Analisis

The composition of flavonoids in plants is thought to be genetically determined. Thus it is characteristic for plant species. Here, proanthocyanidins are used to identify barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) varieties: six barley varieties and the corresponding malts in 61 samples of the growing years 1998-2001 from three locations in Germany are examined. Their absolute polyphenolic composition is quite similar, but the ratios of proanthocyanidins among each othertermed here "relative quantitative fingerprint" (RQF)-are characteristic for the variety independent from growing year, provenience and status (barley/malt). The analytical method presented is highly automated and robust, thus it allows analyzing a high number of samples and to detect small differences between samples unambiguously. Hence the polyphenols can be used as a tool for food tracing, to prove authenticity and to discover frauds of food from plant origin.

In this research, a study of fundamental rheological properties of Traditional Balsamic Vinegar (TBV) was conducted by using a liquid food model system. With this purpose, aqueous solutions containing the main chemical constituents of TBV were prepared according to a Central Composite Design (CCD) and flow experiments were conducted by using a controlled-strain rotational rheometer. Surface response methodology was used successfully to describe effects of the chemical composition on the rheological behavior of the investigated TBV-like model system (TBV-M). It was found that glucose mass fraction and glucose to fructose ratio strongly affected the steady shear viscosity of TBV-M and that the viscosity changed with temperature according to the Arrhenius's law in the range of 20-60°C. We propose both the shear viscosity and flow activation energy as potential candidates to the rapid and objective evaluating of TBV quality before performing of sensorial analysis as specified by the specific production disciplinary.

Senescence is an integrated response of plants to various internal (developmental) and external (environmental) signals. It is a highly regulated process leading eventually to the death of cells, single organs such as leaves, or even whole plants. In cereals, which are monocarpic plants, senescence represents the final stage of development. In order to study senescence in durum wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum), a cDNA-AFLP analysis was performed. The transcription profiles of plants at different developmental stages (flowering and senescent) were compared. About 2000 cDNA fragments, ranging in size from 160 to 1900 bp, were reproducibly detected. This allowed the identification of 57 differentially expressed cDNAs corresponding to genes belonging to different functional categories related to cellular metabolism, transcription, maintenance of DNA structure, transport and signal transduction. This paper reports the identification of novel durum wheat candidate genes involved in the senescence process, and provides new information about the senescence programme of this important crop species.

In order to analyse the anserine, carnosine and taurine contents in chicken essences, a high performance liquid chromatograph coupled with an electrospray ionisation (ESI) tandem mass (MS/MS) detector was used. Standards of anserine, carnosine and taurine were derivatised with dabsyl-Cl and their charged states during MS/MS analyses were detected before selected reaction monitoring (SRM) settings were determined. It was found that taurine exhibited exclusively as dabsyl-taurine with one charge at ESI+ mode. The major derivatives of anserine and carnosine showed coupling to one and two dabsyl groups, respectively, and both exhibited double charges at ESI+ mode. The SRM settings of 413 > 224, 265 > 121 and 401 > 224 were therefore selected for the dabsyl derivatives of taurine, anserine and carnosine, respectively, and they gave very good identification of those compounds found in chicken essence. The concentrations of taurine, anserine and carnosine in several commercial chicken essences determined with this MS monitoring method were much lower than those determined with traditional UV monitoring method, which was thought to result from the better identification of MS.

Channels, pumps, receptors, cyclases and other membrane proteins modulate the motility and sensory function of cilia, but these proteins are generally under-represented in proteomic analyses of cilia. Studies of these ciliary membrane proteins would benefit from a protocol to greatly enrich for integral and lipidated membrane proteins. We used LC-MS/MS to compare the proteomes of unfractionated cilia (C), the ciliary membrane (CM) and the ciliary membrane in the detergent phase (DP) of Triton X-114 phase separation.

