Acoustic Phonetics

Attention! The related software (PANM script) can be downloaded from here:
https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/0B4QKykn2bzqQa0JQRTZtU08yZWs?resourcekey=0-kYz6XS59uRJCKj4YuhaqhQ
Background: This study aimed to introduce a low-cost system measuring nasalance, which can often be performed with high-cost systems, and to present the normative nasalance values for adults using this system.
Materials and Methods: This study included 96 standard native Turkish-speaking literate volunteers who had no hearing and speech problems or nasal obstruction. Nasalance values were measured using the system developed by the principal author, which is called the Praat-Assisted Nasalance Meter, using speech materials and related methods.
Results: The participants were 18-65 (average, 33.7) years old. They were divided into three groups according to their age: 18-25, 26-40, and 41-65. A significant difference was found in the nasalance values between the genders. For nearly all speech materials, higher nasalance values were measured in women than in men.
Conclusion: There is no generally accepted rule to ascertain if a speaker’s resonance is abnormal according to nasalance values. Therefore, the proposed threshold values should not be considered absolute values but should be decided with perceptual evaluation.

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, genellikle yüksek maliyetli sistemlerle gerçekleştirilebilen nazalans parametresi ölçümü için kullanılabilecek kendi geliştirdiğimiz düşük maliyetli bir sistemi tanıtmak ve bu sistem kullanılarak erişkinler için belirlenen normatif nazalans değerlerini sunmaktır.
Gereç ve Yöntemler: Standart Türkiye Türkçesi konuşan ve okuma yazma bilen 96 gönüllü çalışmaya dahil edildi. Deneklerin işitme ve konuşma problemi, burun tıkanıklığı yapan herhangi bir hastalığının olmamasına dikkat edildi. Birinci yazar tarafından geliştirilen ve Praat Yardımlı Nazalans Ölçer (PYNÖ) adı verilen sistem yardımıyla aşağıda belirtilen konuşma malzemesi ve yöntem kullanılarak nazalans ölçümü yapıldı.
Bulgular: Çalışmaya katılan 96 konuşmacının yaşları 18 ile 65 arasında değişiyordu (ortalama 33,7 yıl). Katılımcılar yaşlarına göre 18-25, 26-40 ve 41-65 şeklinde üç gruba ayrılarak incelendi. Elde edilen değerler cinsiyet grubuna göre karşılaştırıldığında aradaki farkların istatistiksel olarak anlamlı olduğu görüldü. Hemen her konuşma malzemesi için kadınlarda erkeklerden daha yüksek nazalans değerleri elde edildi.
Sonuç: Bir konuşmacı üzerinde ölçülen nazalans ölçüm sonuçlarının anormal olduğunu söylemek için genel kabul gören bir kural yoktur. Bu nedenle, bu çalışmada önerilen eşik değerler mutlak değerler olarak düşünülmemeli, algısal değerlendirmeyle birlikte karar verilmelidir.

Italian roots in Australian soil: coronal obstruents in native dialect speech of Italian-Australians from two areas of Veneto. We will discuss the maintenance of the heritage dialect coronal fricatives in the speech of Italian-Australian trilinguals (dialect/Italian/English) originating from North Veneto, Italy, as compared to the variability found in the productions of comparable Italian-Australian trilinguals originating from Central Veneto. Results on coronal fricatives' distribution based on narrow phonetic trancriptions and on their acoustic characteristics based on spectral moments analysis show that the immigrants have generally maintained the fine-grained features of their dialect. After more than five decades of residence in Australia, traces of interlinguistic influences exerted by L3-English are evident in one speaker only. We consider both internal (linguistic) and external (sociolinguistic) factors for this difference in maintenance of first language speech features...

This study presents two experiments aimed at investigating tune-to-text alignment and pitch scaling in Lifou French, a variety spoken by bilingual speakers of French and Drehu. Descriptions of New Caledonian French have focussed on language use of European descendants or the variety spoken in the urban region, neglecting emergent varieties spoken by the indigenous population in rural areas, like the island Lifou. Due to the reduced inventory of pitch accents, dialectal variation in French intonation has proved to be difficult to detect, which has led to the assumption that French has a relatively homogeneous intonation system across its varieties. This study shows that fine-grained phonetic differences in speaking tempo and at the level of tonal alignment as well as in the scaling of AP-final peaks can be attributed to dialectal variation.

The grounds for studying phonetic symbolism (phonosemantics, etc.) in Tolkien's invented languages were well established by Tolkien through comments made in letters, drafts of his works, and essays. Previous researchers (e.g., Smith, 2006; 2007; Gymnich, 2005) have discussed the aesthetic effects of Tolkien's elvish languages on his audience, and have also observed connections between a range of meanings and sounds in Tolkien's languages (e.g., Fimi, 2008; Rausch, 2013). However, no researchers have explored this area of study with quantitative methods. The aim of this paper is to investigate the relationship between vowel quality and meanings of size in the Gnomish Lexicon and the Qenya Lexicon. Chi-square goodness-of-fit tests indicate statistically significant associations between vowel category and meanings of size, particularly /i/ and smallness, and the back vowels /o/ and /a/ and meanings of largeness. I argue that this case study confirms the presence of phonetic symbolism in Tolkien's invented languages.

