Alsace-Lorraine

This article provides hitherto unpublished information about the lives of the
men who translated Caspar Brulow’s plays from Latin into German. The five men, namely Isaak Fröreisen, Johann Georg Wolckenstein, Johann Christoph Stipitius, Isaac Habrecht der Jungere, and Christopher Kernmann, all shared a connection to Strasbourg’s academic institutions. The article first addresses the challenges and possibilities offered by various relevant materials in the Strasbourg municipal archives. The article then turns to presentation of biographical information about the translators. Some of the men enjoyed greater contemporary importance than the others, and as such left a larger archival footprint. Nevertheless, a surprising amount
of information survives even for the most obscure figures.

Uluslararası İlişkiler literatürüne 1980'lerde giren "Demokratik Barış Teorisi", bir devletin iç egemenlik biçiminin dış politikasındaki davranışlarını belirlediği anlayışından hareket etmektedir. Buna göre iç egemenlik biçimi demokrasi olan devletler dış politikalarında barışçıl yaklaşımlarda bulunurlar ve birbirleriyle savaş yapmaktan kaçınırlar. Örneğin, tarihleri boyunca aralarında sınır anlaşmazlıkları (başta Alsace Lorraine olmak üzere) yaşayan Almanya ile Fransa bu duruma en iyi örneklerden birisidir. Demokratik Barış Teorisi perspektifinden değerlendirildiğinde her iki devletin de iç egemenlik biçiminin demokrasi olması aralarındaki anlaşmazlıkları barışçıl yollarla çözmelerinde önemli etkenlerden biri olmuştur. Fakat benzer bir anlaşmazlık yaşayan Hindistan ve Pakistan devletleri için aynı şey gözlemlenememektedir. Demokratikleşme sürecinde olan bu iki devlet aralarındaki Keşmir meselesinin çözümünü savaşarak aramaktadırlar. Çalışma, Alsace Lorraine ile Keşmir meselesi üzerinden Demokratik Barış Teorisini sınamaya çalışacaktır.
Bu çalışmanın amacı, "Demokrasinin uygulandığı ülkelerde sorunlar barışçıl yollardan çözümlenebilirken demokratikleşme sürecinde olan ülkelerde savaş neden vardır?" sorusuna cevap aramaktır. Bu doğrultuda öncelikle demokrasi-barış ve demokrasi-savaş arasındaki ilişkiden bahsedildikten sonra demokratik barış teorisi ana hatlarıyla ortaya konulacaktır. Ardından Almanya-Fransa'nın kısa tarihlerine değinilerek birbirleriyle ilişkilerinde demokrasinin ve demokratik barış teorisinin etkilerini Alsace Lorraine meselesi üzerinden incelenecektir. Daha sonra ise, demokratikleşme sürecinde olan Hindistan-Pakistan'ın kısa tarihlerine değinilecek ve birbirleriyle ilişkilerinde demokrasi ile demokratik barış teorisinin etkilerini Keşmir meselesi üzerinden incelenerek araştırma sorusunun cevabı aranmıştır. Sonuç olarak, demokratik mekanizmaların yerleştiği devletlerarasında demokratik mekanizmaların işletilmesi sonucu fiziki çatışmanın gerçekleşmediği, tersi durumlarda ise çatışmanın gerçekleştiği neticesine varılmıştır.

Between 1830 and 1914, about ten thousand Jews are reported to have immigrated to America from the regions of Alsace and Lorraine in northeastern France. However, in the past, scholars have paid little attention to this migratory stream. To the extent that they have taken notice, they have focused almost exclusively on settlement in the South, and especially in the so-called Gulf South, the region centered on the city of New Orleans and encompassing nearby locales including the interior of Louisiana, the states of Mississippi and Alabama, and the eastern part of Texas. In recent years, for example, the Museum of the Southern Jewish Experience mounted an exhibit called Alsace to America: Discovering a Southern Jewish Heritage, and the French sociologist Anny Bloch-Raymond published a book based on her doctoral dissertation focusing on Jews from northeastern France who settled in the Gulf region. So, too, in November 2009, the Historic New Orleans Collection, an important local museum and research center, organized a colloquium on the Alsace-Lorraine Jewish Experience in Louisiana and the Gulf South.

YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A8Vac77Gfeg

HAL:

IMMEUBLE DE LÉON JAUSSELY, dit Hall de la Dépêche du Midi à Toulouse,  42 bis rue d’Alsace Lorraine, 15 rue Rivals, création 1926 – 1932.

IMMEUBLE DE BUREAUX / DE RÉGIE DE PRESSE
Immeuble commercial, avant Nature & Découverte, actuellement Orange télécom.

Un immeuble à la façade Art déco, revêtue de céramiques bleues.
L’édifice est construit entre 1926 (date du permis de construire) et 1932, par l’architecte Léon Jaussely.
- un plan en L
- un sous-sol,
- un rez-de-chaussée
- des étages
- deux porches
- des logements à l’origine,
- À l’origine de larges vitrines destinées à la présentation des publications de La Dépêche.

La façade sur la rue d’Alsace est entièrement ornée de mosaïques signées Alphonse Gentil et François Eugène Bourdet, produisant les décors de mosaïques pour des réalisations dans des stations thermales comme Vichy et Aix-les-Bains. On notera les deux plus belles réalisations des artistes avec les décors de la Société Générale à Paris en 1912 et pour l’exposition coloniale parisienne, les décors du Musée des Arts Africains et Océaniens en 1931.

Léon Jaussely (1875-1932), toulousain, est un spécialiste des plans d’extension et d’aménagement des grandes villes, il est appelé comme architecte pour réaliser la porte d’entrée de l’exposition régionale Toulouse-Barcelone. 

Grand prix de Rome en architecture à l'âge de 28 ans.
Consulté pour les plans du Grand Berlin, Ankara, l'extension de Paris, de nombreux plans d'aménagement et d'embellissement de villes Toulouse, Tarbes, Pau, Grenoble, Carcassonne, Vittel...

OFFICE / PRESS MANAGEMENT BUILDING Commercial building, before “Nature & Découverte”, currently Orange Telecom.

A building with an Art Deco facade, clad in blue ceramics.
The building was built between 1926 (date of the building permit) and 1932, by the architect Léon Jaussely.
- an L-shaped plan
- a basement,
- on the ground floor
- floors
- two porches
- original housing,
- At the origin of large display cases intended for the presentation of La Dépêche publications.
The facade on the rue d'Alsace is entirely decorated with mosaics by Alphonse Gentil and François Eugène Bourdet, producing mosaic decorations for works in spas such as Vichy and Aix-les-Bains. We will note the two most beautiful achievements of the artists with the decorations of the Société Générale in Paris in 1912 and for the Paris colonial exhibition, the decorations of the Museum of African and Oceanic Arts in 1931.
Léon Jaussely (1875-1932), from Toulouse, is a specialist in the extension and development plans of large cities, he is called as an architect to realize the front door of the Toulouse-Barcelona regional exhibition.
Grand Prix de Rome in architecture at the age of 28.
Consulted for plans for Greater Berlin, Ankara, the extension of Paris, numerous development and beautification plans for cities Toulouse, Tarbes, Pau, Grenoble, Carcassonne, Vittel ...

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A8Vac77Gfeg

GREAT collection of 388 books on French numismatics.
Rare books and works about coins, tokens and médals, royal and féodal.
GRANDE collection de 388 livres sur la numismatique française. Des livres et des ouvrages rares sur les monnaies, jetons et médailles, royal et féodal

Lors du grand débat autour de l’Alsace-Lorraine en 1870/71 s’affrontèrent deux conceptions de la nationalité qui étaient incompatibles. L’argument de la langue a joué un rôle central notamment du côté des savants allemands (David Friedrich Strauss, Theodor Mommsen) qui entendaient ‘légitimer’ par des critères soi-disant objectifs l’annexion de l’Alsace-Lorraine. Mais cet ‘argument’ linguistique ne fut apparemment pas suffisant ; on a recouru aussi à des ‘arguments’ historiques,  sécuritaires et militaires et moraux (« nous valons mieux que le Français  »). La multiplicité des arguments indiquait la faiblesse de l’argumentation linguistique. Les intellectuels français (Renan, Fiustel de Coulanges) se sont référés à un principe qui avait été énoncé depuis une ou deux générations, et qui, sans encore s’être imposé à la communauté internationale, s’était répandu et diffusé dans les esprits : le droit des peuples à disposer d’eux-mêmes .