The field and loss in the transition between a bent asymmetric and a straight symmetric slab waveguide are analyzed by the beam propagation method. The steady-state results obtained at large axial propagation distances are compared with the results of other theoretical approaches. The numerical results show how the asymmetric index distribution reduces the bending loss.

a b s t r a c t A simple, rapid and sensitive ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and fully validated for the quantitative determination of seven amphetamines and metabolites in urine. The method was validated for selectivity, linearity, LOQ, LOD, imprecision, bias, analyte and processed sample stability, matrix effect, recovery, carryover and dilution integrity. A classic liquid-liquid extraction with ethyl acetate was used as sample preparation procedure. The compounds were separated on an Acquity UPLC HSS C 18 column in 6.8 min. The linear dynamic range was established from 25 to 500 ng/mL. The limit of quantification was fixed to the lowest calibrator level and the limit of detection ranged from 0.125 to 2.5 ng/mL. The method presented an excellent intra-and inter-assay imprecision and bias (<10.7%) at each measured concentration of two external quality controls (QC) and three "in house" QC. No matrix effects were observed and good recoveries (>70%) were obtained for all the compounds. No carryover was observed after the analysis of high concentrated samples (8000 ng/mL). The method was subsequently applied to authentic samples.

Background: Accurate intraoperative diagnosis of axillary malignancy facilitates completion axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) at the time of initial surgery. The capability to address both the primary tumor and axillary disease in a single procedure offers several advantages. This study was designed to define the predictive value of intraoperative touch preparation analysis of sentinel lymph nodes for axillary metastasis in breast cancer and to evaluate the ability of the technique to facilitate accurate synchronous ALND. Methods: A consecutive cohort of patients with breast cancer at an Army medical center underwent intraoperative touch preparation analysis of sentinel lymph nodes concordant with initial excision. Those found to have sentinel nodes positive by touch preparation analysis underwent ALND at the initial procedure. Patients with negative sentinel nodes by touch preparation analysis, but positive by final pathology, underwent subsequent ALND. Results of the touch preparation analysis were compared with the final pathology. Results: Over a 16-month period, 71 consecutive patients with breast cancer underwent initial excision and touch preparation analysis of 162 sentinel lymph nodes. Final pathology confirmed axillary metastasis in 32% (23 of 71) of patients. Of these, intraoperative touch preparation analysis identified 48% (11 of 23). There were no false positives or unnecessary axillary dissections based upon touch preparation results. Per sentinel node, the positive predictive value was 100%, the sensitivity was 47%, and the specificity was 100%. On a per patient basis, the positive predictive value was 100%, and the sensitivity and specificity were 48% and 100%, respectively. Conclusions: Intraoperative touch preparation analysis is an effective adjunct to sentinel lymph node biopsy. In our series, it facilitated a definitive cancer operation at the time of initial surgery in nearly 50% of patients, and ensured that no patient underwent an unnecessary axillary dissection.

Leaf water content is an important variable for understanding plant physiological properties. This study evaluates a spectral analysis approach, continuous wavelet analysis (CWA), for the spectroscopic estimation of leaf gravimetric water content (GWC, %) and determines robust spectral indicators of GWC across a wide range of plant species from different ecosystems. CWA is both applied to the Leaf Optical Properties Experiment (LOPEX) data set and a synthetic data set consisting of leaf reflectance spectra simulated using the leaf optical properties spectra (PROSPECT) model. The results for the two data sets, including wavelet feature selection and GWC prediction derived using those features, are compared to the results obtained from a previous study for leaf samples collected in the Republic of Panamá (PANAMA), to assess the predictive capabilities and robustness of CWA across species. Furthermore, predictive models of GWC using wavelet features derived from PROSPECT simulations are examined to assess their applicability to measured data. The two measured data sets (LOPEX and PANAMA) reveal five common wavelet feature regions that correlate well with leaf GWC. All three data sets display common wavelet features in three wavelength regions that span 1732-1736 nm at scale 4, 1874-1878 nm at scale 6, and 1338-1341 nm at scale 7 and produce accurate estimates of leaf GWC. This confirms the applicability of the wavelet-based methodology for estimating leaf GWC for leaves representative of various ecosystems. The PROSPECT-derived predictive models perform well on the LOPEX data set but are less successful on the PANAMA data set. The selection of high-scale and low-scale features emphasizes significant changes in both overall amplitude over broad spectral regions and local spectral shape over narrower regions in response to changes in leaf GWC. The wavelet-based spectral analysis tool adds a new dimension to the modeling of plant physiological properties with spectroscopy data.