This study takes a close look at the link between English sounds as realized in normal speech. Sounds are discrete entities that carry in them abstractions which is the import of phonology in every language. The physical properties of sounds which are realized in speech production undoubtedly have an interrelation with this discrete nature of sounds. The researcher adopted a purely analytical approach in viewing this topic, with little reliance on literature. It may be described as a purely scientific study as the researcher uses practical examples and correlates to drum home the interconnection between abstract sounds and their physical properties. The study notes that a letter of the English alphabet, for instance ‘y’, has different production realisations as both a vowel and a consonant based on the articulatory nuances a phonetic analyst associates with it. And secondly, the study finds that English speech sound may or may not have the same physiological identification with its ...

The study is part of a series of studies which examine the acoustic correlates of lexical stress in several typologically different languages, in three speech styles: spontaneous speech, phrase reading, and wordlist reading. This study focuses on Czech, a language with stress fixed on the first syllable of a prosodic word, with no contrastive function at the level of individual words. The acoustic parameters examined here are F0-level, F0-variation, Duration, Sound Pressure Level, and Spectral Emphasis. Values for over 6,000 vowels were analyzed. Unlike the other languages examined so far, lexical stress in Czech is not manifested by clear prominence markings on the first, stressed syllable: the stressed syllable is neither higher, realized with greater F0 variation, longer; nor does it have a higher SPL or higher Spectral Emphasis. There are slight, but insignificant tendencies pointing to a delayed rise, that is, to higher values of some of the acoustic parameters on the second, post-stressed syllable. Since lexical stress does not serve a contrastive function in Czech, the absence of acoustic marking on the stressed syllable is not surprising.

Italian roots in Australian soil: coronal obstruents in native dialect speech of Italian-Australians from two areas of Veneto. We will discuss the maintenance of the heritage dialect coronal fricatives in the speech of Italian-Australian trilinguals (dialect/Italian/English) originating from North Veneto, Italy, as compared to the variability found in the productions of comparable Italian-Australian trilinguals originating from Central Veneto. Results on coronal fricatives' distribution based on narrow phonetic trancriptions and on their acoustic characteristics based on spectral moments analysis show that the immigrants have generally maintained the fine-grained features of their dialect. After more than five decades of residence in Australia, traces of interlinguistic influences exerted by L3-English are evident in one speaker only. We consider both internal (linguistic) and external (sociolinguistic) factors for this difference in maintenance of first language speech features...

Phonetic convergence is the process by which a speaker adapts his/her speech to sound more similar to his/her interlocutor. While most studies analysing this process have been conducted amongst speakers sharing the same language or variety, this experiment focuses on imitation between non-native and native speakers in a repetition task. The data is a fragment from the ANGLISH corpus designed by Anne Tortel (Tortel, 2008). 40 French speakers (10 male intermediate, 10 male advanced, 10 female intermediate and 10 female advanced learners) were asked to repeat a set of 20 sentences produced by British native speakers. Segmental (vowel quality), suprasegmental (vowel duration) and voice quality were analysed. Level of proficiency, gender and model talker were taken as independent variables.
Level appeared not to be a relevant parameter due to a high amount of inter-individual variability amongst groups. Somewhat contradictory results were observed for vowel duration and F1-F2 distance for male learners converged more than female learners. Our hypothesis that low vowels display a higher degree of imitation, and especially within the
F1 dimension (Babel, 2012), was partially validated. Convergence in vowel duration in order to sound more native-like was also observed (Zając, 2013).
Regarding the analysis of voice quality, and more particularly of creaky voice, observations suggest that some advanced female learners creaked more than the native speakers and more in the reading task, which indicate, both linguistic idiosyncrasy and accommodation towards the native speakers. Low vowels seem also to be more likely to be
produced with a creaky voice, especially at the end of prosodic constituents.

Cel pracy: 1) zbadanie wpływu różnorodnych czynników na skuteczność i szybkość rozpoznawania izolowanych słów mowy polskiej; 2) opracowanie efektywnej metody rozpoznawania izolowanych słów polskich. Zbadano wpływ częstotliwości próbkowania sygnału mowy oraz liczby poziomów kwantyzacji na efektywność niezależnego i zależnego od mówcy rozpoznawania izolowanych wypowiedzi polskich z bazy CORPORA za pomocą metody nieliniowej transformacji czasowej (DTW) oraz niejawnych modeli Markowa HMM. Wykazano istnienie optimum doboru częstotliwości próbkowania oraz liczby poziomów kwantyzacji. Zbadano również częściowo zależność rozpoznawania izolowanych wypowiedzi od płci mówcy, wielkości zbioru uczącego oraz wybranych parametrów niejawnych modeli Markowa. Podniesiono skuteczność rozpoznawania izolowanych wypowiedzi polskich za pomocą metody nieliniowej transformacji czasowej poprzez zastosowanie wstępnej klasyfikacji za pomocą: 1) znaczników fonetycznych; 2) niejawnych modeli Markowa.