The small city of Nancy, France, is arguably the center where Art Nouveau architecture had the most lasting impact. Nancy’s Art Nouveau was a divergent form of modernity that was defined by regionalism and a distinct sense of place, which its proponents championed as the key elements of an authentic architecture, allowing Nancy to challenge Paris as the dominant French artistic center in the two decades before World War I. Most of Nancy’s architects were graduates of the Ecole des Beaux-Arts in Paris, and grounded in the language of classicism and its associated professional standards. Much of Nancy’s Art Nouveau had a conservative character that garnered praise from the national architectural press. Nancy’s architects were also disciples of Emile Gallé, the founder of a regional association of artists, industrialists, and designers called the Ecole de Nancy, dedicated to the promotion of Art Nouveau. Nancy’s architects freely collaborated with other artists of the Ecole on their buildings, and a sense of pride in their province led them to study local flora, the and regional legends and politics, using the iconography of plants and narratives to make architecture legible to a wide public. The rooting of the work of Nancy’s architects in their region and the alliance they formed with local industry were successes that Parisian Art Nouveau architects were never able to match. Consequently, in Paris, Art Nouveau was quickly discarded, while in Nancy it was celebrated as an integral piece of regional identity and an important national achievement until 1914.

Ernst Robert Curtius is well known as an advocate of European literature, which transcends national boundaries. Most importantly, he is recognized as a literary historian, who wrote European Literature and the Latin Middle Ages (Europäische Literatur und lateinisches Mittelalter, 1948). Nevertheless, Curtius published a lot of critical works during the inter-war years and after World War II. In order to consider the processes through which he developed a European spirit, I would like to focus on his literary critics concerning contemporary writers like Romain Rolland, André Gide, Hugo von Hofmannsthal, and José Ortega y Gasset. I pay particular attention to Curtius' network of friendships with these writers and try to reconsider the relation between his journalistic works and European Literature and the Latin Middle Ages.

Archéologie des enceintes urbaines et d e leurs abords en Lorraine et en Alsace (Xlf e-XV e s.) , p. 395-43 7 (26 e supp l. à la RAE ), © SAE 2008 424. Étu des micro-topographiques ( LAME s t) et un caro ttage à Vaudémont (SRA de Lorraine). 425. Com m ercy, Ép inal , Liverdun, Saint-Avo ld , Saint -Mihiel , Sarrebourg, Sarreguemines, Verd un et Vic-sur-Se ille.

Cet article fait le point sur la connaissance des enceintes de hauteur de la moitié nord du massif vosgien, et en propose une étude sur la base de leur modalité d'implantation, notamment déterminées à l'aide d'analyse issus d'un SIG et réalisée au cours d'un travail de master soutenu en 2015 à l'Université de Strasbourg.

One of the founding fathers of the European Union, Robert Schuman embodies the most genuine spirit of European reconciliation. A convinced Christian Democrat of German education and French heart, and a profoundly committed Roman Catholic, he was raised in the contested border area of Alsace-Lorraine and thus experienced from his youth the desire for a Europe free of artificial boundaries and joined in mutual cooperation and solidarity. Schuman's life coincides with one of the most extensive periods of crisis in European history. He was deeply marked by the consequences of the Franco-Prussian war, the two devastating World Wars, and the Cold War.

Art Nouveau design is one of the principal markers of the identity of the French city of Nancy, which became internationally renowned as one of the most important centres for the development of this artistic style around 1900. Like other strands of the style, especially in Spain, Germany and parts of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Art Nouveau in eastern France has been linked to longstanding regionalist sentiments that resisted centralised Parisian control over local affairs typical in nineteenth-century France. This article examines the evolving bank architecture in central Nancy, a major facet of the introduction of art nouveau in its urban environment, to show that the construction of the city’s modern character was a negotiated process that involved careful planning among financial institutions, architects and decorative artists. The design and erection of modern banks in Nancy in the first decade of the twentieth century balanced generalised architectural principles emanating from the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris with the employment of highly symbolic regional naturalist motifs and architectural elements. This strategy fulfilled a variety of communicative functions to appeal to a civic populace whose identity was multivalent and shifting with the era’s political climate, particularly with regard to the nearby ‘lost provinces’ of Alsace-Lorraine in the aftermath of the Franco-Prussian War.

