quail's eggshell because it has a probable use in the progress of a novel choice of many applications. Physical properties: mineralogical documentation of the natural eggshell nanoparticles were approved using XRD and FTIR to explore the chemical bond or molecular structure of the materials. Micrographs were obtained using FESEM/EDX and TEM to identify the morphology and size of nanoparticles. The results showed that quail eggshell was soft, with white to light sand color, and a smooth texture which allows good deposition of different color spots, from black to brown spots. The resulted of eggshells signifies almost 8.4% w/w of the overall weight (12.2) gram of quail egg and 91.60% w/w of the micropowder to the full weight of (0.94) gram of quail eggshell. The results presented that calcium is the main element in an eggshell; frequently occurs in a formula of CaCO 3 and the crystal construction was almost pure calcite. FTIR spectra for quail eggshell demonstrated the existence of the out of plane bending, the asymmetric stretching, and the plane bending styles of the carbonate groups, specific of normal dolomite, situated at 873 cm −1 , 1405 cm −1 , and 710 cm −1 , respectively. The FESEM and TEM for nanoparticles were shown calcite CaCO 3 nanoparticles with an ordinary size of ≤ 100 nm for FESEM and with a variety size of ≤ 50 nm for TEM. Unfortunately, eggshell is an egg product manufac

One of the important applications of polyurethanes is polyurethane foam. Flexible type of polyurethane foam is divided into many types and one of them is visco-elastic foam. Visco-elastic foam is unique foam showing both viscous and elastic behavior at same time. Visco-elastic foam covers major applications of flexible polyurethane foam. Visco-elastic foam samples were synthesized on lab scale by cup foaming. All samples were characterized by finding density of each sample. Cream time, gel time and rise time were also estimated for each sample. The chemical compositions of all polyurethane foam samples were characterized by FTIR analysis.

Important experimental parameters for FTIR spectra acquisition were studied: apodization, beam aperture, number of scans and spectral resolution, using polyethylene samples. The optimum conditions for the analyses were established and permitted unequivocally to identify the three most important commercially available grades: low density, high density and linear low density products (LDPE, HDPE and LLDPE respectively). 

Executive summary
This report builds on previous work on textile recycling commissioned by WRAP and Defra. It explores whether technology can be used to increase the fraction of discarded clothing and household textiles that are reprocessed in a financially viable way. A technical and economic assessment identified four candidates:
ƒÞ manual sorting, the incumbent method;
ƒÞ fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR);
ƒÞ radio frequency identification (RFID) tags; and
ƒÞ 2D bar codes.
The current method is manual sorting. It operates at a small margin and it is only possible to sort by parameters that humans can readily determine. These do not necessarily match high value markets for recyclates.
FTIR is potentially able to determine the colour and fibre content of textiles and as a result the selected recyclate outputs should be able to command slightly higher prices. Further work is needed to develop the technology so that it functions in this industrial environment.
Every textile item could potentially have a unique RFID tag applied to it. In theory this could permit dynamic sorting at low cost on a wide range of criteria, in response to market demand, and thereby achieve a high margin for recyclates. However, RFID tags that can survive the use phase of the textile, particularly the laundry cycle, do not yet exist at a sufficiently low price and in a suitable form for this application. Furthermore, tag readers are not yet able to determine the physical location of an individual tag in a jumble, which is an essential requirement to instruct automated sorting machinery.
A 2D bar code label could be used to inform the reprocessor how to sort an item, achieving the same benefits as RFID tags. The 2D bar code label must be manually presented to a reader, meaning the condition and quality of the textile can be ascertained at the same time.
There is an important distinction between these options in that, for manual sorting and FTIR identification, the reprocessor incurs the capital and operational expense but receives all the remuneration. For RFID tags and 2D bar codes the manufacturer/retailer incurs the cost of tag or label management, while the benefits accrue mostly to the reprocessor.
The technology that is potentially closest to helping achieve a circular economy in textiles is 2D bar codes:
ƒÞ The modest cost of making and attaching the bar code label would fall to retailers but, in return, they would benefit from a new marketing channel to customers and corporate social responsibility benefits.
ƒÞ As consumers can read the 2D bar codes with a smart phone App, the environmental information provided could help with new approaches to take-back and recycling.
ƒÞ Reprocessors can also read 2D bar codes to sort accurately and reliably by new criteria, using a technology that can be integrated into their existing manual sorting process. This characteristic will be an advantage during the long interim phase when only a limited proportion of textiles carry 2D bar codes.
ƒÞ Further work is first required to define the bar code format and identify a label material that remains machine readable at end of life.