Indigenous dance & music across the world has long been an important topic of sociocultural studies conducted by people from various related fields and Indian tribes are no strangers to this ethno musical single dimensionality of their society. Since the advent of Ethnomusicology during late 19th century the holistic investigations of music as well as dance has opened doors for psychologists and linguistic scientists to study indigenous behavior & language.

The methodological approaches to this include collection of audio-visual recordings that along with the contextual information supplied helps linguistic scientists and psychologists to produce an analytically derived qualitative analysis of the ancestral dance & music of the tribal groups in India.

This paper further accentuates the above mentioned aspects of Psychology & Linguistics of Indian aboriginal music & dance, firstly, by highlighting the Psycho Acoustic effects of indigenous dance or music performed during ceremonies, especially the after life rituals and secondly, by emphasizing on the Phonetic Characteristics of the indigenous songs, that is an important factor in discovering the mother language of the currently spoken Indian indigenous languages.

The paper elaborates on both these points by using theoretical references from different associated fields and by the means of fieldwork done via participant observation during the course of Ethnographic Filming amongst the Gond Tribes of Bastar.

Planting bushes and trees in and around sound generating sources is an effective solution for noise pollution.
Urban Planning, Public Education and Awareness.
Regular servicing and tuning of automobiles/ machinery can effectively reduce the noise pollution.
Alteration of roadway surface texture.
Buildings can be designed with suitable noise absorbing material for the walls, windows, and ceilings.
Soundproof doors and windows can be installed to block unwanted noise from outside.
Factories and industries should be located far from the residential areas.
Workers should be provided with equipments such as ear plugs and earmuffs for hearing protection.
Control in the Transmission Path, Control at Source, Control over Vibrations.
Exposure Reduction
Enclosure of machines can reduce noise levels at its source very effectively.
Leakage where pipes pass through walls as well as acoustic leaks between walls, screens or enclosures, can produce large variations in the attenuation achieved. It is therefore important to seal air gaps carefully
Putting major noise sources at one place & separating it from quieter area.
Using acoustic barriers, sound absorbing linings & sound insulating partitions.
Complete or partial enclosure of noisy equipment.
Providing silencers on the intake as well as exhaust side of flow machines like blowers, fans etc.
Insertion of damping material between machine bases and foundations and use of anti vibration mountings.
Regulations should be imposed to restrict the usage of play loudspeakers in crowded areas and public places.
International Co-operation
www.realcopowerprojects.com

This paper classifies dipping tones in the framework of the Multi-Register and Four-Level Model, using new, firsthand acoustic data. Seven dipping types are identified. Four of them are produced in normal clear voice and affiliated with the Modal Register: (1) Central Dipping, typologically transcribed as /323/, (2) Back Dipping /523/, (3) Front Dipping /324/, and (4) Double Circumflex /4343/. The remaining three are produced with non-clear voice qualities: (5) Slack Dipping /213/ in L Register, (6) Creaky Dipping /202/ in the Lower Register, and (7) Fortis-Creak Dipping /405/ in the Upper Register. Each of the seven dipping tones contrasts with one or another with four distinctive features [± RgM, RgL, Hfront, Hback].

This paper is an acoustic investigation of laterals in contemporary Scottish Gaelic. Scottish Gaelic is described as having three phonemic laterals /l̪ˠ l̪ʲ l/, which have previously been the subject of small-scale acoustic and static palatographic work. I expand on previous acoustic studies, including static and dynamic formant measures, and consider data from the diverse contemporary Gaelic-speaking population including [1] older speakers in a Gaelic-heartland area, [2] middle-aged speakers living in Glasgow, [3] adolescent speakers in immersion education in a heartland area, [4] adolescents in immersion education in Glasgow. Results suggest overall maintenance of the triple lateral system, but with substantial variation in the production of (phonemically) palatalised laterals in particular, which some young Glaswegians do not produce. These results are discussed with reference to language change in language revitalisation contexts, language contact, and modes of acquisition in revitalisation contexts.

This paper aims to describe pre-aspirated and post-aspirated stops in an endangered language, Scottish Gaelic. Our small-scale study investigates several acoustic parameters of Scottish Gaelic stop consonants designed to measure the duration and noisiness of aspiration of the stop in its immediate phonetic context. Our study expands on previous phonetic descriptions of phonemic (pre-)aspiration in three ways: firstly, we provide a more complete durational description of Scottish Gaelic than previous work in the literature; secondly, we apply a new measure, band-pass filtered zero crossing rate (Gordeeva & Scobbie 2010), in order to examine the noisiness of aspiration in addition to durational characteristics. The results from this measure are presented in tandem with durational results in order to assess its usefulness for future research. Thirdly, we consider the possibility of change in the Scottish Gaelic stop system by examining data from older and younger speakers. Results suggest that band-pass filtered zero crossing rate is a useful tool and should be considered in future research on aspiration. Also, durational and zero crossing results indicate that younger speakers have shorter and less noisy pre-aspiration than older speakers. We discuss these results as a possible sound change in progress.