Kendinden önceki bütün savaşlardan farklı özellikler taşıyan, kitleselliği ve cephe önü ile gerisini birleştiren, savaşın askeri, diplomatik ve ekonomik, kültürel, ideolojik yönlerini birleştiren Büyük Savaşı savaşın 100.yılında nasıl hatırlıyor, nasıl temsil ediyoruz? Bu yazı kapsamında savaşın Doğu ve Batı cephelerinde savaş sırasında ve sonrasında oluşan hafıza mekânlarını, bunların oluşum ve sembolik yapılarını, temsil özelliklerini ve oluşumları sırasında yaşanan mücadeleleri incelemeye çalışacağız. Bu kapsamda yazımızda Doğu Cephesinin en önemli savaş alanlarından biri Gelibolu yarımadası ile Batı Cephesinde Alsace Lorraine bölgesinde yaşanan hatırlama ve anma deneyimleri karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenmektedir.

Brimming with details of inheritance disputes, commercial transactions involving Jews and non-Jews, and recourse to non-Jewish courts, the records of the Metz bet din (rabbinic court) have much to say about the status of Jewish women in early modern European society. Of particular importance is the rabbinic court's acknowledgment of women's agency, as reflected in the tacit legitimacy of their efforts to enhance their standing within the family, to control their share of family property, and to attain a measure of independence in business. Details concerning marriage offer entrée into the private lives and households of a non-Christian minority, but also reveal how Jews navigated between the polarities of acculturation within, and separation from, neighboring cultures. The underutilized records of the bet din make it possible (a) to assemble more thorough knowledge of marriage and family by investigating marital property arrangements, inheritance strategies, and the involvement of women in commerce; (b) to demonstrate how the intricate Talmudic laws of property, inheritance and guardianship were interpreted by the rabbinic court and implemented in light of changing social, economic, and political conditions in the eighteenth century; and (c) to illustrate the methods employed by rabbinic courts to negotiate the plural jurisdictions of Jewish and French law. The underlying premise of this essay is that family life is a microcosm of the forces at work in French society at large and in the Jewish community in particular. Cases concerning family, women, and inheritance occupy a prominent place in the proceedings of the Metz bet din. Headed by the renowned talmudist and celebrated author of the Sha'agat Aryeh, Rabbi Aryeh Loeb Günzburg, the rabbinic court heard 1063 cases in the years 1771y1789. Alongside routine commercial disputes and recurring efforts of aggrieved parties to recover debts, 47*

Presented here to the public for the first time, the Pinkas of the Metz Beit Din is the official register of civil cases that came before the Metz rabbinic court in the two decades prior to the French Revolution. Brimming with details of commercial transactions, inheritance disputes, women’s roles in economic life, and the interplay between French law and Jewish law, the Metz Pinkas offers remarkable evidence of the engagement of Jews with the surrounding society and culture. The two volumes of Protocols of Justice comprise the complete text of the Metz Pinkas Beit Din, which is fully annotated by the author, and a thorough analysis of its significance for history and law at the threshold of modernity.

Kendinden önceki bütün savaşlardan farklı özellikler taşıyan, kitleselliği ve cephe önü ile gerisini birleştiren, savaşın askeri, diplomatik ve ekonomik, kültürel, ideolojik yönlerini birleştiren Büyük Savaşı savaşın 100.yılında nasıl hatırlıyor, nasıl temsil ediyoruz? Bu yazı kapsamında savaşın Doğu ve Batı cephelerinde savaş sırasında ve sonrasında oluşan hafıza mekânlarını, bunların oluşum ve sembolik yapılarını, temsil özelliklerini ve oluşumları sırasında yaşanan mücadeleleri incelemeye çalışacağız. Bu kapsamda yazımızda Doğu Cephesinin en önemli savaş alanlarından biri Gelibolu yarımadası ile Batı Cephesinde Alsace Lorraine bölgesinde yaşanan hatırlama ve anma deneyimleri karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenmektedir.