The goal of this work is to deeply analyze and to improve the critical processes and operations of a warehouse that belongs to a company which imports and sells household-electric and electronic appliances. The main warehouse's problems are: long times to prepare the orders, disorganization, narrow and obstructed runners, lack of storage space, lack of codification for the product location, dispatchers with health problems and accumulation of very low rotation merchandise. In order to improve the operative processes, the warehouse and its processes were analyzed using hierarchy methods and the warehouse administration theory. From the analysis and the activities made for the improvement, it was obtained: greater agility, security, rapidity and efficiency in the warehouse operations.

Body fluid traces recovered at crime scenes are among the most important types of evidence to forensic investigators. They contain valuable DNA evidence which can identify a suspect or victim as well as exonerate an innocent individual. The first step of identifying a particular body fluid is highly important since the nature of the fluid is itself very informative to the investigation, and the destructive nature of a screening test must be considered when only a small amount of material is available. The ability to characterize an unknown stain at the scene of the crime without having to wait for results from a laboratory is another very critical step in the development of forensic body fluid analysis. Driven by the importance for forensic applications, body fluid identification methods have been extensively developed in recent years. The systematic analysis of these new developments is vital for forensic investigators to be continuously educated on possible superior techniques. Significant advances in laser technology and the development of novel light detectors have dramatically improved spectroscopic methods for molecular characterization over the last decade. The application of this novel biospectroscopy for forensic purposes opens new and exciting opportunities for the development of on-field, non-destructive, confirmatory methods for body fluid identification at a crime scene. In addition, the biospectroscopy methods are universally applicable to all body fluids unlike the majority of current techniques which are valid for individual fluids only. This article analyzes the current methods being used to identify body fluid stains including blood, semen, saliva, vaginal fluid, urine, and sweat, and also focuses on new techniques that have been developed in the last 5-6 years. In addition, the potential of new biospectroscopic techniques based on Raman and fluorescence spectroscopy is evaluated for rapid, confirmatory, non-destructive identification of a body fluid at a crime scene.

The evaluation of the effect of storage on extra virgin olive oil is usually achieved basing on the concurrence of many analytical methods. With the aim of reducing the number of determinations to carry out, the levels of triacylglycerol oligopolymers and oxidised triacylglycerols, determined by high-performance size-exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) analysis of the polar compounds of the oil, have been evaluated. The obtained results highlighted that the oxidised triacylglycerols were significantly correlated (p < 0.001) in a positive way with peroxide value and K 232 and in a negative way with total phenols and induction time, hence they can give indications about the primary oxidation level of the oil. The triacylglycerol oligopolymers, instead, were found to be significantly and positively correlated (p < 0.001) with K 270 that denotes the secondary oxidation of an oil. On the contrary, significant negative correlations (p < 0.001) between triacylglycerol oligopolymers and both the contents of carotenoids and chlorophylls, whose contents in the oil seriously diminish when the secondary oxidation is high, were found.