Aunque los fenómenos de hesitación en el discurso –pausas sonoras y alargamientos– se han abordado desde diferentes puntos de vista, son escasos los estudios que analizan sus manifestaciones acústicas en español. En este trabajo se presenta una caracterización preliminar de las hesitaciones que, generalmente, suelen aparecer en el habla espontánea con diferentes funciones discursivas. Se han analizado 180 minutos de conversaciones en las que han participado seis hablantes, con una duración aproximada de 30 minutos cada una, y 30 fragmentos de producción espontánea de un minuto de duración correspondientes a tres sesiones de grabación de 10 locutores. En las primeras se da una interacción entre los participantes, mientras que en las segundas, el hablante sabe que no será interrumpido durante su intervención. El análisis acústico se ha complementado con un estudio perceptivo en el que los oyentes debían valorar la naturalidad y la espontaneidad de los mismos fragmentos presentados con o sin alargamiento y con o sin pausa sonora. Los resultados muestran, en primer lugar, que la pausa sonora más frecuente en español es [eː]. Los valores medios y las desviaciones correspondientes a la duración de los alargamientos y de las pausas sonoras no arrojan diferencias significativas entre estas hesitaciones. No obstante, el rango de los valores medios debería considerarse en la caracterización de tales elementos. Además, los resultados indican que el hecho de que el hablante sepa que no va a ser interrumpido conlleva un incremento de la aparición de hesitaciones en habla espontánea. Los enunciados con pausas y alargamientos se perciben con el mismo grado de naturalidad si se comparan con una versión de los mismos enunciados en la que se han eliminado las hesitaciones, pero no con idéntico nivel de espontaneidad. Finalmente, cabe resaltar que los alargamientos suelen percibirse en el discurso como si el hablante hubiera realizado un silencio. ABSTRACT: Hesitations in spontaneous speech –filled pauses and lengthenings– have been approached from different perspectives, but their acoustic characteristics in Spanish have not yet been systematically analyzed. The aim of this preliminary study is to characterize hesitations that are used in spontaneous speech with different discourse functions. The corpus consisted of six spontaneous conversations between 2 participants, with a duration of about 30 minutes each, and 30 spontaneous fragments of a minute of duration corresponding to three sessions recorded by 10 speakers. In the conversations, participants interacted with each other, whereas in the spontaneous fragments, the speaker knew that he would not be interrupted. The acoustic

Brissos / Rodrigues (2016) apresentam dados acústicos que sugerem a reformulação, em vários aspetos fundamentais, da imagem que nos tem sido legada sobre uma das variedades dialetais mais idiossincráticas do
português: a variedade do Baixo Minho e Douro Litoral da proposta de classificação dos dialetos portugueses de Cintra (1983). Para se poder rever aquela imagem, os dados de Brissos / Rodrigues necessitam, porém, de ser testados à luz do confronto com uma rede densa de inquéritos. Levamos a cabo esse confronto neste artigo, chegando a uma proposta de reformulação da variedade dialetal do noroeste português assente em três pilares: a área da variedade é muito mais estendida do que é referido tradicionalmente; o traço identificador da variedade, a ditongação de vogais tónicas, deixa apenas de fora as vogais cardinais; existe ditongação não apenas com semivogais altas mas também com semivogais não-altas centrais. Daí resulta a primeira revisão concreta da proposta de Cintra, procedimento que defendemos
ser importante introduzir nos estudos dialetais do português. Desse novo quadro resulta, por sua vez, um novo posicionamento de algumas questões essenciais de história e fonética/fonologia da língua portuguesa.

Vietnamese speakers of English are often able to communicate much more efficiently in writing than in speaking. Many have quite high proficiency levels, with full command of advanced vocabulary and complex syntax, yet they have great difficulty making themselves understood when speaking English to both native and non-native speakers. This paper explores the phonetic events associated with breakdowns in intelligibility, and looks at compensatory mechanisms which are used.

In The 21st-Century Voice: Contemporary and Traditional Extra-Normal Voice, Michael Edward Edgerton considers contemporary vocal techniques within an acoustic and anatomical framework. Throughout, he proposes new directions for vocal exploration. Much more than a historical treatise on 20th-century masterworks or vocal science, The 21st-Century Voice explores experimental methods of sound production, offering a systematic series of approaches and methods for assessing, engaging, and, in some instances, overcoming the assumed limits of vocal singing.

Appearing a decade after the publication of the first edition, this second edition draws on and advances our current understandings of voice production. Divided into four parts—air flow, source, resonance/articulation, and heightened potentials—Edgerton considers crucial matters affecting vocal production, such as

    Registral challenges
    Filtering
    Airflow modification
    Combinatorial, multiphonic principles
    Extreme voice possibilities
    Multidimensional vocal issues


With more than 250 illustrations, 150 associated audio tracks, an extended appendix on voice science, a glossary of key terms, and lists of representative compositions, The 21st-Century Voice will appeal to composers and performers interested in exploring the ever-broadening range of vocal possibilities. Its engagement with the complexities of vocal production should also be relevant to students and scholars of voice science, acoustics, linguistics, computer modeling, and more. 