The reality and social memory of the Great War differed from previous wars on different aspects where the battle field was integrated into the political, diplomatic and military dimensions, preferences of war and this was widely affected from the economic, cultural, and ideological context. In such conditions how we can memorize and construct memory places to remember and commemorate such a bloody event in Eastern and Western fronts during the Centenary of the war? In this paper the theoretical perspectives related to social memory and memory places are discussed with respect to different remembering and commemorating experiences in Eastern and Western fronts, namely Gallipoli in Ottoman State and Alsace Lorraine in the Eastern front of France during the Great War.

Can an act of implied rejection actually be an act of affirmation? Is it possible to remain faithful to one’s country by leaving it? In the mid to late nineteenth century, Jews left the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine in eastern France and emigrated to the American South, particularly to the area along the Mississippi river. At least one wave of emigration can be interpreted as rejecting the onslaught of encroaching German hegemony after 1871 rather than a repudiation of the French heritage of which they were proud.

FOREWORD
THE War of 1914, exciting interest ia past
problems as well as in a stormy present,
has turned the attention of the general
public to the make-up of Etiropean nations. This
is the excuse for giving a large subject short shrift,
—it being one that may again be a vital topic.
The stories of Alsace and of Lorraine are scattered
about on the pages of English histories or told
concretely in little accessible foreign literature, and
time-pressed readers may find a connected sketch
of their evolution convenient. What I have tried
to do was to bring a few landmarks on a long
road into consecutive line. May they be at
least signposts to the more curious.

[…] rusticus expectat dum defluat amnis; at ille labitur et labetur in omne volubilis aevum. Horatius, Epist. I.2, 42-43 European nationalism was born on the Rhine, that great faultline dividing and linking the twin cathedrals of French-dominated Strasbourg and Prussian-dominated Cologne, between 1792 and 1840. 1792 was the year of the Chant de guerre pour l 'Armée du Rhin (the Marseillaise), 1840 that of the Wacht am Rhein – both anthems which resounded down the decades with their call on the people-in-arms to protect the homeland against foreign invaders. Between 1792 and 1840, a crystallizing point was 1813, when Ernst Moritz Arndt defined, in prose and verse, both the territory and the frontier of Germany against French claims. The discourse of nationalism, its rhetoric and its propagandistic hold on public opinion and on state policy culminated in 1914, when hundreds of German and French academics threw their cultural and scholarly prestige into the propaganda war that vindicated each side in the unfolding World War. This discursive tradition spans the Battles of Valmy, Leipzig, Sedan and Verdun, and links them in a thematic and an intertextual continuity. Thematically, the texts in this tradition focus on the Rhine and the Rhineland, from Alsace to the Low Countries, as the core of a great European confrontation, which is not merely a geopolitical, but also a moral-anthropological one. The clashes over the Rhine are felt to involve, not states and their interests, but nations and their characters and moral identities. Intertextually, the arguments echo and reverberate from Arndt and the period of the Congress of Vienna (1813-15) to the writings of the Rhine Crisis of 1840, thence to the altercations surrounding the 1870-71 war, to come to the boil once more in 1914. (Secondary moments of intensification surround the Belgian Rebellion of 1830 and the Luxembourg Crisis of 1866-67.) This intertextual continuity deserves to be emphasized: the outbursts of writing activity punctuating the century from 1813 to 1914 are not each, separately, the individual reflection of the crisis of that particular moment (which is how these materials have usually been studied until now); on the contrary, they hang together as a discursive tradition in its own right and in the root sense of that term. Each author picks up issues and arguments from his predecessors in this pen-and-ink war, in which the moments of political crisis are merely pulsations. Indeed, the lingering cultural effect of each discursive stance (poem, song or pamphlet) exercises its influence, not only on subsequent authors, but also on public opinion in later political conflicts. Germans in 1840 recall the rhetoric of 1813; the rhetoric of 1870 recycles that of 1840 and of 1813; 1914, for all parties concerned, is a rerun of 1870. This textual echo-chamber gives continuity and adds intensity to the political conflicts which it helped shape and colour over the century. Seen in this light, the tradition of intellectuals and versifiers writing on behalf of their nation's interests constitutes an important historical factor in the development of nationalism. It establishes, over a century, an interface between the world of learning and the world of conflict and political propaganda. The case demonstrates, I think, that cultural mobilization is an enabling condition for the rise of political nationalism rather than a mere side-effect. Studying it as such can teach us much about the influence of nationalist thought on nationalist politics, and also about the rhetoric (meaning: the relationship between the inner convictions and the persuasive strategies) of nationalist discourse.