Immunoassays are the most commonly used quantitative techniques to determine the gliadin content of food aimed at coeliac patients. Though the minimal amount of gliadins inducing the typical histopathological changes at the intestinal mucosa in coeliacs is still a matter of debate, current research is focussed on the development of methods having higher sensitivities. One of the main drawbacks in gliadin analysis is the low eYciency of the conventional extraction procedure using 60% ethanol. The use of reducing (2-mercaptoethanol) and denaturing (guanidinium chloride) agents has been recommended to improve the extraction eYciency. Owing to the well-known eVects of these agents on native conformation of proteins, and their widely reported interference on the antigen/antibody interaction in other systems, we assessed whether gliadin detection by immunoassays is aVected by the presence of those agents. Using two ELISA formats with a panel of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies, we found that recognition by speciWc antibodies of partially or totally denatured gliadins is severely impaired. The magnitude of the interference depends on the antibodies used and the ELISA format. The impact of such interference was analysed for each step of the immunoassays. 2-mercaptoethanol had a stronger eVect than guanidinium chloride, and the antigen became almost undetectable for some assays when both reagents were used in combination. Remarkably, since quantitative results are obtained by comparison with a calibration curve using a native antigen, there is no equivalence between the antigen/antibody interaction occurring in the sample and that in the standard gliadin, leading to underestimation of the actual gliadin content. Therefore, we suggest that not only the eVects of reducing and denaturing agents on the antigen during the extraction procedure, but also the eVects of residual amounts of these agents on the antigen/antibody interaction should be considered when a quantitative immunoassay is performed.

Este artículo pretende concienciar a profesionales del Trabajo Social sobre la importancia de la espiritualidad en la práctica profesional y ofrecerle algunas estrategias para su avalúo. Estas estrategias tienen que tener una perspectiva transcultural en respuesta al mandato ético de una práctica culturalmente competente en relación a la diversidad espiritual. El contenido del artículo se estructura en tres partes: (a) la definición de espiritualidad, (b) la influencia de las creencias y prácticas espirituales en la vida de las personas; y (c) el avalúo espiritual del participante. Los trabajadores y trabajadoras sociales necesitan ser sensibles y competentes culturalmente como requisito para la provisión de servicios justos, libres de prejuicios y de críticas. Precisa que estos(as) sean capaces de abordar la descripción de las creencias espirituales y religiosas, las prácticas y problemas de sus participantes al respecto, con el mismo entendimiento y competencia profesional que est...

To understand the cause of death of 405 marine mammals stranded on Cape Cod and southeastern Massachusetts between 2000 and 2006, a system for coding final diagnosis was developed and categorized as (1) disease, (2) human interaction, (3) mass-stranded with no significant findings, (4) single-stranded with no significant findings, (5) rock and/or sand ingestion, (6) predatory attack, (7) failure to thrive or dependent calf or pup, or (8) other. The cause of death for 91 animals could not be determined. For the 314 animals that could be assigned a cause of death, gross and histological pathology results and ancillary testing indicated that disease was the leading cause of mortality in the region, affecting 116/314 (37%) of cases. Human interaction, including harassment, entanglement, and vessel collision, fatally affected 31/314 (10%) of all animals. Human interaction accounted for 13/29 (45%) of all determined gray seal Halichoerus grypus mortalities. Mass strandings were most likely to occur in northeastern Cape Cod Bay; 97/106 (92%) of mass stranded animals necropsied presented with no significant pathological findings. Mass strandings were the leading cause of death in 3 of the 4 small cetacean species: 46/67 (69%) of Atlantic white-sided dolphin Lagenorhynchus acutus, 15/21 (71%) of long-finned pilot whale Globicephala melas, and 33/54 (61%) of short-beaked common dolphin Delphinus delphis. These baseline data are critical for understanding marine mammal population health and mortality trends, which in turn have significant conservation and management implications. They not only afford a better retrospective analysis of strandings, but ultimately have application for improving current and future response to live animal stranding.

In the present study magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to evaluate the effect of storage conditions, 0°C and 90% relative humidity (RH) or 20°C and 70% RH, on minimal structural changes of kiwi tissue. Storage time was 35 days at 20°C and 65 days at 0°C including shelf life. Ethylene and respiration were followed during the experiment as well as commercial quality parameters such as sugars and firmness. MRI images weighted for proton density (q) and transverse relaxation times (T 2 ), were recorded after 10, 20, 35, 55 and 65 days. A decrease of the diameter was clearly visible in samples stored at 20°C after 3 weeks and a coarse contour of the pericarp appeared after 40 days. Accumulation of water in the pericarp was found, suggesting a migration towards the outer regions occurs and that the fruit water loss due to evapo-transpiration is slower than the migration process. Samples stored at 0°C showed no relevant changes in dimension and structural features for the whole period considered except after removal to shelf life. The observed variations of the internal morphology were correlated with the transverse relaxation times of defined areas and with softening of fruits. Measured T 2 profiles showed double-exponential decays, a fast-and a slow-relaxing component, indicating the existence of two different types of water molecules within cellular tissues: strongly and weakly bound, respectively. The relation among MRI data, ethylene and softening is discussed.