“This science behind the creation of words, which was neglected for so long, should not be allowed to remain undiscovered,” claims Prabhat Rainjan Sarkar. “This is not only the case here – the same thing has been happening with all of the world’s languages. Wherever there are people, words are created based on these psycho-acoustic notes.” “First a vibration arises in the nerves when an object is seen, then a mental sound is created and finally a word is made based on that sound. In this way the original verbal roots of language are created based on psychic sounds, and different words have been created, and are being created, from these verbal roots.” P. R. Sarkar, (1921-1990), was a master of languages and a spiritual guru in the tradition of Shiva and Krishna, who founded the socio-spiritual movement Ananda Marga (“the Path of Bliss”).  –  Richard Gauthier, Department of Chemistry and Physics, Santa Rosa Junior College, Santa Rosa, California, USA, May 19, 2021.

One of the contradictory issues in the Orochon phonology is the absence / presence of diphthongs. Within the theoretical study conducted, we compared the Orochon phonological system with the Chinese and acquired the information about phonological systems of other Tungus-Manchu languages that are closely related to Orochon - first of all, the Evenki language. Our experimental study aimed at analyzing acoustic features of the Orochon tokens where groups of vowels could possibly be formed and comparing them to the
ones in Evenki. The major finding was that in the Oroqen Autonomous Banner dialect, the deletion of intervocalic /j/, /w/ and /ɡ/ caused /ea/, /ua/, and /uə/ vowel-group forming that might enter the vowel system as diphthongs in the nearest future. The same deletion occurred in Lesser Khingan dialect of Orochon leading to long vowel forming. In the Evenki Selemdzha sub-dialect, no deletion of the intervocalic consonants was found.

The Formosan languages are the languages of the Aboriginal peoples of Taiwan. These languages are part of the Austronesian language family, and represent all but one primary branch of this family of 1,200+ languages. The Formosan languages are endangered, some critically so. While these languages have seen attention in the literature for their syntactic and phonological systems, little work has been done on their prosodic structure or intonation.

This dissertation analyzes the prosodic structure and intonational phonology of Mantauran Rukai, Budai Rukai, Tsou, Kanakanavu, Hla’alua, Sandimen Paiwan, Piuma Paiwan, Kavalan, Amis, Bunun, Tgdaya Seediq, Truku Seediq, and Pazeh, based on original fieldwork. In addition, archival materials are incorporated into analyses of Tsou, Truku Seediq, Tgdaya Seediq, and Puyuma.

This study finds that the Formosan languages show rich tonal phonologies in their intonational systems, and have complex interactions between stress assignment and morphology. Some examples include the following: Mantauran Rukai, previously described as an initial-stress language, actually has a complex stress assignment system with an alternation between first- and third-syllable stress, which as a system is unique in descriptions of stress assignment in the world’s languages. Hla’alua (Saaroa), previously described as having free variation between antepenultimate and penultimate stress, actually has an accent system in which some lexical items are consistently produced without an accented syllable, while others are. Hla’alua also has a rich tonal phonology assigned at two higher levels of the prosodic hierarchy. Kavalan has a unique rule that causes spreading tones to shift to the opposite domain edge when a certain number of tonal elements are aligned to the same boundary. Elements of the intonational phonology in Amis and Kavalan include glottal stops in addition to tonal elements. Bunun has distinct pitch accent melodies for words vs. clitics.

In addition to the unique features found in individual Formosan languages, this dissertation’s comparative study finds at least two geographic areas within Taiwan in which features of prosody and intonation cluster. One is southwestern Taiwan, including Tsou, Kanakanavu, Hla’alua, and Rukai, which share features including a lack of glide-vowel contrasts and variability of initial H vs. L elements in certain prosodic domains. The other is eastern Taiwan, including Amis, Kavalan, and Puyuma, which share features including suppression of non-IP-final pitch accents, alternations between ultimate and pre-ultimate F0 peaks across intonational contours, and interactions between glottal stop epenthesis and intonational phonology.

ENGLISH
The lecture is part of the seminar "Linguistica and Linguistiche", organized in the University of Eastern Piedmont (Vercelli, Italy) by prof. Marina Castagneto.
The lecture is split in three parts. In the first part (11 am-1pm) students are introduced to the basics concepts of Acoustic Phonetics, with special emphasis on the main features of Italian vowels and consonants as visible on the spectrum and the spectrogram. In the second part of the lecture (2-3 pm) I talk about Sociophonetics, by introducing this paradigm of research with some theoretical and methodological considerations as well as a practical example from my own PhD thesis (now ongoing at University of Pavia and Free University of Bozen). Finally, in the last part (3-4 pm) students can practice in recognizing and analyzing spectrograms with Italian examples (see the handout).


ITALIANO
La presente lezione rientra nell'ambito del ciclo di seminari "Linguistica e Lingustiche" organizzato all'Università del Piemonte Orientale (Vercelli) dalla prof.ssa Marina Castagneto.
La lezione si divide in tre parti. Una prima parte (ore 11-13) propone di indagare i principi basilari della fonetica acustica con particolare enfasi sul riconoscimento e i tratti distintivi delle vocali e delle consonanti della lingua italiana così come emergono dall’analisi dello spettro e dello spettrogramma. Nella seconda parte della lezione (ore 14-15) è stato invece introdotto il paradigma di ricerca sociofonetico, con alcune considerazioni teoriche e metalinguistiche e un esempio pratico di ricerca tratto dalla mia tesi di dottorato (in corso di svolgimento alla Università di Pavia e Libera Università di Bolzano). Infine, nell'ultima parte della lezione (ore 15-16) i partecipanti hanno avuto modo di esercitarsi nel riconoscimento e nell'analisi dello spettrogramma con esempi in lingua italiana (vedi handout).