The loss of the provinces of Alsace-Lorraine to the German Empire in the aftermath of the disastrous Franco-Prussian War in 1870-71 was a serious blow to French national pride, one which the majority of the nation's citizens tried mightily to forget in the ensuing decades. But in southern Lorraine, centered on the city of Nancy--which the Germans did not annex in 1871 and where many émigrés from these "lost provinces" had resettled--the memory of the war and the division of the region of Lorraine remained strong. Nancy's citizens mounted a campaign through all types of media, beginning in the 1880s and lasting until the end of the First World War, to reawaken the national drive to return Alsace-Lorraine to French rule. This essay reveals the myriad means of communication and material culture used by Lorrainers to rekindle this desire on regional, national, and international levels, and make it the central unifying tangible goal of the weary French nation as the First World War dragged on.

Büyük Savaşın doğu ve batı cepheleri, Gelibolu ve Alsace Lorraine hafıza mekânları. Her iki örneğin tarihsel, kültürel, özgül koşullarından doğan farklılıkları var. En büyük benzerlikler milliyetçilik alanında ortaya çıkıyor. Savaş sonrası 1920’ler, yeni bir savaşın beklendiği, ulus devletlerin kendini güçlendirmeye çalıştığı 1930’lar, savaş sonrası, 1970’ler, liberal bir söylemin hakim olduğu 1980’ler, nostalji duygusunun canlandığı 1990’lar ve 2000’lerde postmodern anma biçimleri, hatırlamanın ve toplumsal hafızanın ticari bir meta haline gelmesi, hafıza turizmi karşılaştırmaya uygun. Yüzüncü yıl anmalarına günümüz postmodern kültürel atmosferinin yanı sıra, dinci ve ticari ağırlıklar, güncel siyasi tartışma ve çekişmeler damgasını vuruyor. Ama unutulmaması gereken bir şey daha var. Her zaman başkaları da vardı: savaşa karşı, savaşı yeren, barışı ve pasifist siyaseti savunanlar her iki dünya savaşı döneminde de düşüncelerini aktif olarak dile getirdiler, savundular. Bu düşüncelere uygun toplumsal hafıza ve hafıza mekânlarının ortaya çıkması için mücadele ettiler.