This study analyzed the factors that affect the export demand for Ghana's timber products. Export demand functions and error correction models for sawnwood, plywood, and veneer using data from 1961 to 2006 were estimated. Six categories of explanatory variables were hypothesized to determine export demand: world price of wood products, income of importing countries, Ghana's external debt, exchange rates, time-related variables, and policy changes (log export ban, reduction in annual allowable cut and the imposition of export levy on airdried sawnwood). All variables except external debt were determined from augmented Dickey-Fuller unit root tests to be integrated of order one. The Johansen multivariate cointegration test showed that there was only one cointegration relationship in each timber product data. Exchange rates and income were significant determinants of exported timber products and had the theoretically expected positive signs. The three policy initiatives significantly reduced the exports of sawnwood, but increased the exports of plywood and veneer. Price was moderately elastic for sawnwood and plywood and had the expected negative signs in both cases, while it was positive and inelastic for veneer. The error-correction coefficients show that 68% of shocks to veneer exported is corrected in the following year, while only approximately 20% and 19% of this are corrected for sawnwood and plywood, respectively. Sawnwood and plywood face stiff competition in the international market and this has revenue and tax policy implications for Ghana's forestry sector. Policies that encourage domestic

As part of the United States Department of Agriculture's (USDA) National Food and Nutrient Analysis Program (NFNAP), food composition data for vitamin D in the USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference are being updated and expanded, focusing on high priority foods and validated analytical methodology. A lack of certified reference materials and analytical methods validated for these key foods required the development of five matrix-specific control composite materials (CC) (canned salmon and vitamin D 3 fortified cereal, orange juice, milk, and cheese). Each of six experienced laboratories (research and commercial) analyzed vitamin D 3 in five subsamples of each CC in five separate analytical batches, with one subsample of each material in each run. Research laboratories performed recovery studies, mass spectrometric analysis, and other studies to validate quantitation in each matrix. Initial results showed a wide disparity between the six laboratories (RSDs of 26-46%). Extensive collaboration resolved several problems related to calibration standards, extraction solvents and the internal standard, achieving final values with RSDs of approximately 10%, validated by mass spectrometry tests that confirmed lack of matrix interferences in these foods.

· This paper presents the ®ndings of the ®rst stage of an action research project designed to explore the experience of repeated homelessness in the lives of young women. An action research strategy was selected because it offered a framework within which to work with and for rather than on this vulnerable group of service users.

The chemical composition and in vitro antioxidant activity of aqueous butanol and ethyl acetate extracts of Pleurotus sajor-caju were investigated in this study. Twenty-two compounds comprising methyl esters, hydrocarbon fatty acids, ethyl esters, and sterols were identified in ethyl acetate extracts, while cinnamic acid, nicotinamide, benzeneacetamide, and 4-hydroxybenzaldyhde were identified in butanol extracts by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and NMR analysis. The antioxidant activity was determined by a β-carotene bleaching method, ferric reducing antioxidant power, trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity, and lipid peroxidation assays, while the total phenolic content in P. sajor-caju was assessed by Folin-Ciocalteau's method. The aqueous and butanol extracts exhibited the highest antioxidant activity, corresponding to the total phenolic content. The subfractions from the ethyl acetate extract (EP1, EP2, EP3, and EP4), however, showed moderate antioxidant activity. The regular consumption of P. sajor-caju as a part of our diet may render nutritional and nutraceuticals benefits for good health.