In normal (casual) speaking modes, speakers often modify, or seemingly delete, segments that are produced in citation forms of the same words.  This paper discusses three examples of how attention to the acoustic detail of spoken language can reveal aspects of the articulation which are perhaps not readily apparent in more cursory examination of the speech signal.  A lexical access model which is sensitive to such acoustic detail will find a better match between both normal and citation spoken forms and their shared abstract representation, than pone which is not.

"The establishment of the Estonian Emotional Speech Corpus (EESC) began in 2006 within the framework of the National Programme for Estonian Language Technology at the Institute of the Estonian Language. The corpus contains 1,234 Estonian sentences that express anger, joy and sadness, or are neutral. The sentences come from text passages read out by non-professionals who were not given any explicit indication of the target emotion. It was assumed that the content of the text would elicit an emotion in the reader and that this would be expressed in their voice. This avoids the exaggerations of acted speech. The emotion of each sentence in the corpus was then determined by listening tests. The corpus is publicly available at http://peeter.eki.ee:5000/.
This article gives an overview of the theoretical starting-points of the corpus and their usefulness for its implementation."

Hmong possesses both phonological words and grammatical words that may be comprised of one or more syllables. Phonological words are characterized by a prominence in certain pragmatic situations combined with a lack of pauses within the word, and the minimal consonant-vowel-tone structure of a syllable is a minor third criterion handling the phonotactically unusual enclitic clause-final markers such as =os 'CFM:SOFT'. Grammatical words are characterized by grammatical cohesion of two types-isolability, where words can appear alone in their domain, and the absence of separability, where components of a word cannot be separated-in addition to serving as the domain for reduplication and lexical tone melody alternations. With the identification of grammatical wordhood, affixes and compounds can be recognized in Hmong, and coordinate compounds and four-syllable elaborate expressions can be distinguished as set expressions and templatic constructions, respectively. Mismatches between phonological and grammatical word include the presence of clitics and cliticization in casual spt.ech at a moderate rate of speed, involving morphemes such as tsis 'NEG', puas 'Q' and =os 'CFM:SOFT: where two grammatical words combine into a single phonological word, and four-syllable elaborate expressions, which may constitute single grammatical words or be formed from multiple grammatical words or even intermediate cases, and comprise two phonological words.

This article analyses phonetic variation among young people who have learned a minority language in immersion schooling as part of revitalisation measures. Such speakers are increasingly referred to as ‘new speakers’ in an expanding body of literature. The variable phonetic features analysed are vowels, laterals, and intonation in the speech of new Gaelic speakers from Glasgow and the Isle of Lewis. Results support previous work suggesting that new speakers will sound different from ‘traditional speakers’. These results are discussed in terms of language contact, modes of acquisition in re- vitalisation situations, and the differing perceptions and ideologies surrounding how new speakers use Gaelic. The data also necessitate an examination of some of the assumptions in sociolinguistic models of change and their applicability to contexts of rapid social evolution.

This article analyzes the frequency of three traditional features of New York City English—vocalized /r/, raised tense /æh/ (bath), and raised tense /oh/ (thought)—in the on-screen speech of 22 actors raised in the greater New York City region, in a diachronic selection of films that appeared between 1933 and 2003. Vocalization of /r/ is coded impressionistically as either present or absent; the vocalic variables are subjected to acoustic analysis. The resulting data show that the prevalence of New York City features in the actors' speech closely parallels that identified in both historical accounts of New York City English and more recent sociolinguistic studies of the speech of ordinary people. The data also correspond well with previous research on nonfilm speech in showing a decline in the frequency of traditional variants starting in the 1960s, at least for some speakers. Sociolinguistic analysis of more recent films and characters indicates a shifting social evaluation of traditional New York City English. This underlies a divergence between speakers who continue to use traditional dialect features, which now have exclusively covert, local prestige, and those who converge with nonlocal speech norms, which carry overt, global prestige.