Mots Résumé La Porte des Allemands figure parmi les derniers vestiges encore en élévation de la fortification médiévale de la ville de Metz. Construite au xiii e s., sa forme actuelle résulte de transformations et d'ajouts datés principalement des xv e s et xvi e s. Deux opérations archéologiques ont été menées en 2013 durant la réhabilitation de trois salles édifiées entre 1526 et 1531. Les résultats permettent d'affiner notre connaissance de l'ouvrage et de proposer de nouvelles étapes dans l'évolution du monument et de l'enceinte urbaine. La fouille porte à notre connaissance des vestiges inédits de murs qui pourraient appartenir à une première fausse-braie. La mise au jour de nouveaux murs permet de dresser un plan différent du passage voûté ouest aménagé au xvi e s. Des latrines modernes, dont le tracé n'était pas signalé par les plans anciens, ont été mises en évidence. Abstract The Germans' Gate is one of the last vestiges still standing of the medieval fortifications of Metz. Built in the 13th century, its current form is the outcome of transformations and additions that took place mainly in the 15th and 16th centuries. Two archaeological operations were carried out in 2013 during restoration of the three rooms built between 1526 and 1531. The results refine our knowledge of the construction and suggest new stages in the development of the monument and city walls. Excavation revealed unknown sections of wall that may have been part of an earlier fausse braye. The unearthing of new walls has enabled a different plan to be drawn up of the vaulted west passage of the 16th century. Modern latrines, whose presence was not indicated on ancient plans, have been revealed. Zusammenfassung Die im 13. Jh. erbaute Porte des Allemands ist das letzte erhaltene der mittelalterlichen Stadttore von Metz. Ihr heutiges Erscheinungsbild ist das Resultat mehrerer, hauptsächlich im 15. und 16. Jh. vorgenommener An-und Umbauten. 2013 wurden im Zuge von Restaurierungsarbeiten im Bereich dreier zwischen 1526 und 1531 errichteter Räume zwei kleinere archäologische Untersuchungen durchgeführt, die unsere Kenntnisse von diesem Bauwerk wesentlich erweitert haben und es ermöglichen, neue Bauetappen für Toranlage und Stadtmauer zu definieren. So könnten etwa bislang unbekannte Mauerreste zu einer ersten Fausse-Braie gehört haben. Ferner ließ sich der Grundriss eines im 16. Jh. angelegten, überwölbten Durchgangs korrigieren; und es wurden die Reste einer neuzeitlichen Latrine erfasst, die auf den erhaltenen Plänen der Anlage nicht verzeichnet ist. (trad. : C. Dreier).

Art nouveau design is one of the principal markers of the identity of the French city of Nancy, which became internationally renowned as one of the most important centres for the development of this artistic style around 1900. Like other strands of the style, especially in Spain, Germany and parts of the Austro-Hungarian empire, art nouveau in eastern France has been linked to long-standing regionalist sentiments that resisted centralised Parisian control over local affairs typical in nineteenth-century France. This article examines the evolving bank architecture in central Nancy, a major facet of the introduction of art nouveau in its urban environment, to show that the construction of the city's modern character was a negotiated process that involved careful planning among financial institutions, architects and decorative artists. The design and erection of modern banks in Nancy in the first decade of the twentieth century balanced generalised architectural principles emanatin...

Alsace - Lorraine; Fransa, Federal Almanya, Belçika, İsviçre arasında bulunmaktadır ve sınır bölgesidir.
Rhine Irmağı dışında; doğuda sınırları belirsizdir. Federal Almanya ile sınır oluşturan Rhine’in yanı sıra Moselle, Saar ve İli bölgenin diğer önemli ırmaklarındandır. Bölgenin ekonomisi, tarım, endüstri ve madencilik
etkinliklerine dayanmaktadır. Nüfusun büyük çoğunluğu Katolik kilisesine bağlıdır. Bununla birlikte bazı köylerde Protestanlık görülmektedir.

Hugo von Hofmannsthal was distinct from the other contemporary Viennese writers. Since Hofmannsthal studied Romanic Literature at the University of Vienna, he could peruse Latin, French, Spanish, Italian, Provençal textes at will. In all likelihood, Ernst Robert Curtius alone could apprehend this well-bred pan-European aspect of Hofmannsthal. This paper analyzes the Hofmannsthal's reception of the Romantic culture, referring to two critical works by Curtius - Zu Hofmannsthals Gedächtnis (1929) and  George, Hofmannsthal und Calderón (1934). Curtius insists that Venice was an Austrian territory between the Napoleon's occupation and Italian unification in the 19th century and meaning of Venice for Hofmannsthal resembles the one that Rome had for Goethe, the Ligurian Riviera for Nietzsche, or Florence for George. Hofmannsthal had a strong interest, probably influenced Walter Pater, in a Venetian Painting Concerto campestre, whose atmosphere a rococo painter Watteau inherited. Though the example of Hofmannsthal, the author of this paper seeks to combine the Venetian aristocratic culture with the rococo the ancient régime in France. It is characteristic of Curtius to attach the importance to Spanish literature in Europe. Although the Spanish baroque dramatists (e.g., Calderón) had an influence on the works of Hofmannsthal, the relationship between Habsburgian Austria and Habsburgian Spain has not been widely discussed until now. He also indicates the catholic and baroque aspects of Paul Claudel in Die literarischen Wegbereiter des neuen Frankreich (1919) that Walter Benjamin highly estimated. We insist on the importance of similar interest to Calderón that Hofmannsthal and Claudel shared and Curtius has pointed out separately. In conclusion, we can indicate the transition of Curtius from aristocratism to mysticism, by comparing these two critical works.