The aim of this work was to investigate bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity in flour (FAc) and protein concentrate (PCAc) from Amaranthus cruentus seeds (Ac), and to study their effect on the liver histoarchitecture of Wistar rats. Total phenols (mg gallic acid eq/100 g dry weight) content was 73.78 Ϯ 1.70 for FAc, and 190.23 Ϯ 1.50 for PCAc. The antioxidant activity was estimated by: 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), nitric oxide scavenging activity (NO) and b-carotene bleaching method (b-carotene). The values expressed as percentage correspond to FAc and PCAc, respectively. DPPH: 86.30 Ϯ 1.1 and 88.83 Ϯ 1.2; NO: 29.38 Ϯ 1.9 and 48.75 Ϯ 1.7; and b-carotene: 83.00 Ϯ 1.8 and 44.60 Ϯ 1.5. The histopathological diagnosis indicates that casein-fed rats present moderate fat infiltration in the liver, whereas in PCAc-fed rats, the liver has structural integrity. The presence of phenols would provoke an increase of the antioxidant defenses and would produce a protective role in liver. It is suggested that Ac could be a good antioxidant source.

Several inborn errors of metabolism with abnormal polyol concentrations in body fluids are known to date. Most of these defects can be diagnosed by the assessment of urinary concentrations of polyols. We present two methods using tandem mass spectrometry for screening for inborn errors affecting polyol metabolism. Urine samples supplemented with internal standards ([ 13 C 4 ]erythritol, [ 13 C 2 ]arabitol and [ 2 H 3 ]sorbitol) were desalted by a mixed-bed ion-exchange resin. Separation was achieved by two different columns. Sugar isomers could not be separated using a Prevail Carbohydrate ES 54 column (method 1), whereas with the other column (Aminex HPX-87C) separation of the isomers was achieved (method 2). Multiple reaction monitoring polyol detection was achieved by tandem mass spectrometry with an electron ion-spray source operating in the negative mode. Age-related reference ranges of polyols (erythritol, treitol, arabitol, ribitol, xylitol, galactitol, mannitol, sorbitol, sedoheptitol and perseitol) in urine were established. The applicability of the method was demonstrated by the abnormal polyol concentrations observed in patients with transaldolase deficiency, ribose-5-phosphate isomerase deficiency and classical galactosaemia. This paper describes two methods for the analysis of urinary polyols by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Method 1 is a fast screening method with the quantification of total isomers and method 2 is a more selective method with the separate quantification of the polyols. Both methods can be used for diagnosing inborn errors of metabolism affecting polyol metabolism. Polyols, or polyhydric alcohols, can be formed by the reduction of sugars and are classified on the basis of the numbers of carbon atoms: erythritol and threitol are C 4-polyols (tetritols);

To better understanding the consumer choice of functional foods, a choice-based conjoint study was carried out to investigate the influence of three non-sensory factors on consumer choice of functional yogurts over regular ones. Four attributes were considered in the conjoint study: type of yogurt (regular, enriched with antioxidants and enriched with fibre), brand (national familiar, national unfamiliar, and foreign familiar), price (low, regular and high) and claim (with and without 'reduced disease risk' health claim). Eighteen choice sets, each composed of three stimuli (regular yogurt, enriched with antioxidants and enriched with fibre and varying the brand, price and claim levels) were evaluated by 103 consumers. For each choice set, consumers had to indicate which yogurt would normally buy. A questionnaire on consumer attitude towards health and nutrition was answered by participants after the choice task. Brand, price and health claims highly significantly affected consumer choice of functional yogurts. The relative importance of brand was similar to that of type of yogurt. Therefore, results suggested that non-sensory factors such as brand and price could have an important impact on consumer perception of functional foods. The impact of brand, price and health claims was affected by consumer interest in health issues.