El shipibo, lengua de la familia pano, evidencia casos de consonantes bilabiales con segunda articulación dorsal. Este fenómeno es descrito en el presente estudio como un caso de velarización generado por la vocal central alta no redondeada /ɨ/. Las consonantes complejas en cuestión son el producto de un proceso fonológico, razón por la cual carecen de estatus léxico; a saber, no conforman el inventario fonológico de la lengua shipiba. Sin embargo, el fenómeno es pasible de descripción y plantea una serie de desafíos a nivel teórico. En rigor, el fenómeno es selectivo, pues ocurre únicamente con consonantes bilabiales (en shipibo son tres): la consonante oclusiva bilabial sorda /p/, la consonante bilabial sonora /b/ y el sonido nasal bilabial /m/. Los segmentos anteriores adquieren una articulación de naturaleza secundaria, la cual se ejecuta de forma simultánea al movimiento articulatorio principal realizado con los labios, de forma que los sonidos devienen en las formas fonéticas [pˠ], [bˠ] y [mˠ], consistentes con la vocal central que condiciona el proceso. La selectividad del proceso supone que solo son los segmentos de tipo labial los que son producidos de forma compleja; así, no ocurre lo mismo con los sonidos coronales y dorsales. En tanto que tal, en el presente estudio se realiza un abordaje empírico del proceso a través de un análisis acústico y una pesquisa articulatoria, a fin de definir con claridad si los sonidos en cuestión se articulan o no con los labios retraídos. Además, de plantear conjeturas de carácter fonológico, pues sostenemos que la selectividad del proceso de velarización obedece a la naturaleza no marcada del fenómeno en shipibo; a saber, la lengua opta por la tendencia más natural. Para efectos del caso, se asumen los presupuestos de la fonología no lineal, específicamente la propuesta de Halle, Vaux y Wolfe (2000). Este modelo permite establecer predicciones sobre la base articulatoria del proceso mediante la distinción de los dominios de rasgos para la articulación principal y la articulación secundaria. De esta manera, se distingue el movimiento labial del dorsal en los términos antes señalados. Finalmente, se precisa de la teoría de optimalidad (TO) a fin de definir las razones por las cuales el shipibo opta por las consonantes bilabiales, y no las de otro tipo, para gatillar el fenómeno.

У монографії подано, обґрунтовано та розвинено комплексний пiдxiд до вживання і творення українських тeрмiнiв, заснований на використанні методів природничих наук і мовознавчих аспектів дослідження. Такий підхід створює передумови для того, щоб розглядати термінологію не лише як розділ лексики, сукупність термінів і вчення про них, а насамперед як науку про утворення, розвиток і функціонування термінів. За допомогою послідовного застосування статистичного та аналітичного методів досліджено теоретичні й практичні термінографічні проблеми, розкрито правописні аспекти відтворення запозичених та іншомовних слів. На основі методу акустичних інваріантів досліджено акустичні характеристики звуків української (а також англійської) мови та знайдено їх інваріантні акустичні параметри. У монографії відображено результати автора, одержані в процесі його наукової та викладацької роботи в Державній академії керівних кадрів освіти, Міжрегіональному інституті вдосконалення вчителів, Київському національному лінгвістичному університеті, Київському національному університеті імені Тараса Шевченка, Техаському університеті в Арлінгтоні (США), Єнському університеті імені Фрідріха Шіллера (Німеччина), Гіссенському університеті імені Юстуса Лібіга (Німеччина), Лейпцізькому університеті (Німеччина), Дрезденському технічному університеті (Німеччина), Університеті Країни басків (Іспанія), Українському мовно-інформаційному фонді Національної академії наук України.

Для науковців, викладачів, аспірантів і студентів філологічних факультетів вищих навчальних закладів, а також для лексикографів, фонетистів, перекладачів і фахівців у галузі прикладної лінгвістики, української термінології і термінографії.

CONTENTS
LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS 8
INTRODUCTION 9
PART 1
THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES OF TERMINOLOGY 18
1.1. Term and terminology: underlying statements 18
1.2. Successful term criteria 30
1.3. General tendencies of development of terminological systems 30
1.4. Main lexical semantic relations in term vocabulary (polysemy, homonymy, paronymy, synonymy) 40
1.5. National and international trends of term fund updating 62
PART 2
SEMANTIC, GRAMMATICAL, AND PHONETIC PROBLEMS OF
UKRAINIAN TERMS CODIFICATION 75
Section 2.1. Semantic and morphological qualities of Ukrainian
term vocabulary 75
2.1.1. Alien borrowings as a linguistic and terminological problem 75
2.1.2. Semantic and stylistic features of use of paronyms and pseudosynonyms in the professional language 83
2.1.3. Scientific approach to  terminological use of verbal nouns 112
2.1.4. Principles of representation of active participial forms in the Ukrainian scientific language 125
2.1.5. Possibilities and prospects of national word coinage
in terminology 127
Section  2.2. Acoustic characteristics of Ukrainian speech sounds as a ground
for scientific approach to render the borrowings 135
2.2.1. Phonetics, acoustic analysis, speech recognition 135
2.2.2. Phonetical and phonological language elements 138
2.2.2.1. Basic concepts of phonetics and phonology 138
2.2.2.2. Nonlinearity and non-invariance of speech elements 147
2.2.3. Speech acoustics 152
2.2.3.1. Acoustic theory of speech production 152
2.2.3.2. Speech sounds formants 157
2.2.3.3. Resonators in a human speech tract 159
2.2.3.4. Invariant acoustic speech analysis 162
2.2.3.5. Acoustic characteristics and invariants of
speech sounds 165
2.2.3.6. Interaction between sounds 179
PART 3
PECULIARITIES OF ORTHOGRAPHIC NORM APPLICATION IN SCIENTIFIC LEXICOGRAPHY AND WAYS TO PERFECT
MODERN SPELLING 189
3.1. Modern spelling strategy problems 189
3.2. Problems of modern spelling of terminological
and common vocabulary 191
3.2.1. Genitive case of masculine nouns of second reversal 181
3.2.2. Use of genitive and accusative cases 195
3.2.3. Spelling of compiled adjectives 196
3.2.4. The features of use of Ukrainian prepositions “в” (“у”) and
“до” for denotation of motion aim and direction 198
3.2.5. Stress problem in three-syllable nouns with the prefix “за ” 202
3.3. Denotation of time moments in Ukrainian 206
3.4. Problem of adaptation of alien terms to Ukrainian spelling 211
3.4.1. Study of phonemes /ґ/, /г/, and /х/ 211
3.4.2. “The nine” (“dev’jatka”) rule in the context of Slavic and non Slavic parallels of the Ukrainian language 214
3.4.3. Doubling simplification problems 220
3.4.4. Some “trifles” of spelling perfection 221
3.4.5. Discussion suggests to spelling 222
3.5. Scholar principles to render borrowed and foreign words:
invariant transcription and transliteration 229
3.5.1. Pronunciation and transcription 229
3.5.2. Writing and transliteration 234
CONCLUDING STATEMENTS 255
LIST OF LITERATURE 260
APPENDIX A: Visual representation of speech sounds
(spectrograms, oscillograms) 397
APPENDIX B: Inculcation of the research results
(main documentation) 337
APPENDIX V: Use of the term Χυμεία in Greek 361