This work is focused on the preparation of new environmentally friendly hydrogels derived from cellulose and hence originating from renewable resources and characterized by biodegradable properties. Two cellulose derivatives, sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMCNa) and hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC), were used for superabsorbent hydrogel preparation. Citric acid (CA), a crosslinking agent able to overcome toxicity and costs associated with other crosslinking reagents, was selected in a heat activated reaction. Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and swelling measurements were performed during the reaction progress to investigate the CA reactivity with each of the polymers. Also, CMCNa/HEC polymer mixtures (3/1 w/w) crosslinked with CA were investigated and compared with previous results. Finally, a possible reaction mechanism was proposed. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008

The chemical composition, density, and modulus of PU foam was examined as a function of processing temperature (25 C, 45 C, and 85 C). Degradation of uretoneimine cross-links and the emergence of carbodiimide functional groups are monitored and the remaining composition in the PU foam is determined using FTIR spectroscopy. The density and modulus of the PU foams after thermal processing are measured and discussed with respect to the change in chemical composition of the materials. The data indicates that the composition of chemical cross-links, the density, and the modulus all decrease as a function of increasing processing temperature. The modulus of the PU foam shows a linear dependence of the processing temperature decreasing by 20% at the highest temperature. The results suggest that processing temperature may be used to target defined physical and mechanical properties of PU foams without changing the composition of reactants used.

Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy in combination with multivariate data analysis is introduced for the quality control and authenticity assessment of spirit drinks and beer in official food control. The spectra were measured using a FTIR interferometer, which is purpose-built for the analysis of alcoholic beverages and includes an injection unit for liquids with automatic thermostating of the sample. Only 2 min are required for FTIR measurement. For spirit drinks, no sample preparation is required at all. Carbon dioxide containing samples, such as beer were prepared by degassing.

Grass blade-like microparticle MnPO 4 ·H 2 O was synthesized by a simple precipitation at room temperature using a mixture of manganese sulphate monohydrate, phosphoric acid and water at pH = 7. The thermogravimetric study indicates that the synthesized compound is stable below 500°C and its final decomposed product is Mn 2 P 2 O 7 . The pure monoclinic phases of the synthesized MnPO 4 ·H 2 O and its final decomposed product Mn 2 P 2 O 7 are verified by XRD data. FTIR spectra indicate the presences of the PO 4 3− ion and water molecules in the MnPO 4 ·H 2 O structure and the P 2 O 7 4− ion in the Mn 2 P 2 O 7 structure. The thermal stability, crystallite size, and grass blade-like microparticle of MnPO 4 ·H 2 O in this work are different from previous reports, which may be caused by the starting reagents and reaction condition for the precipitation.

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Archaeological studies always seek for understanding history and draw right pictures about the life in the past in the different civilizations. Consequently, varieties of sciences are applied in these studies to extract the historical information. Hence this study investigated hair samples that were taken from four royal mummies with the aim of obtaining reliable information about the materials used in embalming, health status of these mummies, their age, and hair color that affects its composition. A variety of analytical techniques were applied in this study; digital microscope, polarizing optical microscope, environmental scanning electron microscope coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray unit, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, gas chromatography, and Raman spectroscopy analysis. The results showed the significance of hair in biomonitoring health status and determining age. Besides, it was proved that mastic resin has been used in embalming as early as the Second Intermediate Period especially for royal mummies.