Sur YouTube : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nCKsyjlxOeo

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Au 30 juin 2007, l’avenue-rue Alsace-Lorraine voit la fin de la circulation à double sens des bus et voitures sur trois voies depuis l’après-guerre.
Une maquette montre la piétonnisation de l’avenue et le nouveau paysage urbain qui en découle : fin de la voiture et développement des pistes cyclables et piétonnes,
La future rue Alsace-Lorraine doit redevenir un nouvel axe commerçant attractif du centre de la ville rose.
À travers l’ouverture de la ligne B du métro, la rue Alsace-Lorraine est concernée par la réorganisation du réseau des bus au centre-ville, cet axe central du commerce et des services est accessible depuis trois stations de métro (Jeanne d’Arc, Capitole et Esquirol), en conséquence les bus seront reportés sur les boulevards.
La mairie commence à effectuer des travaux de réaménagement dit provisoire de cette rue emblématique et symbolique de l’âme de la ville.
L’espace libéré par les bus sera utilisé au profit des piétons (élargissement des trottoirs) et de la création d’une piste cyclable.
Exit, donc, les deux couloirs de bus de l'axe Alsace. L’objectif est de libérer les deux tiers de l'espace public actuel.
Il est un fait, horizon 2000 /2007, les trottoirs de la rue ne pouvaient plus absorber ce flux notamment aux périodes de fêtes et certaines fins de semaine.  La municipalité propose d’élargir les trottoirs de la rue avec l’option d’une voie automobile, d’espaces de livraison, tout en créant une piste cyclable.

Presented here to the public for the first time, the Pinkas of the Metz Beit Din is the official register of civil cases that came before the Metz rabbinic court in the two decades prior to the French Revolution. Brimming with details of commercial transactions, inheritance disputes, women’s roles in economic life, and the interplay between French law and Jewish law, the Metz Pinkas offers remarkable evidence of the engagement of Jews with the surrounding society and culture. The two volumes of Protocols of Justice comprise the complete text of the Metz Pinkas Beit Din, which is fully annotated by the author, and a thorough analysis of its significance for history and law at the threshold of modernity.

Kendinden onceki butun savaslardan farkli ozellikler tasiyan, kitleselligi ve cephe onu ile  gerisini birlestiren, savasin askeri, diplomatik ve ekonomik, kulturel, ideolojik yonlerini  birlestiren Buyuk Savasi savasin 100.yilinda nasil hatirliyor, nasil temsil ediyoruz?  Bu yazi kapsaminda savasin Dogu ve Bati cephelerinde savas sirasinda ve sonrasinda  olusan hafiza mekânlarini, bunlarin olusum ve sembolik yapilarini, temsil ozelliklerini  ve olusumlari sirasinda yasanan mucadeleleri incelemeye calisacagiz. Bu kapsamda  yazimizda Dogu Cephesinin en onemli savas alanlarindan biri Gelibolu yarimadasi ile  Bati Cephesinde Alsace Lorraine bolgesinde yasanan hatirlama ve anma deneyimleri  karsilastirmali olarak incelenmektedir.

Energy resources since the industrial revolution have been paramount for both developing and developed countries. Therefore, the urgent need for and control over energy resources in order to have an advantage against rivalries have become a significant part of national security. From the late 18 th century to early 20 th century, coal and gasoline were major energy resources to make machines operational but they have been gradually replaced by the fossil fuels, oil and gas. While transformation is happening, dependency on energy resources in the fields ranging from housewarming to jet fuels dramatically increased. Having adequate energy resources, in this sense, provides industrially and economically strategic advantages for a country, so military or political struggles over energy resources have been a salient issue in international relations. This paper seeks to examine the struggle over energy resources under the light of Alsace-Lorraine case and to compare the results with the C...