Acoustic and articulatory properties of Ukrainian vowels are investigated in this study and a full set of relevant IPA notations are proposed. The notations are shown in the vowel diagram and the table. The results of the earlier acoustic invariant speech analysis based on special software, auditory and spectrum analysis were used and the results are discussed in the context of general and Ukrainian phonetic laws governing language evolution and acoustic properties of non-stressed vowels in relation to their stressed cognates. Such combined approach resulted in a more detailed vowel inventory than proposed heretofore. The findings of this research contribute to better understanding of Ukrainian language and its special features in comparison with other world languages that may have substantial practical use in various phonetic and translation studies, as well as in modern linguistic technologies aimed at artificial intelligence development, machine translation incorporating text-to-speech conversion, automatic speech analysis, recognition and synthesis, and in other areas of applied linguistics.

EN
The paper focuses on analyzing the quality of Czech monophthongs. The data for the analysis is mostly taken from the database NAKI (audio recordings of Czechoslovak and later Czech radio news). The probe analyzes and compares two studies of audio recordings that captured the speech patterns of radio and TV news presenters in four decades: (1) Naki1: 1970–1989 a (2) Naki2: 1990–2010. The comparison of data from both studies (Naki1 vs. Naki2) showed that vowel articulation changed within 40 years: Vowels from Dataset Naki1 are characterized by more stable pronunciation, distinction between individual sounds, and the absence of tendencies for approximation in formant ranges. The formant values of this set also match the reference data (Palková, 2014). On the other hand, the vowels of Naki2 confirms the tendencies listed in other recently published papers: formant ranges of the individual sounds are extending and getting closer, or even overlapping. Simultaneously, the data showed a certain difference between short and long vowels. The vowels are classified both qualitatively and statistically, and the results are visualized as graphs (box plots and vowel charts displaying formant ranges as XY points).

CZE
Tento příspěvek se zaměřuje na analýzu kvality českých vokálů (monoftongů). Data pocházejí z tzv. databáze NAKI (zvukový archiv Českého rozhlasu). Studie analyzuje a porovnává dvě sondy zahrnující nahrávky rozhlasových a televizních moderátorů (tzv. řečových vzorů) v období čtyř dekád: (1) Naki1: 1970–1989 a (2) Naki2: 1990–2010. Porovnáním naměřených výsledků z obou sond (Naki1 vs. Naki2) jsme zjistili poměrně zřetelné změny ve výslovnosti samohlásek zkoumaných moderátorů v průběhu sledovaných čtyř dekád. Dataset Naki1 se vyznačuje stabilnější výslovností jednotlivých vokálů, jež jsou zároveň mezi sebou poměrně zřetelně odlišeny a nevykazují tendence ke sbližování formantových polí. Hodnoty formantů korespondují s údaji referenčními (Palková, 2014). Sonda Naki2 naopak potvrzuje tendence evidované i v jiných odborných studiích z minulých let: formantová pole dílčích vokálů se nápadně rozšiřují a vzájemně sbližují, až prolínají. Zároveň data ukázala jistý rozdíl mezi krátkými vs. dlouhými vokály. Výsledky jsou prezentovány formou základních deskriptivněstatistických údajů pro všechny samohlásky, doplněné vizualizacemi a grafy (krabicové grafy, vokalické trojúhelníky – formantová pásma prostřednictvím bodových XY grafů).

Il mini-seminario di 4 ore si proponeva di introdurre gli studenti alla fonetica acustica, fornendo alcuni concetti basilari per l'identificazione di vocali e consonanti sullo spettrogramma. La lingua di riferimento per le lezioni e gli esercizi è l'italiano.