This article demonstrates that accurate control of air moisture is required during storage of pears. The effect of relative humidity on water loss was calculated for the long term storage of pears. A water transport model that distinguishes the different pear tissues (inner cortex, outer cortex and cuticle) was used to simulate water transport in intact pears at CA storage conditions (2.5% O 2 , 0.7% CO 2 at À1°C and ±95% RH). The finite element method was used to discretise the governing differential equations over the actual 3D pear geometry. In addition to water loss, the model provided the water content profiles inside the pears. Validation of the model was established by predicting the water loss for pears of different shape and size, during long term storage of 9 months at 95% RH and À1°C. The 3D model predicted well the weight loss over time within the observation period. A decrease in percentage water loss of about 3% over 9 months was observed when the relative humidity in the storage room was increased from 95% to 97% RH.

The Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS) is a general human error framework originally developed and tested within the U.S. military as a tool for investigating and analyzing the human causes of aviation accidents. Based on Reason&#39;s (1990) model of latent and active failures, HFACS addresses human error at all levels of the system, including the condition of aircrew and organizational factors. The purpose of the present study was to assess the utility of the HFACS framework as an error analysis and classification tool outside the military. The HFACS framework was used to analyze human error data associated with aircrew-related commercial aviation accidents that occurred between January 1990 and December 1996 using database records maintained by the NTSB and the FAA. Investigators were able to reliably accommodate all the human causal factors associated with the commercial aviation accidents examined in this study using the HFACS system. In addition, the class...

Rainbow papaya (Carica papaya L.) is a genetically engineered (GE) cultivar with resistance to papaya ringspot virus (PRSV). This cultivar currently accounts for about 70% of Hawaii&#x27;s papaya acreage. The nutritional composition of Rainbow papaya and a non-transgenic control were analyzed to address GE food safety concerns regarding the potential for altered nutritional composition and altered expression of inherent allergens

bentuk satu bagian. Pada dasarnya lagu ini adalah pantun yang dinyanyikan sehingga unsur lirik lebih diutamakan, oleh sebab itu motif lagu hanya dimainkan secara berulang-ulang dari awal hingga akhir. Lagu yang dimainkan terdiri dari introduksi, lagu, dan Tangtot atau tangtut (istilah untuk irama penutup dalam musik dambus di pulau Bangka).

Tea is a complex mixture containing a range of compounds from simple phenolics to complex thearubigins, many of which have well-recognized antioxidant properties. This paper describes the application of high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS n ) methods for the rapid and routine analysis of more than 30 phenolics in tea. Green and black tea infusions were injected directly onto a reversed phase HPLC column, and the phenolics eluted using two different mobile phase gradients, one optimized to resolve catechin derivatives and the other, flavonols and theaflavins. Compounds, identified on the basis of their retention time, absorbance spectrum, and MS fragmentation pattern, included (+)-catechin, (-)-epicatechin, theaflavin and their various gallate derivatives, quercetin and kaempferol mono-, di-, and triglycosides, quinic acid esters of gallic acid and hydroxycinnamates, and the purine alkaloids, caffeine and theobromine.

Knowledge on the lipid compositions of tropical freshwater aquatic animals is limited despite their importance in the human diet and the health-related benefits of fish lipids. This study examines the lipid content and fatty acid composition from the edible muscle tissue of some common freshwater aquatic animals that inhabit rice fields in Thailand, namely snakehead (Channa striatus), Gunther&#39;s walking catfish (Clarias macrocephalus), climbing perch (Anabas testudineus), blackline rasbora (Rasbora borapetensis), swamp barb (Puntius brevis), and freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium nipponense). All specimens were low in muscle fat (≤1.1% of wet weight). There was considerable variation in the fatty acid composition between species. All species were good sources of the essential fatty acids, and particularly of C22:6n-3 (5.2–13.3% total FA) and C20:4n-6 (7.2–14.6% total FA), signifying their high nutritional quality for human nutrition. The findings indicate that strategies for rural d...

The Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS) is a general human error framework originally developed and tested within the U.S. military as a tool for investigating and analyzing the human causes of aviation accidents. Based upon Reason's (1990) model of latent and active failures, HFACS addresses human error at all levels of the system, including the condition of aircrew and organizational factors. The purpose of the present study was to assess the utility of the HFACS framework as an error analysis and classification tool outside the military. Specifically, HFACS was applied to commercial aviation accident records maintained by the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB). Using accidents that occurred between January 1990 and December 1996, it was demonstrated that HFACS reliably accommodated all human causal factors associated with the commercial accidents examined. In addition, the classification of data using HFACS highlighted several critical safety issues in need of intervention research. These results demonstrate that the HFACS framework can be a viable tool for use within the civil aviation arena.

Análisis de complejidad y complicabilidad ATOMIZADOR El atomizador es un producto que a pesar de ser viejo ha revolucionado al mundo, el efecto Venturi, el cual se aplica para este objeto. Ahora es tan común verlo en distintos lugares que van desde el rociador para muebles de madera hasta productos de maquillaje.

Aflatoxins (AFs) represent the most important single mycotoxin-related food safety problem in developed and developing countries as they have adverse effects on human and animal health. They are produced mainly by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus. Both species have different aflatoxinogenic profile. In order to distinguish between A. flavus and A. parasiticus, gene-specific primers were designed to target the intergenic spacer (IGS) for the AF biosynthesis genes, aflJ and aflR. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products were subjected to restriction endonuclease analysis using BglII to look for restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). Our result showed that both species displayed different PCR-based RFLP (PCR-RFLP) profile. PCR products from A. flavus cleaved into 3 fragments of 362, 210, and 102 bp. However, there is only one restriction site for this enzyme in the sequence of A. parasiticus that produced only 2 fragments of 363 and 311 bp. The method was successfully applied to contaminated grapes samples. This approach of differentiating these 2 species would be simpler, less costly, and quicker than conventional sequencing of PCR products and/or morphological identification.

Louis Vuitton is a one of world-class products in the world were born in 1854. As one of multicultural country, France is also gave birth many famous designers. To market their products, there are several of methods to attract the attention of buyers. One of the methods is
use the beautiful models from some ethnic in the world to be published in their print media advertising. This article will explain the concept of beauty in Louis Vuitton print media advertising in 2010-2012 in France.
Keywords: Fashion, the concept of beauty, Louis Vuitton.

P P r o f e s o r : J u l i o C. A g u i r r e M. Página 1 MICROECONOMÍA EJERCICIOS RESUELTOS TEORÍA DEL CONSUMIDOR 1. Comente y demuestre utilizando el instrumental teórico visto en clases: a) Cuando dos bienes son sustitutos perfectos, el consumidor siempre optará por aquel de menor precio. Si ambos bienes tienen el mismo precio entonces habrá más de una canasta óptima. Falso, hay que tomar también en cuenta las utilidades marginales. Al comparar el ratio de UMg y de precios recién podremos determinar la canasta óptima. Por ejemplo, Una función de utilidad de dos bienes sustitutos perfectos tiene la siguiente forma: U(x,y)= aX + bY Por lo tanto: UMgX  a UMgY b Si, UMgX  P X UMgY P Y entonces UMgX < UMgY , que equivale a P X P Y a < b P X P Y Quiere decir que una unidad monetaria gastada en el bien Y me da más utilidad que una unidad monetaria gastada en el bien, por lo que consumiré sólo el bien Y. Recordemos que con bienes perfectamente sustitutos nos enfrentamos a soluciones de esquina. Por lo tanto, el bien que consumamos, depende de la relación entre las utilidades marginales de los bienes y sus precios. En el caso de los bienes perfectamente sustitutos, depende de la relación entre los coeficientes que acompañan a cada uno de los bienes en la función de utilidad y sus precios.

A cylindrical cheese product with an irregular cross sectional geometry is cooled by partial immersion in brine. It is essential to calculate the temperature-time history of the product during this cooling phase to ensure its microbiological safety. The heat transfer analysis is complicated by both the non-standard product geometry and the non-uniform surface heat transfer coefficients that prevail.